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USS Boston SSN703

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo

Seventh U.S. Warship named for the Capital City of Massachusetts.
Commissioned 30 January 1982.
Decommissioned 19 November 1999.
Built by General Dynamics Electric Boat Division, Groton, Connecticut.
Commanding Officers
01/1982 - 08/1982 CDR J. Michael Barr USN
08/1982 - 07/1985 CDR H. Reeves Adair USN
07/1985 - 08/1988 CDR William J. Riffer USN
08/1988 - 05/1991 CDR John P. Jarabak USN
05/1991 - 06/1993 CDR Peter A. Scala USN
06/1993 - 11/1994 CDR Will H. Jordan USN
11/1994 - 04/1997 CDR Christopher A. Klyne USN
04/1997 - 11/1999 CDR David A. Olivier USN
Previous Bostons
Guided Missile Cruiser CAG-1 1955-1970
Heavy Cruiser CA-69 1943-1946
Protected Cruiser 1887-1940
Sloop of War 1826-1846
Frigate 1799-1814
Frigate 1777-1780
Gundalow 1776-1776
From 1776 to Tomorrow.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cox's Raid

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Tennessee, Chester County, Henderson
Attacking this place at dawn, the Confederate cavalry battalion of Maj. N.N. Cox killed one Federal soldier, captured three officers and 33 enlisted men of "B" Co., 49th Illinois Infantry, and dispersed the rest. They burned the railroad station and all Federal supplies, fired the railroad bridge, and tore up the track, then withdrew.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bolivar

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Tennessee, Hardeman County, Bolivar
Located midway between Memphis and Corinth, Mississippi, Bolivar's position on the Hatchie River (a navigable route to the Mississippi River) and its junction of north-south railroads made it a strategic location for both armies. By the fall of 1862, Union forces had occupied West Tennessee, where they remained until the war's end.

Several Union generals quartered in nearby dwellings: Gen. Lew Wallace stayed at the Levi Joy House, while Gens. William T. Sherman, James B. McPherson, and Ulysses S. Grant each used Austin Miller's house (Magnolia Manor) as a headquarters.

Early in 1864, Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry re-entered West Tennessee to raid and disrupt Union supply lines. When Union Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis learned that Forrest was in Bolivar, he marched here from Memphis on May 2. After a brief fight, Forrest withdrew to the south. To punish Bolivar for supporting Forrest, Sturgis ordered the courthouse and town square burned to the ground. The Methodist and Baptist churches and most of the business district were also destroyed. Fortunately, the courthouse records were saved. According to local tradition, a Union officer and Freemason contacted fellow Masonic brother Austin Miller and gave Miller two hours advance warning. Miller moved the records to his house. The current courthouse was erected in 1868 to replace the one that burned.

Bolivar's Confederate monument here on the courthouse square is one of the oldest in the state. Local residents began raising funds for the obelisk to commemorate fallen soldiers in 1868, the year that the new courthouse was completed, and erected it in 1873.

(captions)
(top left) Hardeman County Courthouse (built 1868) Courtesy Tennessee State Library & Archives
(top left) Hardeman County Courthouse (built 1868) Courtesy Tennessee State Library & Archive
(bottom left) Gen. Nathan B. Forest; Gen. Lew Wallace; Gen. James B. McPherson; Gen. William T. Sherman; Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis Photos courtesy Library of Congress
(top right) Austin Miller House Courtesy Tennessee State Library & Archive

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Christian Philippi

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Greece, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Region, Kavala Regional Unit, near Krinides
English Text:

Philippi was a flourishing city in eastern Macedonia during the Hellenistic, Roman, and Early Christian periods, with continuous habitation from the mid-4th century BC to the 14th century AD. The city's 3500-meter long fortification wall was repaired and supplemented during the Roman and Byzantine periods.

The start of the Christian period at Philippi was marked by the arrival of the Apostle Paul in 49-50 AD and the founding of the first Christian community on European soil. The activities of Paul and his companions, Silas, Timotheus (Timothy), and probably Loukas (Luke), their imprisonment and their miraculous liberation are described in the Acts of the Apostles. Tradition holds that the first Christian convert, the dealer in purple Lydia, was baptized in the waters of the Gangitis, outside the modern village named in her honor. As may also be seen in his letter to the Philippians, the Apostle Paul developed special bonds with the city, which he visited on two further occasions, in 56 and 57 AD. However, there are no building remains of the 1st century AD at the archaeological site of Philippi. As time passed, the new religion displaced Roman syncretism, and the Greek language, which was used in preaching Christianity until the 3rd century AD, prevailed over Latin.

With the recognition of Christianity as the official religion of the empire (313 AD), Philippi became a metropolitan see (bishopric). During the following centuries, the city was adorned with monumental Christian churches (the Octagon, Basilicas A, B, and I, cemetery basilicas outside the walls) and transformed into a center of Christian worship.

However, from the 4th century AD, when there were successive invasions of the territories of the Byzantine Empire, such raids put a strain on the flourishing city. In 473, by virtue of a raid by the Goths, its suburbs were devastated. In the late 6th and early 7th centuries, earthquakes caused extensive damage to public and private buildings; some of these were repaired, while others were abandoned. At the same time, Arab-Slav raids influenced the urban character of the city and brought about the contraction, though not complete disappearance of social and economic life. Building remains that demonstrate the continuation of life at Philippi during the Middle Byzantine Period are found in Basilica I, in the Octagon, and in building blocks east of the Octagon.

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fallen Timbers

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Tennessee, McNairy County, near Shiloh
(preface)
After the February 1862 Union victories at Forts Henry and Donelson, Gen. Don Carlos Buell's army occupied Nashville while Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's army penetrated to Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River. Buell and Grant planned to attack the rail center of Corinth, Mississippi, but on April 6, Confederate Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston struck first. The Battle of Shiloh was a near Confederate victory the first day, although Johnston was killed. On the second day, Grant's counterattack succeeded, and the Confederates retreated to Corinth. Shiloh was the war's bloodiest battle to date, with almost 24,000 killed, wounded, or missing.

(main text)
On April 8, 1862, Union Gen. William T. Sherman led a reconnaissance force from the Shiloh battlefield to see if the Confederate army had actually withdrawn. Here, six miles southwest of Pittsburg Landing, he described the ground before you, from right to left, as "a clear field, through which the road passed," then immediately beyond "some 200 yards of fallen timber," followed by "an extensive camp" occupied by Confederate Col. Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry. Sherman ordered two companies of skirmishers forward.

The 350 Confederate cavalrymen protected a field hospital on the ridge north of the road, beyond the drainage to your left. Forrest immediately ordered an attack. His charge overran the Union infantry struggling through the fallen timber, forcing them, along with Sherman, to seek safety behind the infantry brigade drawn up on your right.

The Confederates killed and wounded 40 Federals and captured an equal number before being hit by a thunderous volley that emptied several saddles. In front of his troopers and close to the Union line, Forrest suffered a severe bullet wound in the lower back. He remained mounted and fought his way clear with his pistol and saber, then retreated west with his command.

Sherman captured the hospital and sent the 4th Illinois Cavalry another mile west along Ridge Road, where the Confederate rear guard blocked further advance. Satisfied that the Confederate army was in full retreat to its base at Corinth, Mississippi, Sherman led his troops back to their camps on the battlefield. The Battle of Shiloh was over.

(captions)
(bottom center) Gen. William T. Sherman; Gen. Nathan B. Forrest Courtesy Library of Congress
(top right) The wounded Col. Nathan Bedford Forrest fights his way out of the Federal encirclement at Fallen Timbers - Courtesy of artist Dan Nance

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mississippi Central R.R. Campaign

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Mississippi, Benton County, Michigan City
On October 14, 1862, Confederate Gen. John Pemberton assumed command in Mississippi and east Louisiana. Eleven days later, Gen. Ulysses Grant became commander of Union forces in the region. Over the next 8½ months, their forces fought for control of Vicksburg and the Mississippi River. On November 2, Grant moved down the Mississippi Central R.R. and established an advance supply base at Grand Junction, Tennessee on the 4th. By November 28, the Federals were camped at Lamar, six miles south of here.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Unionist Stronghold

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Tennessee, Greene County, near Limestone
Before the war began, Greene County had a long history of abolitionist sentiment. It was not surprising, then, that local residents overwhelmingly supported the Union when Tennessee seceded in June 1861. When 30 neighboring counties met in Greeneville to create a separate state, the convention resolved, "That we do earnestly desire the restoration of peace to our whole country, and most especially that our own section of the State of Tennessee shall not be involved in civil war." The state denied their request, however, and the counties remained part of Tennessee.

Hoping to suppress pro-Union support, Confederate Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer soon arrived with 4,000 troops. Unionists burned rail-road bridges but failed to halt the occupation. The nearby Battle of Limestone on September 8, 1863, was for control of the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad. When Confederate Gen. Alfred E. Jackson's men pushed the 100th Ohio Volunteer Infantry back to the Nolichucky river, local resident Nicholas Earnest hurriedly ferried 35 Federals across the river to avert their capture.

Greeneville changed hands several times during the war. The Dickson-Williams Mansion served as headquarters for both sides. On September 8, 1864, Union Gen. Alvan C. Gillem's Federal forces evaded Confederate pickets, surrounded the house, and killed famed Confederate cavalry commander John Hunt Morgan.

Greeneville was also home to Andrew Johnson, who moved here from North Carolina in 1826. He assumed the presidency after Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865, as the Reconstruction Era began. He proved severely ill-equipped to resoncile a nation torn apart by war.

(sidebar)
Davey Crockett Birthplace State Park, located on the banks of the River, commemorates the renowned pioneer, politician, and American hero. Nearby including the Fort House, a distinctive and log dwelling built in 17, represent some of Tennessee's earliest settlements.

(captions)
Gen. Felix J. Zollicoffer

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Villa Terrace

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Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee
Erected in 1922 and designated in 1968 as a Landmark of the City of Milwaukee by the Milwaukee Landmarks Commission in recognition of its architectural and historical significance to the community.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

John Houston Bills

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Tennessee, Hardeman County, Bolivar
Born in Iredell County, North Carolina, Bills settled in Bolivar, or Hatchie Town, as it was then called, in 1821. A successful merchant, planter, real estate operator and politician, he was also an extensive traveler and a diarist. Bills purchased this house, The Pillars, and lived here until his death. He served as chairman of the county court for forty-eight years and as Bolivar's postmaster.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Freed-Hardeman College

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Tennessee, Chester County, Henderson
The campus includes the sites of predecessors Henderson Male and Female Institute (1869-1885), West Tennessee Christian College (1885-1897), Georgie Robertson Christian College (1897-1907), and National Teachers Normal and Business College (1907-1919). It was renamed in 1919 in honor of A.C. Freed and N.B. Hardeman, administrators of Georgie Robertson Christian College and cofounders of National Teachers Normal and Business College.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Griffith Stadium Site

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District of Columbia, Shaw, Washington
Before Howard University Hospital was built in 1975, Griffith Stadium stood here. Constructed in 1914, the stadium was one of the few public spaces that were open to everyone during the segregation era. It was home to the Homestead Grays of the Negro Leagues, as well as the Washington Senators, the white American League baseball team, and the pre-integration Washington Redskins. The annual Thanksgiving Day Howard–­Lincoln game was a favorite event. Cadet corps drill competitions between Armstrong and Dunbar high schools drew enormous crowds. Evangelists held large baptisms in the stadium. And many young boys, including Duke Ellington, sold peanuts there in the summer.

(African Americans • Education • Sports) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Chickasaw Village Site

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Mississippi, Lee County, Tupelo

(Marker #1)
A Chickasaw Village

Here once stood an Indian village of several houses and a fort.

Summer House
During the summer they lived in rectangular well-ventilated houses.

Winter House
In the winter they lived in round houses with plastered walls.

Fort
In times of danger, everybody—warriors, women, children—sought shelter in strongly fortified stockades.

Original foundations of four of these structures are overlaid with concrete curb on the ground to your left.

(Marker #2)
The Chickasaw Nation

This tribe, population about 2000, lived in the “Chickasaw Old Fields,” a small natural prairie near Tupelo, Mississippi.

Although their villages occupied an area of less than 20 square miles, the Chickasaw claimed, and hunted over, a vast region in northern Mississippi and Alabama and western Tennessee and Kentucky.

The Chickasaw were closely related to the Choctaw, Creek and Natchez as well as some of the smaller tribes of the Mississippi River.

De Soto’s followers were the first Europeans to see the Chickasaw, with whom they fought a bloody battle in 1541.

The Chickasaw, after ceding the last of their ancestral lands to the United States, moved in 1837-47 to Oklahoma to become one of the “Five Civilized Tribes.”

(Marker #3)
English - French Conflict
1700 - 1763


England and France, after the founding of Louisiana, fought four wars for control of North America.

The CHICKASAW became allies of the British who used them as a spearhead to oppose French expansion. This tribe with British help not only remained independent, but threatened French shipping on the Mississippi.

The FRENCH conquered or made allies of all the tribes along the Mississippi, except the Chickasaw. They made great efforts to destroy this tribe, sending powerful forces against them in 1736 and in 1740, and incited the Choctaw and other tribes to do likewise. The Chickasaw successfully resisted, and remained a thorn in the side of France until she, in 1763, lost all her North American possessions.

(Marker #4)
French - Chickasaw War
1736


The Chickasaw threatened French communications between Louisiana and Canada and urged the Choctaw to trade with the English.

Bienville decided to destroy the Chickasaw tribe. In 1735 he ordered a column of French and Indians, led by Pierre d’Artaguette, from Illinois, to meet him near Tupelo.

Bienville, leading a French army, joined by the Choctaws, proceeded, via Mobile, up the Tombigbee. Arriving at the Chickasaw villages, May 25, 1736, he saw nothing of d’Artaguette.

D’Artaguette was dead. Two months earlier the Chickasaw had defeated and killed him and forced his followers to flee.

Ignorant of d’Artaguette’s defeat, Bienville attack the fortified village of Ackia, May 26, 1736. Bloodily repulsed, he withdrew to Mobile, leaving the Chickasaw more dangerous than ever.

(Colonial Era • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 17 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Grief Turns to Anger

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District of Columbia, Shaw, Washington
Thursday Evening, April 4, 1968. The news that the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., has been assassinated in Memphis makes its way like lightning through the city. Nearby at 14th and U Streets — once the cultural heart of DC's African American community and a bustling area where hundreds change buses and shop — faces register first shock and then anger. People demand that businesses close out of respect for Dr. King. Then individuals begin breaking windows, looting some places, burning others. The violence spreads along U Street to this intersection, where, over the next three days, almost every white-owned business on Seventh between S Street and Florida Avenue is destroyed.

A United Planning Organization leader tells the Washington Post that day, “Black Americans feel more divided from white Americans than at any time in this century.”

The 1968 riots were, in large part, a response to inequities in housing, jobs, and schools, and to the city's neglect of black neighborhoods. “We're burning the rats and roaches along with everything else,” proclaimed a youngster who had just set fire to a store here on Seventh Street. The rubble and crime left behind scarred this Neighborhood for years, and those who once enjoyed its restaurants and clubs stayed away. While officials and activists worked on rebuilding plans almost immediately — a playground opened in summer 1969 where Waxie Maxie's had stood at 1836 Seventh Street, across Seventh close to T Street — it would take many long years and the 1991 opening of this Metro station to make substantial progress.

(African Americans • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 14 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cardome

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Kentucky, Scott County, Georgetown
Home of Governor James F. Robinson, 1844 until death, age 82, in 1882. He succeeded Beriah Magoffin who resigned as Governor, August 1862, after refusing Lincoln's call for troops. Robinson supported Union during year as Governor. Lawyer, jurist of distinction. Trustee, Georgetown College, 1831-81, and President of Board, 1864-81. House built, 1821: Cardome Academy, 1896.

(Man-Made Features • Politics) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Key West Woman's Club

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Florida, Monroe, Key West
The Martin Hellings House, constructed c. 1892 by Captain Martin L. Hellings, is one of only a few historic houses in Key West not built of wood. Hellings was a native of Pennsylvania and a Union soldier in the Civil War. In 1881, Hellings married Eleanor Curry, daughter of a prominent Key West merchant famly. In 1883, he became cable manager of the International Ocean Telegraphy Company in Key West, an important position at the time, as telegraphs were the only rapid long distance communication. Before and during the Spanish American War, he operated an intelligence service for the U.S. Government and provided the White House War Room with the latest news from Cuba. After Martin Hellings' death in 1908, the house was converted into professional offices, and for many years housed the offices of Judge W. Hunt Harris. The Key West Woman's Club (KWWC) established in 1915, purchased the building in 1940. The KWWC founded and maintained Key West's first public library in this building. The KWWC continues its mission of volunteer service, and financial support to local non-profits while preserving this Queen Anne style brick mansion for future generations.

(Charity & Public Work • Communications • War, Spanish-American) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Torrey's Trading Post No. 2

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Texas, McLennan County, near Waco
Site of greatest Indian council in Republic of Texas. There President Sam Houston made famous 1844 peace talks to assembled chiefs. Was "listening post" for frontier. Built and run by George Barnard for Torrey's Trading Company, post in 1844-49 was important to white men in keeping peace with Indians.

(Native Americans • Peace • Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gerald-Harris Shooting

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Texas, McLennan County, Waco
James W. Harris (1863-1897), editor of Waco's "Times -Herald" and Judge George Bruce Gerald (1836-1914) argued over an article the Judge wrote. It supported William Cowper Brann's controversial magazine, "The Iconoclast", which denounced, among other things, Baptists and Baylor University. After a fist fight which Harris won, the Judge distributed a handbill branding Harris "a liar, coward and cur" and challenged him to a duel. Harris and his brother met Judge Gerald near this intersection in a pistol battle. The Harrises were killed and the Judge wounded. Judge Gerald won reelection in 1900.

(Politics • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Brann-Davis Shootings

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Texas, McLennan County, Waco
The city of Waco in the 1890s divided into two armed camps over the caustic criticisms of William Cowper Brann (1855-1898) in his magazine, "The Iconoclast". A gifted writer, Brann attacked many organizations, especially Baptists and Baylor University. This controversy sparked a duel in 1897 between Judge George Bruce Gerald and James W. Harris. A Baylor partisan, Tom E. Davis, met Brann here, within a half block of the earlier fight, and shot him with a Colt .45 revolver. Brann returned the fire. Both men died the following day from their wounds.

(Politics • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Asa Gray

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North Carolina, Mitchell County, Bakersville
American botanist and Harvard professor. In July, 1841, investigated flora of this region. He visited Roan Mountain, 12 miles north.

(Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Andre Michaux

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North Carolina, Mitchell County, Bakersville
French botanist, pioneer in studying flora of western North Carolina, visited Roan Mountain, 12 miles north, August 16, 1794, & May 6, 1795.

(Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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