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Bell's Route Trail of Tears

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Tennessee, Lincoln County, Fayetteville
During 1837 and 1838, a forced removal plan of the native people was implemented consisting of the removal of the tribal people of Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole.

Lieutenant Edward Deas, escorted one of the last groups to be removed (the “so called treaty party”) along the route known as the “Bell’s Route” named for Mr. John Bell a Cherokee who traveled with the group.

During the late October and early November 1838, the group passed through Lincoln County and Fayetteville on their way to Oklahoma. Lt. Deas purchased various supplies from the local farmers and merchants. Many of the people who began the long journey to Oklahoma perished along the trail which came to be known as “The Bell’s Route of the Trail of Tears.”

(Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Bethany Town Hall / Bethany World War II Memorial

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New York, Genesee County, Bethany
Bethany Town Hall built 1832. Over the years used as church, academy and Town House.

Dedicated to those of the Town of Bethany who gave their lives in World War II. John R. Despard, MMM 2/C; Leonard E. Fuller, 1st. Lt.; Clifford L. Hale, Pvt.; George T. Hill, Air Cadet; Eldred E. Kellogg, Capt.; James C. Nichols, P.F.C.

(Churches, Etc. • Education • Patriots & Patriotism • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of "Bundy's Mill"

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New York, Erie County, Angola
Henry Bundy, Sr. operated grist and saw mills from 1847 until destroyed by fire in 1877. Rebuilt by sons, Henry, Horace, and Milan as a custom grist mill, it remained in use until it was disassembled in the 1940's. The mill dam, itself, was removed in 1954.

(Agriculture • Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Buttery Elevators

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New York, Niagara County, Niagara Falls
The public accessed the Whirlpool Rapids via a rickety stairway at an old saw mill that was purchased by John M. Buttery in the 1850s. When the site became a popular tourist destination, Buttery abandoned the mill and built a safer stairway into the gorge. In 1869 to further improve access to the Whirlpool Rapids, he built the Buttery Elevators on land purchased from DeVeaux College for Orphans and Destitute Children. The Buttery family operated the elevators, which were powered by a water wheel, for over 20 years.

In 1889, the family formed the Whirlpool Rapids Company, and in 1893, a new longer shaft with double elevator cars was built. The company also erected an electric plant to light a park, the elevators, and the rapids. To attract even more visitors, the company petitioned for an extension of the Niagara Falls Street Railway to its property. Eventually, the property was sold to the Gorge Railroad. In 1899, a windstorm blew down the original elevator building, and a rockslide almost completely destroyed the machinery in the newer elevator building. In 1901, the city of Niagara Falls burned them in a controlled fire.

J. M. Buttery was born in the town of Homer, NY, arrived in Lewiston around 1830, and married Priscilla Nichols in 1835. He took an active part in the 1837 Canadian Rebellion and supervised the excavation of the "Through Cut" of the Lewiston & Niagara Falls Railroad.

Whirlpool Rapids and Double Elevator on American Side. Most charming and Delightful Spot about Niagara. Grand View of the old Suspension Bridge. Hero Blondin crossed the gorge on a rope, and past here Robinson, in 1861, piloted the steamer "maid of the Mist" through the boiling rapids. Grandest View of Rapids and Gorge. the fearful current forces the water in the centre of the stream forty feet higher than at the edges. Don't fail to visit the spot. M. Buttery Sons. The Daily Gazette, September 9, 1883.

You are standing near the site of the Buttery Elevators. Chasm Avenue, which now stops at Whirlpool Street, at one time ran to the edge of the gorge. This map shows the Niagara Falls Street Railway terminating at the Buttery Elevators.

The Buttery Whirlpool Rapids Company successfully petitioned for the extension of the railway, which included construction of a tunnel and the extension of Spring Avenue from Bellvue Avenue to Chasm Avenue. Courtesy of the Niagara Falls Public Library.

Born in Roxbury, Vermont, in 1813, Priscilla and her family moved to Western New York in 1816, eventually settling on a farm in Lewiston in 1820. She was a school teacher, mother of ten, and following her husband's death, managed the Buttery Elevators for 16 years.

(Entertainment • Environment • Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lee Jordan Field

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Maryland, Montgomery County, Takoma Park
When Takoma Park was founded in 1883 the parcel of land that today is Lee Jordan Field was part of a large farm belonging to the Brashears family. A stream known as Brashears Run flowed here across a lush, soggy pasture. A son-in-law, Roger Hodges later started a business call Dairy that delivered milk from cows that grazed on the farm.

Upon his retirement the farmland was sold and divided into plots for home on Hodges Heights for public facilities. On the hill overlooking this field Montgomery County built Takoma Park Junior High. The school opened in 1939.

The logical place for the school's athletic field was the pasture below the hill. Brashears Run was forced into a culvert, and laborers piled tons of dirt over it to raise the elevation. Numerous rocks worked their way to the surface, though, and during Lee Jordan's long tenure as a sports organizer and coach he could be regularly seen raking the field smooth.

By the time the field was named for him in 1981 it had become not only the site of frequent games but also a gathering place for community festivities. On July Fourth evenings the sky was lit by fireworks. A Turkey Trot took place at Thanksgiving time. On snowy days families raced sleds down the long hillside.

At Lee Jordan's suggestion the first Takoma Park Folk Festival was held on the school grounds in 1978, and the festival was dedicated to this Boys and Girls Club. A year later, however, Montgomery County announced that the junior high was closing, and the building was emptied of books and furniture. Trying to save the school and the field organizers of the folk festival turned their next event into a massive protest. To general surprise, the county reversed its decision.

The current school building, now Takoma Park Middle, was erected in 1997-1998 and the field underwent and extensive renovation at the same time. It remains a scene of almost constant activity.

Support for this project was provided by Maryland Program Open Space, City of Takoma Park, Montgomery County Public Schools and Historic Takoma.

(Man-Made Features • Sports) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Poland’s Contribution in the Second World War, 1939 - 1945

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo

[Rendering of Poland’s “White Eagle” Coat of Arms and Polish soldiers in action during WWII]

This memorial is dedicated to the members of the Polish Armed Forces who gallantly participated in active combat on land, high seas and in the air. These brave men and women fought for your freedom and ours alongside the Allies on the Western Front, as well as in Poland as the underground home army and intelligence gathering network.

Passerby,
"Tell the world that we were faithful from the beginning to the very end in the struggle for freedom, peace and justice for all mankind."
Battle of Narvik – Norway; Battle of Tobruk – North Africa; Normandy – Falaise Gap – Breda
Battle of Britain; Italian Campaign: Monte Cassino, Ancona, Bologna; Arnhem – Warsaw Uprising
Josef S. Poslinski, P.E. - Erected November 2002 - Designer/Sculptor: Michael Angelo/H. A. Gomez

(Air & Space • Heroes • War, World II • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Lighthouse

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New York, Oswego County, Oswego
Over the years, Oswego has been the site of four lighthouses. The first lighthouse was built in 1821 on the grounds of Fort Ontario and discontinued in 1838. After the completion of the West Harbor Pier in 1836 (running west to east from Third Street), a limestone tower light was built at its eastern end. The tower was raised 25 feet in 1868 and designated the Inner Harbor Light.

In 1869, the pier was extended northward from its eastern terminus, forming an elbow with its northernmost point, identified with an iron lighthouse. In 1881, after the completion of the outer west breakwater, making an enclosed harbor, the lighthouse was moved to the end of the breakwater and designated the Outer Harbor Light.

By 1931, both the lighthouses and the inner pier were gone, three years later the pierhead lighthouse, which exists today, was built.

(Landmarks) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Indian Lake Cemetery

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Michigan, Cass County, near Dowagiac
Indian Lake Cemetery has been in use since the 1840s and contains the remains of many of the earliest settlers of Silver Creek Township. Many of the community’s first funerals were held in a log schoolhouse immediately to the south of here. In 1852 William Ridenour deeded the property containing the growing cemetery to the township, and in 1869, the township sold the property to the Indian Lake Cemetery Association. In addition to the graves of early settlers, the cemetery contains those of many veterans, including two who fought in the War of 1812 and several who served in the Civil War. Pioneering surgeon Alice Conklin (1868-1958) is also interred here.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Dowagiac River Watershed / Lunker Structures

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Michigan, Cass County, near Dowagiac

(Side One)
The Dowagiac River Watershed
A watershed is all of the area that drains into a common body of water.


The snow and rain that falls within the watershed boundaries, and does not evaporate, will drain into the Dowagiac River either through surface run-off or ground water infiltration.

The watershed drains about 287 square miles, or 181,347 acres and has a perimeter of 108 miles. It extends into three counties: Berrien, Cass, and Van Buren and encompasses 16 townships, two cities, and two villages. There are 23 lakes within the watershed and the major tributaries are the Dowagiac Creek, Pokagon Creek, Peavine Creek, McKinzie(Kinzie) Creek, Silver Creek and Lake of the Woods Drain.

Today the Dowagiac River Watershed is dominated by agriculture with a few upland and lowland forests, isolated prairies, and wetlands. This open space helps to maintain the Dowagiac River’s unique hydrology.

The Dowagiac River has a unique hydrology for a southern Michigan river of its size. It is fed mostly by ground water resulting in cold and stable flows, which supports its cold water fishery. Due to this, the Dowagiac River has the potential to be one of the finest trout rivers in the Midwest.

History:
After the Ice Age, a six to eight mile wide lake referred to as a Lake Dowagiake was formed from melting glaciers. It extended from Grand Rapids to South Bend, a distance of 120 miles, and the City of Dowagiac was the deepest area of the lake. Eventually this lake drained south and diminished. Today the only remnant of the glacial lake is two small lakes on the University of Notre Dame campus.

The Dowagiac Creek flows into the Dowagiac River, which flows into the St. Joseph River and on into Lake Michigan.


(Side Two)
Lunker Structures

Lunker structures have been installed at various places along the Dowagiac Creek to provide in-stream cover for fish and have been used for trout habitat improvement.

A lunker structure is similar to a wooden pallet and is installed adjacent and parallel to a stream bank. These structures provide bank stabilization and prevent bank erosion. Trees and shrubs adjacent to the stream provide the same advantages.

When lunker structures are installed, the stream channel narrows on the outside bend creating deeper pools resulting in better fish habitat. Wooden planks used in lunker construction are hardwood, such as white oak, making lunkers expensive to construct. Maintenance is low once the structures are installed.

LUNKERS means: “Little Underwater Neighborhood Keepers Encompassing Rheotactic Salmon”

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Big Tree

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Michigan, Cass County, near Dowagiac
This is the third 16 ft. section from the largest Tulip tree in Michigan. When this tree was blown down in May of 1984, it was approximately 300 yrs old and over 225 ft. tall.

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dowagiac World War I Memorial

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Michigan, Cass County, Dowagiac

(Southeast Panel)
"It is an investment
not a loss
when a man gives his life
for his country."

(Northeast Panel)
City of Dowagiac
Floyd Ibbotson • Avery B. Wilkinson • David H. Starrett • Otis Messenger • Elmer Matthews • Maurice G. Lyon • August K. Richey • James L. Buckley • Dwight Shingledecker • Warren M. Rutherford • Max S. Moore • Claudius Graham • Millard Cooper • Carl R. Kibler • Karl F. Dyer

(Southwest Panel)
County of Cass
Reem R. Bronson • Ward Kline • Ward Stillson • Fred Hodgson • Edward Chavous • Harry Surran • Henry Thompson • Stanley Hollinger • Glen Quimby • George Anson King • Efton M. James

(War, World I) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Rev. John McElhenney, D.D.

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West Virginia, Greenbrier County, Lewisburg


For sixty two years, the Beloved Pastor of Lewisburg Church. A faithful servant of God and a Pioneer of Presbyterianism in a vast part of Virginia.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Churches, Etc. • Man-Made Features • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Greenbrier County War Memorial

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West Virginia, Greenbrier County, Lewisburg


Dedicated to the
Greenbrier Countians
who were killed in the
service of our country,
to the former
Prisoners of War,
and to those who are still
Missing in Action

World War I • World War II
Korean War • Vietnam War
[Honor Rolls]

(War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Willis M. Farr

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Michigan, Cass County, Dowagiac
Farr Park is named for Michigan native and Civil War veteran Willis M. Farr, born August 1, 1844, who was an industrialist and a Dowagiac city alderman in the 1880's. Mr. Farr was a partner in Dowagiac Manufacturing Co., a maker of grain drills. Later, he was a partner and then sole owner of Stark Sand Band Co.

The property at Division and Main streets was given to the City of Dowagiac by Mr. Farr. He also spearheaded the drive to erect the Cass County Soldiers and Sailors Monument, located on Main Street. As a tribute to Mr. Farr, City Council on September 2, 1919, renamed the former Fountain Park to Farr Park in his honor.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dowagiac World War II - Korean Conflict - Vietnam War Memorial

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Michigan, Cass County, Dowagiac


Proudly we pay tribute to those who made the supreme sacrifice in World War II and Korea.

World War II
Arthur F. Abendroth • Charles W. Ball • John C. Clancy Jr. • Raymond Cowham • Alvin Cox • Bernhardt Dahlke • Paul E. Davis • Ernest W. Dohm • George T. Earl • Everett e. Edgerly • Robert L. Ely • Douglas H. Fox • Arthur S. Frisbie • Harold L. Gray • Jay Hemminger • Carl P. Hoppe • Wayne J. Huff • Clarence (Ted) Huston • Norton Jones • Marvin Kennedy • Duane Kesterke • Gerald Larkin • Edward H. Lassiter • Joel B. Mann Jr. • Joseph Marlow • Arthur E. Mayhew • Joseph Ostrowski • Ross O. Overton • Bernard C. Pardun • Robert D. Perkins • Paul W. Pompey • Lloyd Puffer • Lisle B. Pullin • Dale Rantz • Gordon F. Rohlfs • Robert C. Shafer • Harold E. Schultz • Lyle F. Showers • A.J. Smith • Charles Smith • Ernest A. Sopher • Marvin Stahl • William R. Suits • James T. Swisher • Theodore Terkos • Robert Timmons • Gerald Turner • Edward Utrop • Victor V. Veach • Robert J. Verde • Leo R. Webster • Philip D. Williamson • Edward M. Winchester • Lynus Yeager

Korea
Eugene Waldo • Donald Wm. Webber • Melvin Wright


Vietnam 1965
Robert L. Wenger • Gary Lee Hensley • Terry A. Vylonis • John V. Gressel • Michael D. Personette • John W. Edgerly • John R. Huscher • Jeffrey H. Hall • William R. Stolley, Jr. • Michael B. First

(War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

19th Michigan Infantry Memorial

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Michigan, Cass County, Dowagiac

1861 – 1865
   The 19th Mich. Inf. Was organized at Dowagiac, ‘62. Henry C. Gilbert, Colonel, left camp Sept. 14, ‘62 with 995 men. Mustered out of service Jun. 10, ‘65

   Total Enrollment      1206
   Killed in Action      54
   Died of Wounds      31
   Died in Confederate Prisons      7
   Died of Disease      138
   Discharged for Disability      182

In Memory of
The 19th Michigan Infantry
By the Womans Relief Corps
Of Cass County, 1922.
(Auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Republic)

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Powder Ridge Club

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North Carolina, Dare County, Duck
This club stands as one of the last traces of Duck's rich waterfowl heritage. Built by Wall Street brokers in the 1920's and operated through the 1940's. Distinctive to this club was a unique set of whalebones adorning the front; garnering it the nickname "The Whalebone Club." Betty and Duck Braithwaite purchased the club and it became known as Duck's Cottage. Their children preserved it as a testament to the great era of waterfowl hunting along the shores of the Carrituck Sound.

(Industry & Commerce • Sports) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Battle of Lewisburg

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West Virginia, Greenbrier County, Lewisburg


Confederate dead were laid out in the Old Stone Church & then buried in the churchyard without ceremony. After the war their remains were moved to the present Confederate Cemetery.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Churches, Etc. • Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tullahoma Campaign

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Tennessee, Coffee County, Manchester
In late June of 1863, Union Major General William S. Rosecrans launched a massive offensive from his base in Murfreesboro in an attempt to drive Confederate General Braxton Bragg’s 43,000-man Army of Tennessee from its entrenchments at Shelbyville and Wartrace, and possibly out of the state. The Union commander planned to capture Chattanooga and, in his words, “rescue loyal East Tennessee from the hands of the rebels.” The campaign was bold and swift, with relatively few engagements. By July 4th, the Union’s Army of the Cumberland, 70,000 strong, had forced a Confederate retreat to Chattanooga, leaving nearly all of Tennessee in Union hands.

Advance to Manchester
To maneuver Bragg out of his Shelbyville trenches, Rosecrans divided his army into four independent columns.

The first column, under Major General Gordon Granger, advanced south from Murfreesboro, down what is today US 231, to threaten the main Confederate infantry at Shelbyville. The second, led by Major General Alexander McCook, moved south, through Liberty Gap. The third column, lead by Major General George Thomas, marched southeast, down the Manchester Pike (US 41), the main road to Chattanooga. A fourth column, commanded by Major General Thomas L. Crittenden, advanced due east along the McMinnville Turnpike (US 70) before turning south to cross the Highland Rim below Bradyville, at Gillie’s Gap.

Rosecran's goal was to get the bulk of his army here, to Manchester, push on to Tullahoma, and capture the road to Chattanooga before the Confederates had a chance to respond. Only rain and the poor conditions of the roads slowed the Union advance.

(captions)
(upper right) Confederate General Braxton Bragg; Union Major General William S. Rosecrans
(left) Granger; McCook; Thomas; Crittenden

(Timeline)
1860 Lincoln Elected Nov 6 • South Carolina Secedes December 20

1861 Fort Sumter Attacked April 12 • First Manassas July 21

1862 Shiloh April 1-7 • Second Manassas August 29-30 • Antietam September 11 • Fredericksburg December 13 • Stones River December 31-January 3

1863 Chancellorsville May 1-4 • Vicksburg May 20-July 4 • Tullahoma Campaign June 24-July 4 • Gettysburg July 1-3 • Chickamauga September 19-20 • Chattanooga November 23-25

1864 Cold Harbor June 3 • Atlanta September 2 • Franklin November 30 • Nashville December 15-16

1865 Petersburg April 2 • Lee Surrenders April 9 • Johnston Surrenders April 16 • Forrest Surrenders May 9

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tullahoma Campaign

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Tennessee, Coffee County, Manchester
When Manchester was founded in the late 18th century, local lore has it that the town, named for Manchester, England, was destined to become an American version of this powerful industrial city. The Duck River falls, it was noted, would provide an excellent source of water power for milling.

When the war began it 1861 the South faced blockade and invasion. Already inferior to the North in manufacturing resources, the Confederacy nonetheless became self-sufficient in arms production by 1863. Prewar industrial centers like Richmond, Virginia expanded during the war, while a series of new factory towns sprang up, including Selma, Alabama and Macon, Georgia.

Intent on joining the war effort, Manchester native W.S. Whiteman built a powder mill near Old Stone Fort on the Barren Fork of the Duck River, joining other manufacturing facilities. Alexis Cope, a soldier with the 15th Ohio Infantry, noted that “near our camp were several large mills and factories, the power being furnished by the falls in the river, which were an interesting sight, and furnished excellent bathing facilities to the men.” These manufacturing establishments were destroyed by the Federal army.

(sidebar)
Benjamin Franklin Cheatham
Born and raised near Nashville, Benjamin Franklin Cheatham was one the western Confederacy’s best-loved generals. Active in Democratic politics, he was appointed Brigadier General of the Provisional Army of Tennessee by Governor Isham Harris before the state actually seceded in June of 1861. By the following year Cheatham had risen to the rank of Major General. A controversial soldier, he was a staunch opponent of the military tactics of Braxton Bragg and later John Bell Hood.

Sam Watkins of the 1st Tennessee, remembered Cheatham’s courage at Stones River, a battle where Bragg accused his corps commander of being drunk on the field. He “was leading the charge in person,” said Watkins. “Then it was that I saw the power of one man, born to command, over a multitude of men than almost routed and demoralized. I saw and felt that he was not fighting for glory, but that he was fighting for his country…and he was willing to give his life for the country and the success of our cause.”

After the war, Cheatham married and settled near Noah, just a few miles north of here. He became notable as an advocate of scientific farming, and experimented with different animal breeds and crops. In 1872, he ran for Congress (unsuccessfully). Before his death in 1886 he moved to Nashville where he served as state prison superintendent and Postmaster for the city.

(captions)
(upper right) An unknown Southern munitions factory
(center) Captured Confederate cannons at Chattanooga made at Southern foundries.

(Industry & Commerce • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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