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Measure of Men

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North Carolina, Swain County, near Cherokee

The high, rounded mountain in front of you is Clingmans Dome (6,643 feet elevation), the highest mountain in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the highest in Tennessee, and the third highest in the eastern United States. It bears the name of Thomas Lanier Clingman, explorer, politician, promoter, and Civil War general, who measured mountains here in the mid-1800s.

Clingman, and scientists Arnold Guyot, Samuel Buckley, and John Le Conte, measured mountains using barometers considered crude by today's standards. They used the instruments to measure atmospheric pressure at the mountain summits. Later they would compare the measurement to pressure readings taken by colleagues at the exact same point in time from known lowland elevations.

Using complicated mathematical formulas, considering air temperature, humidity, latitude, and other variables, the scientists calculated a mountain's elevation. As you explore the park you might notice that the highest peaks bear these names—Clingmans Dome (6,643 feet), Mount Guyot (6,621 feet), and Mount Le Conte (6,593 feet).

Charles A. Webb
This overlook is named for Charles A. Webb, editor of the Asheville Citizen-Times in the early 1930s. Webb's strong and influential voice helped lead the fight to establish Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Top Six Eastern Peaks
All located in North Carolina and Tennessee

• Mt. Mitchell—6,684 feet (2037 m)
• Mt. Craig—6,647 ft (2026 m)
Clingmans Dome*—6,643 ft (2025 m)
• Mt. Guyot*—6,621 ft (2018 m)
• Balsam Cone—6,611 ft (2015 m)
• Mt. Le Conte*—6,593 ft (2010 m)

(New Hampshire's Mt. Washington, at 6,288 feet (1917 m), is the 17th highest peak in the East)

(Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Robert Patrick Casey

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Pennsylvania, Lackawanna County, Scranton
Pennsylvania public official and lifelong Scranton resident, Casey served as State Senator, 1962-66; First Vice President of Pa. Constitutional Convention, 1967-68; Auditor General, 1969-77; and Governor, 1987-95. As governor he pioneered the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), a national model, and landmark environmental reforms such as the PENNVEST clean water program. He achieved national stature for his ardent pro-life stance.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hints of Slave Row

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston

In the clearing before you – although no visible signs remain – a row of six slave cabins may have stood.

Written records reveal little about the slaves’ lives, but all plantations demanded hard field labor. Perhaps this row of small houses offered the comfort of community, if the overseer didn’t interfere. Despite their status, the slaves retained elements of their African culture, comprising distinct customs, language and religion.

Slaves listed in the landowner’s will from 1861 include Venus, Pompey, James, John, Sarah, Abram, and Carolina. Mostly of European origin, these names reflect the owners attempt to separate the enslaved from their heritage. They were among the last victims of a culture that started when three enslaved Africans arrived as Charles Towne began in 1670.

(African Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Old Charles Town

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston
Erected by
The Charles Town Chapter
Children of the American Revolution
November 25th 1909
---------------
This block of regal blue marble
from the quarries at Regal North Carolina
marks the site of Old Charles Town,
South Carolina. Settled by the English
in the reign of King Charles II.
A.D. 1670
---------------
Executive Committee
Mrs. W. Moultrie Gourdin,   Pres’t   C.A.R.
Miss Martha Washington
Miss Mabel L. Webber
Miss Alice W. Rutledge
Mrs. Edmund Rhett
Henry A. M. Smith  Esq.
Edward T. Legare   Esq.
Capt. Thomas Pickney
Ex. Gov. D. Clinch Heyward
Allard Memminger M.D.   Chairman
---------------

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Blue Whale

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Oklahoma, Rogers County, Catoosa


Built in the early 1970's as an anniversary gift, the Blue Whale turned into a swimming park and closed in 1988.

Recognized by Hampton Hotels Save-A-Landmark program as a site worth seeing.

(Entertainment • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dr. Jur. Kasimir Pfyffer

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Switzerland, Lucerne (canton), Lucerne (district), Lucerne
In diesem Hause wohnte u. starb
Dr. Jur. Kasimir Pfyffer 1794 – 1875
Erster Stadtpräsident von Luzern Mitglied des grossen Rates Nationalratspräsident
Obergerichtspräsident Bundesgerichtspräsident Führer der Liberalen Luzerner

English translation

In this house lived and died
Dr. Jur. (of Law) Kasimir Pfyffer 1794 - 1875
First president of the Lucerne city council and a member of the Lucerne Canton Upper House, President of the National Parliament
Supreme Court president, Federal Court president, leader of the Liberal Lucerne

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Dolphin Swimming and Boating Club

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California, San Francisco City and County, San Francisco
The Dolphin Club, in cooperation with the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department, maintains this facility to accomodate it program of open water swimming and rowing in San Francisco Bay.

It was founded in 1877 as a small boat club at the water's edge at Bay and Leavenworth. In 1895 it moved into a new boathouse, now a portion of this building, at the foot of Van Ness. In 1938 it was moved, along with its neighbor the South End Rowing Club, to its present location, to make room for the Maritime Museum building. Throughout their history these clubs' activities have been instrumental in Aquatic Park as an active recreation area amid the city's press of modern urban growth.

Originally the Dolphin Club had twenty-five male members. Since 1976, it has included women members and, with its open membership policy, by 1989 membership has grown to over 800.

Since its founding, Dolphin Club members have built, used and maintained a fleet of traditional wooden rowing craft, passing the required skills among each other, while enjoying the adventure of rowing on the Bay.

In addition to providing access to swimming at Aquatic Park, the Dolphin Club sponsors for its members an annual race across the Golden Gate and other swims between landmark locations in the Bay.

(Sports) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dr. Henry Woodward

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston
Henry Woodward played a vital role in the success of Charles Towne. He spoke several Indian languages, had lived with a Carolina tribe for almost two years and often acted as an ambassador for the colonists among the Native Americans.

Without Dr. Woodward’s language and diplomatic skills, the fledgling colony of Carolina might not have survived.

That no body can be so helpful to our settlement in that part as you, and our planters till they have learnt the Natives language and get into a better knowledge of them cannot I fear well spare you . . .”     Lord Ashley to Henry Woodward
in Carolina, 10 April 1671


(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Elliott Building

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Oklahoma, Tulsa County, Tulsa


The Elliott Building at 9th and Cincinnati housed the original site of the Oklahoma College of Osteopathic Medicine and Surgery from July 1974 to December 1977. Tulsa Junior College generously provided room for President John W. Barson, Ed.D., faculty, staff and the 36 students of the inaugural graduating Class of 1977. In 1988 the college became part of the Oklahoma State University system and is now the OSU Center for Health Sciences.

Dedicated on August 18, 2007

(Education • Man-Made Features • Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Oklahoma Natural Gas Company Building

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Oklahoma, Tulsa County, Tulsa

was listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
April 10, 1984
by the Office of Archaeology
and Historic Preservation,
Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C.
Constructed in 1928, the
Oklahoma Natural Gas Building
is recognized as one of this
country's premier examples of the
Zigzag Art Deco
style of architecture

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

El Quartelejo

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Kansas, Scott County, near Scott City

In Scott County State Park three miles northwest is El Quartelejo, only known Indian pueblo in Kansas. About 1650, it is believed, Taos Indians migrated here to escape Spanish oppression. Later they were persuaded by the Spanish governor to return to New Mexico. In 1706 Juan Uribarri formally took possession of the valley for Spain, calling it San Luis province. Spaniards and Frenchmen in the frontier struggles of the 1700's alternately occupied the outpost. Drifting soil eventually buried the structure and not until 1898 were the ruins excavated, revealing a typical pueblo with traces of an irrigation system. Today they are again buried but the site is marked by a monument.

Near here in 1878 Col. William H. Lewis, commanding troops from Fort Dodge, was fatally wounded in a battle with Chief Dull Knife and his Northern Cheyennes. Lewis was the last army officer killed by Indians in Kansas.

(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dutton's Hill Battle

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Kentucky, Pulaski County, Somerset
March 30, 1863, USA force of 1,250 under General Q. A. Gillmore overtook 1,550 Confederate cavalry under Gen. John Pegram, here. Five hour battle resulted. CSA driven from one position to another, withdrew during night across Cumberland. Killed, wounded, missing, CSA 200 and USA 30. On nine day expedition into Ky., CSA had captured 750 cattle and took 537 across river.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Taken by Surprise

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Minnesota, Brown County, near Essig

In the summer of 1862, after years of broken treaty promises and late payments that fueled growing tensions and conflict, some Dakota began an attempt to forcibly reclaim their homeland. After attacking the Redwood (Lower Sioux) Agency on August 18 — the beginning of what became known as the U.S.–Dakota War of 1862 — the Dakota moved toward New Ulm. In their path stood a small settlement known as Milford. There, unprepared for battle, 53 of Milford’s residents were killed in a single day. As farms burned, the survivors of those families fled, raising the alarm for the citizens of New Ulm about what lay ahead. Following are some of their stories.

Henle Family
The Henle family lost more than two dozen of their extended family in the U.S.−Dakota War — more than any other immigrant family in Brown County. Farmers and innkeepers Anton and Theresia Henle were lucky to escape with their lives. Anton, gone from Milford for the day with U.S. Army soldiers seeking Civil War recruits, escaped a Dakota ambush nearby. Theresia, left at home, witnessed much bloodshed. Among those killed that day were her mother and three of her own children. When Anton made his way back to Milford at day’s end, he was grateful to find his wife alive.

Haeberle Family Brothers Jacob, Leonhard and David Haeberle settled on neighboring farms in Milford Township in 1855. Jacob, one of the many local German immigrants, was given the honor of naming the nearby town of New Ulm after the area in Germany from which many had come. When war broke out on August 18, 1862, the close-knit Haeberle family fought to defend their homes. The next day, Jacob fought again at New Ulm, suffering a wound that took his life several months later. Leonhard, disabled from his injuries, died a few years after. Their brother David survived the attack but lost a son in the fighting.

Schilling Family Carl "Adolph" Schilling, an immigrant from northern Germany, brought his family to Milford in 1857 after buying land to homestead in the small farming community. An account of the Schilling family’s fate survives in the record of postwar trials. Joseph Godfrey, a mixed-blood of French Canadian and black heritage married to a Dakota woman, testified that he was forced by some Dakota to attack the Schilling family while they ate dinner. After he broke in and hit Adolph, the Dakota followed, firing their rifles. Adolph died in the attack. A son, Fritz, died later from his wounds. Adolph’s wife, Christina, also was wounded but survived.

Massopust Family Among the scouting party that founded New Ulm in 1854 was Franz Massopust Jr., from Bohemia by way of New York and Chicago. Two years after his 1855 marriage to Ernestine Klingbeil, Franz’s extended German-Bohemian family left Europe to join him in Milford. In 1862 they found themselves caught in the middle of the attack on their community. In all, four family members lost their lives on August 18. Franz survived the fighting, only to die of typhoid fever three years later.

The Dakota, too, would pay a heavy price. An unknown number were killed during the six-week war, and hundreds more died later in prison camps or during their exile from the state. There are few written accounts of those hardships. Their stories remain to be told.

Struggles for a Home The Minnesota River Valley has stories to tell…about the indigenous people struggling to keep their land and their way of life, and about immigrant families who began new lives here. Their stories came together, with tragic consequences for all, in what has become known as the U.S.–Dakota War of 1862 — a war that had repercussions for the whole country.

The Minnesota River Valley Scenic Byway

(Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Burnside

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Kentucky, Pulaski County, Burnside
First named Point Isabel. Settled about 1800 by pioneers from the Carolinas and Virginia. During the Civil War the Union army, in 1863, set up a troop rendezvous and supply base here as a prelude to East Tennessee campaign of Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside. The area became known as Camp Burnside in official dispatches and the name Burnside was retained after war.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Korean War Memorial

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Arizona, Pima County, Tucson

Side A: We were those whom
others did not want to be.
We went where others feared to go and did
what others feared to do.
June 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953

Side B: The United States Marines Sgt Raul B. Babasa • Sgt Jesus R. Carrasco • Pfc Raymond C. Hubbard • Pfc William H. Jones • Col Peter D. Lambrecht • Pfc Alfonso E. Lopez • Sgt Johnson McAfee, Jr. • Sgt Norberto N. Mesa • Pfc Manuel H. Moreno • Pfc Pedro R. Moreno • Pfc Richard L. Nickles • Pfc Emilio A. Ramirez • Pfc Corbett B. Robertson • Cpl Alejandro E. Salinas • Pfc Malcolm J. Schaeffer • Pfc Gilman L. Shelton • Pfc Robert Solomon • Pfc Ronald D. Strommen • Pfc Antonio Y. Urbalejo • Cpl Gilberto U. Valdenegro Pfc Joe M. Valenzuela
United States
Air Force
Cpt Joseph M. Babasa, Jr. • Maj Lawrence W. Beal • Cpt Donald G. Bigham • A1C Ronald A. Ganoung • Cpt Robert J. Martin, Jr. • Ssgt Wade McCook • Ssgt Claude D. McFee, Jr. • 1Lt William T. Norris • Cpt Alexander B. Padilla
United States Navy Hn Roger F. Braden • Sa James R. Hudgens • Rd2 Anthony C. Molina
United States Army Pfc William D. Aviles • Pvt Richard C. Benitez • Pvt M. Alfredo Bracamonte • Cpl Thomas J. Brown • Pfc Ernest E. Burruel • Sfc Carlos M. Cajero • Sgt Raul O. Camacho • Cpl James W. Carroll • Pfc Glenn E. Collins • Pfc Charlie L. Comolli • Pvt Pablo Delgado • Pfc Rudolfo V. Duarte • Pfc Glen N. Dupuy • 1Lt Richard O. Eiler • Msgt Bertram F. Emerson • Cpl Samuel R. Fowler • Pvt Vernon E. Fulkerson Pvt Eddie M. Garcia • Cpt William H. Gibbons • Cpl Raul R. Islas • 1Lt Robert T. Lindsey • Pfc Frank C. Mata • Cpt Albert K. Mathre • Pfc Joe G. Moreno • Pvt Preston Mullins, Jr. • Pvt Roberto V. Nogales, Jr. • Pvt Alberto Ochoa • Pfc Heradio “Eddie” Ochoa • Pfc Marcos M. Ochoa • Pvt Ernesto A. Olea • Pvt Juan P. Ortegas • Cpl Arthur C. Ramirez • Pfc John W. Rector • Pfc Clarence Remer • Pfc Edward W. Rhoads, Jr. • Pfc Frank Rico • Pfc Gregorio G. Sanchez • Pvt Gilbert D. Saxton • Pvt George P. Segura • Pfc Daniel T. Sifuntes • Sgt Edgar E. Smith • Cpl Edward H. Smith • Cpl Antonia M. Soto • 1Lt Gordon M. Strong • Cpl Roberto P. Teran • Pfc Gerald E. Throssell • Pfc William H. Walker • Pfc Frank M. Ward • Pfc Fred Williams

(War, Korean) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ghost Structure

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston

Often the details of the past are shrouded in mystery. Archeologists and historians have to weave together an interpretation based on limited evidence. In the case of this structure, archaeology revealed size but not appearance.

The frame of timbers before you marks the outline, or “ghost” of the structure. The size and shape of the corner posts are based on archaeological evidence. The settlers raised this building by putting round corner posts directly into the ground, a construction technique known as earthfast building. The post holes left behind stains in the soil, fragile evidence of the distant past.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Temporary Home?

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston

A building of the 1670-80 settlement once stood at this spot. Its discovery by archaeologists raised many questions. What was its purpose? Who used it? What did I look like?

One interpretation, based on the artifact types found here, is that it was a dwelling. Possibly it was occupied by indentured servants, slaves or militia soldiers. The relatively large number of military artifacts suggests that it might have been a temporary shelter for soldiers on duty within the palisade. The pottery, wine bottles and tobacco pipe fragments indicate that they cooked, ate and rested here.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Overland Stage Route

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Wyoming, Sweetwater County, Point of Rocks

     At the beginning of the Civil War military strength in the West declined and often it was impossible to safeguard stages carrying the United States mail along the Oregon-California-Mormon Trail. Early in 1862 "Stagecoach King" Ben Holladay acquired the transcontinental stage business and the United States mail subsidy contract. He named his new company the Overland Stage Line and soon abandoned the central trail.
     Holladay determined that a route further south was better because it would be safer, shorter and closer to Denver where economic growth was taking place due to the 1859 gold rush. The new route, established by trappers and explorers, became known as the Overland Trail.
     The Overland split off from the older Oregon Trail near North Platte, Nebraska. From that point coaches paralleled the South Platte, rolling west through Colorado before turning north to begin a steep and rocky climb into southern Wyoming where the trail flanked the Medicine Bow Range before turning westward again. After crossing plains, rivers and streams and winding through mountain passes, the trail entered the Green River Basin. Traffic passed through this valley, following Bitter Creek to its confluence with the Green River. It then branched north to join the Oregon Trail near the junction of the Blacks Fork and Hams Fork rivers. From there the trail continued west and south toward Salt Lake City and eventually Placerville, California.
     The short but exciting period of Overland Trail transportation lasted for seven years until 1869 when the Union Pacific Railroad replaced the transcontinental Overland stage as the major, east-west transportation system. Nevertheless, emigrants and settlers continued to use the trail until after the turn of the century.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Almond Overland Stage Station

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Wyoming, Sweetwater County, Point of Rocks

Ruins Of
Almond Overland Stage
Station, 1862-8
Located Beyond Railroad
Tracks 1640 Feet To
Southward Of This Marker

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Buildings “All of Wood”?

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston

This small shed represents the construction techniques that might have been used at early Charles Towne. It is not a reconstruction of a specific building, and as far as we know there was never an actual building or garden located on this exact spot.

The shed is a blend of English and Caribbean building methods, adapted to locally available materials. Its frame consists of wooden posts set into the earth. The wall on one side is made of wattle (woven saplings) covered in clay daub and lime. On the opposite side it is covered with hand-split oak boards. The roof is made of cabbage palmetto leaves.

( Sidebar : )
Under two photos of early structures, courtesy of Library of Congress, Historic American Building Survey Collection:
Charles Towne’s early buildings were often described as being “all of wood.” They may have been covered in split boards, a material used in 17th century Barbados, Virginia and New England. This photograph shows original clapboards on the Pierce House (ca. 1650) in Massachusetts.
In 1682 one observer wrote that Charles Towne’s early buildings were constructed with “a sort of lime, made out of oyster shells and clayey soil.” This may be a reference to “wattle and daub” construction, pictured above.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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