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The Calendar Temple

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

Los mexicas poseían dos calendarios: el xiuhpohualli (solar de 365 días) y el tonalpohualli (ritual de 260 días) ambos utilizaban los mismos 20 nombres de los días. Y para nombrar cada día, utilizaban 20 signos con nombres de dioses, plantas, animales y objetos que eran combinados con los números. Así el primer calendario se dividió en 18 meses de 20 días y al cabo de 360 días agregaban 5 días más llamados nemontemi (nefastos). El Tonalpohualli constaba de 20 meses de 13 días cada uno (“semanas”).

La razón por la cual este edificio es conocido como Templo Calendárico, es porque las tres fachadas secundarias: norte, este y sur están decoradas con un panel de trece cajones, que tienen grabados los días del calendario mexica, ordenados de acuerdo a las tres primeras trecenas del calendario ritual.

En 1989, los arqueólogos descubrieron una pintura mural en donde se representó a la pareja de ancianos del Tiempo: Cipactónal y Oxomoco, acompañados con la representación de cuarta trecena, pintada a manera de códice, de abajo hacia arriba y de derecha a izquierda.

Este edificio tiene el glifo 2 Técpatl marcarndo la fecha de su inauguración, que corresponde al año 1468 dne.

Pie de dibujo:
¿Cómo funcionaba el calendario? Por ejemplo, el primer dia era Uno Cipactli, Dos Ehécatl, Tres Calli y así sucesivamente hasta el Trece Ácatl; momento en que los números comenzaban de nuevo: Uno Océlotl. Por ello, un dia con el mismo numeral y signo se repetía sólo cada año. La conjunción de ambos calendarios en el dia 1 Cipactli sólo sucedía cada 52 años.

(Dibujos de los símbolos de los días y un dibujo de los dioses Oxomoco y Cipactónal con glifos de días a su alrededor.)

English:
The Mexicas possessed two calendars: the Xiuhpohualli (solar calendar of 365 days) and the Tonalpohualli (ritual calendar of 260 days) both used the same 20 day names, and to name each they used signs with the namges of gods, plants, animals and objects that were combined with numbers. This is how the first calendar was divided in 18 months consisting of 20 days each and by the end of the 360 days they added 5 more days called nemontemi (disastrous). The Tonalpohualli calendar consisted of 20 months with 13 days in each month (“weeks”).

The reason why the building is known as the Calendar Temple is because the three secondary facades: the north, south and east façade are all decorated with a thirteen slot panels that have the day of the Mexica calendar encrypted in them, each of these are ordered based on the first three thirteen day weeks of the ritual calendar.

In 1989, archaeologists discovered a mural painting where the elderly couple, creators of the temple (sic, Time), was represented: Cipactónal and Oxmoco, accompanied by the representation of the fourth “trecena” (13 day week), painted in a codex manner, from bottom to top and from right to left.

This building has the glyph of two Técpatl signaling the date of its inauguration, which is the year 1468.

English translation of captions:
How did the calendar work? For example, the first day was One Cipactli, then Two Ehécatl, then Three Calli and so on until 13 Ácatl; at this point the numbers start over again: One Océlotl. That is why a day with the same number and sign only repeats once a year. The conjunction of both calendars on the day 1 Cipactli only happens every 52 years.

(Drawings of the day symbol glyphs and a drawing of the gods Oxomoco and Cipactónal surrounded by day glyphs.)

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Full color Tlatelolco: The temple of the paintings

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

Al recorrer la Zona Arqueológica de Tlatelolco la imagen de los edificios nos puede parecer simple, pues son casi de un mismo color y únicamente podemos ver una superficie irregular y de textura áspera. Sin embargo, en su momento Tlatelolco era muy diferente. Hace cientos de años, los muros de los edificios estaban bien alineados, recubiertos por una pulida capa de estuco y decorados con vivos colores.

Este edificio fue llamado “Templo de las Pinturas” pues al momento de su descubrimiento aún conservaba pintura mural. Por la decoración de la pintura y sus elementos constructivos, se la ha considerado idéntico a lo llamados templos rojos de Tenochtitlan y de Tenayuca, que además nos muestran que fueron construidos en la misma época.

Just al sur aparece otro templo al que se ha denominado “X”, mismo que todavia esconde sus secretos, pues los arqueólogos siguen explorando.

Pie de dibujo:
Esquina sudoeste, fachada norte. Foto: Francisco González Rul.

English:
As one walks around the archeological zone of Tlatelolco the image of all the structures might seem simple, as they are almost not all the same color and only an uneven surface of a rough texture can be seen. Nevertheless, in its time Tlatelolco was very different. One hundred years ago, the building walls were all aligned, all covered by a layer of polished stucco and decorated with vivid colors.

This building was called “Templo de las Pinturas” (Templo of the Paintings), since at the time of its discovery it still preserved some of its mural paint. Due to painting decoration and its constructive elements, it has been considered identical to the so called “templos rojos” (red temples) of Tenochtitlan and Tenayuca, that also show us that they were built in the same period.

Just a bit south from there, another temple that is referred to as “X” still holds its secrets. Archeologists are still in the process of exploration.

English translation of caption:
Southwest corner, northern façade. Photo: Francisco González Rul.

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Coyolxauhqui: The dismembered goddess

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

De acuerdo a la mitología mexica, la Coyolxauhqui (Diosa de al Luna) quería matar a su madre Coatlicue, quien fue defendida por su hijo Huitzilopochtli quien acabó con ella al lanzarla de Coatepec (cerro de las serpientes). Por ello, la Coyolxauhqui es representada con el cuerpo desmembrado.

En este edificio hay 151 símbolos grabados en piedra cuyas formas son espirales, círculos, cuadros, círculos concéntricos y líneas onduladas.

Pero por su tamaño, contenido y gran similitud con otras representaciones de la Coyolxauhqui, destaca un petroglifo de una pierna que exhibe la cabeza del fémur, una sandalia y dos bandas arriba del tobillo.

Posiblemente la escultura de la Coyolxauhqui fue incorporada ritualmente como parte de la segunda etapa del Templo Mayor.

Pie de dibujo:
La Diosa Coyolxauhqui fue hija de la Cuatlicue y hermana de Huitzilopochtli, dios de sol y de la guerra.

English:
According to Mexica mythology, Coyolxauhqui (moon goddess) wanted to kill her mother Coatlicue, who was defended by her son Huitzilopochtli, who ended Coyolxauhqui´s lifeby throwing her off Coatepec (Serpent Mountain). That is why Coyolxauhqui is represented with her body dismembered.

In this particular building there are 151 symbols that are engraved in stones in spirals, circular, squared, concentric circles and wavy line shape.

Because of its size, content and great similarity to other representations in Coyolxauhqui, there are things that stand out like a petroglyph of a leg, a sandal and two belts above the ankle.

The sculpture of Coyolxauhqui was brought to the secondary stage of the great temple (Templo Mayor) as part of a ritual.

English translation of caption:
The goddess Coyolxauhqui was the daughter of Cuatlicue and sister of Huitzilopochtli, god of the sun and war.

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

El Temazcal

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

Este Temazcal (Baño de vapor) fue construido dentro del Recinto Ceremonial, descubriéndose durante las excavaciones efectuadas para la construcción del nuevo edificio de la Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores entre 1991 y 1993, en la actual esquina de las Avenidas Eje Central y Flores Magón.

Se trata de un aposento elaborado con adobes recubiertos de estuco, del cual sólo vemos el piso y parte de los muros. Durante la exploración se encontraron piedras recubiertas de sales provocados por el calentamiento reiterado, fragmentos de carbón, cenizas, ollas rotas y dos fetos humanos ofrendados a esta construcción.

De acuerdo con algunos códices y crónicas, el temazcal fue utilizado como baño de vapor con fines medicinales y para facilitar el trabajo de parto, además de ser parte de algunos rituales de purificación.

Pie de dibujos:
El temazcal en el códice Magliabecciano
Traslado de Temazcal a su ubicación actual
El temazcal en su ubicación original

English:
This Temazcal (steam bath) was built inside of the Ceremonial Sanctuary. It was discovered during the excavations that were done for the construction of the new Secretary of Foreign Relations building between 1991 and 1993, on the present-day corner of Eje Central and Flores Magón Avenues.

It consists of a room constructed with adobe bricks covered in stucco, of which we only see the floor and part of its walls. Upon exploration, they found stones covered in salts caused by repeated warming, pieces of coal, ashes, broken pots and two human fetuses which were sacrificed in this area.

In accordance with certain codex and chronicles, the temazcal was used as a steam bath for medicinal purposes and to accommodate the labor of childbirth. In addition to being and element in certain cleansing rituals.

English translation of captions:
The temazcal in the Magliabecciano Codex
Moving the Temazcal to its current location
The temazcal in its original location

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Between the past and the modern times

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

Como suele ocurrir en México y el Mundo, en muchas ocasiones se han hecho hallazgos arqueólogos de manera accidental, ya que las necesidades del ser humano se mantienen en aumento y se siguen haciendo más excavaciones para nuevas construcciones.

Esta enorme plataforma se descubrió en 1960 durante la ampliación de la Avenida Eje Central, pero sólo se logró rescatarla de manera parcial. No obstante, gracias a los arqueólogos Francisco González Rul, Eduardo Matos y Braulio García ahora podemos observar al sur los restos de un altar circular, mismo que quizá fue parte del templo dedicado a Quetzalcóatl; al norte se encuentran los restos de un altar central de forma rectangular frente al adoratorio dedicado a Tláloc del mismo Templo Mayor.

El pasado no está peleado con el presente, ni pretende frenar el futuro. Por ello es necesario conciliar el desarrollo de infraestructura con la investigación y conservación de nuestro patrimonio.

Pie de dibujo:
El Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia supervisa e investiga toda obra de infraestructura que se lleve a cabo en los alrededores de esta Zona Arqueológica

English:
As it usually occurs in Mexico and the world, many discoveries have been made accidentally, due to the fact of the growth in human necessity to keep building new structures.

This enormous platform was discovered in 1960 during the expansion of the avenue Eje Central, but was only managed to be preserved partially. Nevertheless, thanks to the archeologist Francisco González Rul, Eduardo Matos and Braulio García we can now observe a circular altar that is to the south, same one that might have belonged to the temple dedicated to Quetzalcóatl; to the north you can see a central altar in a rectangular shape in front of the worship place dedicated to Tláloc of the Templo Mayor.

The past is not in conflict with the present, nor does it seek to hinder the future. Therefore, it is necessary to combine infrastructure development with research and conversation of our heritage.

English translation of the caption:
The National Institute of Anthropology and History supervises and investigates each and every work of infrastructure that is carried out in the area of this Archaeological Zone.

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Great Base: findings upon findings

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

El hecho de que los arqueólogos excaven despacio, es porque deben ir identificando las distintas capas que pertenecen a épocas diferentes. Por ejemplo, en el caso de Tlatelolco, la ciudad y los edificios fueron construidos uno sobre otro a través del tiempo.

Este edificio está sobre una plataforma que se extiende hacia el frente, donde tiene tres peldaños de acceso. El piso de esta plataforma corresponde a la cuarta etapa constructiva del Templo Mayor y pasa por debajo del enorme muro de su sexta etapa.

Sin embargo, antes de las construcciones de la tercera etapa del Gran Basamento, los arqueólogos descubrieron una enorme fosa común de la época de Nueva España con restos de más de 210 individuos. Esto significa que después de la conquista, la gente hizo un pozo para enterrar a sus muertos alterando las capas anteriores.

Por su ubicación y características, es possible que el Gran Basamento haya funcionado como el Recinto de la élite militar Tlatelolca, igual a la Casa de la Águilas que está ubicado en Tenochtitlan.

Pie de dibujos:
En la época de la Nueva España (Siglo XVI), los conquistadores hicieron una excavación que fue utilizada como fosa común, alterando así las capas estratigráficas de origen prehispánico. Éste es un ejemplo de cómo el arqueólogo debe descifrar que dos objetos encontrados a la misma profundidad, no necesariamente tienen la misma antigüedad.

Entierro encontrado durante las recientes excavaciones. Foto: Miguel Marín

English:
The fact that archeologists excavate slowly is because they must continue to identify the different layers that belong to different time periods. For example, in the case of Tlatelolco, the city and buildings were constructed on top of one another over time.

This building is located on top of a platform that extends forward, where it exhibits three entrance stairs. This platform’s floor was constructed at the same time as the fourth building stage of the Main Temple and is underneath the enormous wall of its sixth stage.

However, before the third stage construction of the Great Base, archaeologist discovered a huge grave typical of the New Spain Period containing the remains of more than 210 individuals. This means that after conquest occurred, people made a hole to bury the dead, which disturbed the previous layers.

Because of its location and characteristics, it is possible that the Great Base has served as the Sanctuary of the Tlatelolca military elite, just like the House of Eagles, which is located in Tenochtitlan.

English translation of the captions:
During the period of New Spain (16th century) the conquistadors made an excavation that was used as a common grave, altering the normal soil layers of prehispanic origin. This is an example of the analysis that an archaeologist must do when two objects found at the same depth don’t necessarily have the same age.

A burial found during recent excavations. Photo: Miguel Marín

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

John Franklin Overton

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Texas, Smith County, Troup
Born in Maury County, Tenn., came to Texas in 1845 with his wife, Jane Jameson Overton, and mother, Susan Alexander Overton. He received land grants totaling 1600 acres. His wife died in 1849, and he married Mary D. Walker in 1852. They had 11 children. During the Civil War he sold supplies to the Confederacy and was addressed as "Colonel". In 1871, he donated land to the International Railroad Company, and the town of Overton (8 miles NE) was named in his honor.

(Settlements & Settlers • Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Richard's Bridge

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Wyoming, Natrona County, Evansville
Canyons and the southward curve of the North Platte west of here forced emigrant wagon trains to cross to the north side of the river somewhere between present Glenrock and Casper. This region was known generally as the Upper Platte Crossing. Until the construction of this bridge the crossing was usually done via dangerous and expensive ferries, the most famous of which was the Mormon Ferry, located at different times three to six miles west of this site.
In the winter of 1852-1853 John Richard (pronounced Reshaw) and his business associates including his brother Joseph and Joseph Bissonette, began construction of the bridge that stood at this site for thirteen years. It was completed in time for the Oregon and California emigrations of 1853.
An Oregon emigrant, John Murray, wrote on June 9, 1853: "The bridge is a substantial structure - it as 8 wood framed piers filled & sunk with rock & the reaches are supported by heavy braces. The sides are railed up & bottom planked. The bridge is about 150 yards long & comes out this side (north) on a high rock bank... At each end of the bridge are Indian lodges and trading houses & a blacksmith shop, Above the bridge a mile is another trading post where they have lots of horses and mules to sell or trade."
In 1859 another-bridge across the Platte was built by Louis Guinard six miles west were the military post Platte Bridge Station was established. Richard soon bought Gurnard's Bridge and operated stores at both locations. In 1864 Richard's Bridge was the departure point for the four large trains that opened the Bozeman Trail.
At the end of the 1864 travel season Richard closed his trading post at the bridge and moved everything to his store at Platte Bridge Station. In 1865 he sold his operations and left the area. Early in 1866 the army dismantled Richard's Bridge and hauled the timber to the post at the upper bridge, newly named Fort Caspar. It was used as firewood and building materials.

(Roads & Vehicles • Bridges & Viaducts) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

U.S. Coast Guard Memorial at Utah Beach

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France, Basse-Normandie, Manche Département, La Madeleine
Dedicated this 6th day of June, 1994 to the members of the United States Coast Guard who participated in the initial invasion of Normandy on D-Day, especially to those who gave their lives here, and to all United States Coast Guard who served worldwide on land, sea and air during WWII. The nations of the world shall long remember Normandy; the United States Armed Forces, their Allies and the cost of freedom at this place. The United States Coast Guard motto is, as always. “Semper Paratus” Always Ready.

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

PFC Charles DeGlopper Memorial

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France, Basse-Normandie, Manche Département, La Fiere, Sainte-Mere-Eglise
In honor of PFC Charles DeGlopper, Company C, 325th Glider Infantry, 82nd Airborne Division. PFC Charles DeGlopper posthumously won the Medal of Honor, the highest medal given by the United States of America near this spot on June 9, 1944.

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Utah Beach Memorial

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France, Basse-Normandie, Manche Département, La Madeleine
To the memory of the heroic dead of the 90th Infantry Division U.S. Army 6 June 1944-9 May 1945

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

80th Airborne Antiaircraft Battalion, 82nd Airborne Div. U.S. Army

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France, Basse-Normandie, Manche Département, La Fiere, Sainte-Mere-Eglise
Before dawn of D-Day the 80th AA BN landed by glider near St Mere Eglise. Thus began the long journey to liberate the countries of Europe and to ensure their freedom. This plaque is dedicated in memory of our friends who shed their blood and sacrificed their lives during this mighty endeavor. May they never be forgotten.

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lance Corporal Brian J. Mullen (Sapper), R.E.

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France, Basse-Normandie, Manche Département, Ranville
After crossing Pegasus Bridge under enemy fire on the 6th of June 1944, Lance Corporal Brian J. Mullen (Sapper), R.E. No. 4 Commando, Intelligence Section, a talented artist, was killed while going back to help a wounded Commando comrade.

Alors qu'il venait de traverser le Pont de Pegasus sous le feu ennemi, il revint sur ses pas pour secourir une camarade Commando et fut mortellement blessé.

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

6 June 1944 at LaFiere Bridge

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France, Basse-Normandie, Manche Département, La Fiere, Sainte-Mere-Eglise
In honor of the 144 valiant men of Company A, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment whose exact D-Day mission was to seize La Fiere Bridge and prevent the enemy crossing easterly. Despite heavy losses, Co. A stood fast. No enemy ever crossed this bridge. Never forget them.

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Bailey Bridge

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France, Basse-Normandie, Ranville
Bailey Bridges were made up of elements which could be easily and rapidly assembled by a team of engineers. Forty Sappers could construct this bridge within two to three hours.

Thirty Bailey Bridges were built across the Caen Canal, River Orne and River Dives during the Battle of Normandy. The 6th Airborne Division also used them during the breakout in August 1944. These bridges replaced those destroyed and were used in conjunction with local bridges, most of these being unable to support the weight of heavy military vehicles.

On 7th/8th June 1944 the first Bailey Bridge, built in Normandy, was installed across the Caen Canal near the Chateau de Benouville. The bridge was identical to this one. It allowed vehicles up to 30 tons to cross, Pegasus Bridge not having been designed for such heavy traffic.

The British Engineer, Donald Bailey designed and perfected this revolutionary type of Bridge which contributed, in no small measure, to the Allied victory.

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Hay

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Oregon, Josephine County, near Selma
This fortified ranch was a donation land claim filed by Wm. B. Hay in 1854. It was attacked by 200 Takelma Indians on March 23, 1856. A battle including hand-to-hand combat raged into the night. The hostiles withdrew in the morning and reinforcements arrived from Fort Vannoy.

Under Major Bruce they pursued the Indians and March 25th, the battle was resumed on the Deer Creek side of Eight Dollar Mountain. The Indians were dispersed and all the volunteers proceeded to alert the settlers.

Fort Hay was later known as Anderson's Stage Station. A post office named Anderson was established in 1889. It was moved to Selma in 1897.

(Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Casper: "The Oil Capital of the Rockies"

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Wyoming, Natrona County, Casper
middle panel:

Shaped by History
Salt Creek oil brought prosperity to Casper, in addition to people and industry. Despite the closure of Casper refineries as well as reduced output of Salt Creek oil in recent years, oil history and wealth can still be seen in the cityscape: elements of the tank farm are in use, the Three Crowns Golf Club marks the site of Amoco's expansive refinery, the extensive historic downtown reflects the black gold that built it, and the Derrick Sculpture (by Bart Rea) at Amoco Park plays tribute to the wooden derricks that forested Salt Creek from the 1890s through World War II.

Wildcatters & Women
Although the first oil well near Casper "came up dry" in 1888 oil success was attracting attention and newcomers. The boom hit in 1908 with Salt Creek's first gusher, drawing wildcatters, stock traders, and swindlers. Casper's population rose from 2,000 to 20,000 between 1912 and 1918. By 1920 its red light district, the "Sand Bar" boasted a large number of prostitutes.

Refining the Frontier
Casper's first oil refinery was built in 1894. By the 1920s four more refineries expanded the city's refining capacity from 50 barrels to 100,000 barrels per day. They covered much of the city with an industrial landscape and filled the sky with smokestacks.
The 1920s were exhilarating years for Salt Creek and Casper. World War I was over, automobile ownership was rising, and gasoline - previously a waste product - was in demand. Salt Creek kert revealing more oil at deeper levels. Known as "the greatest light oil field in the world," Salt Creek's light oil was readily converted to gasoline at Standard Oil of Indiana's cracking plant in Casper. In 1922 this was the largest gasoline-producing refinery in the world, shipping a significant amount by rail to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and by tanker from there to Europe.
Casper built acres of holding tanks to manage the flow. The boom ended in 1929 with reduced production from Salt Creek wells compounded by the stock market crash.

bottom panel:

Oil could be efficiently moved through pipelines; however, people, equipment, and supplies still needed transportation between Casper and Salt Creek.

Horses to Pipelines
Through the early 20th century, string teams of 12-18 horses pulled trains of wagons loaded with wooden barrels of oil from the Salt Creek area to Casper. To cross hills, each wagon was hauled separately and rehitched. The trip took several days one way - up to two weeks in bad weather. when the dirt road turned to "gumbo mud."
In 1911 Midwest Oil Company tied the oilfield to the city with a pipeline. Many pipelines followed, including one for water. Built at this site in 1920, the pump house pumped fresh water from the North Platte River via pipeline to Salt Creek. In 1924 the first oil pipeline was built between central Wyoming and other states, allowing Salt Creek oil to compete nationally.

Salt Creek Highway
Motorized transportation arrived in 1912 with a motor truck, which made the 45-mile trip between Salt Creek and Casper in only 18 hours. Horses were soon history.
The next big improvement in transportation arrived in 1920 when the alternately muddy and dusty Salt Creek Trail between Casper and the oilfield was partially paved with concrete, elevating its name to Salt Creek Highway. A half-way house 20 miles from Casper welcomed weary travelers, truckers, and freighters with good meals and spirits. Sections of this road remain today as the terminus in Casper and at the entrance to Teapot Dome.

North & South Railroad
During its short life, the North & South Railroad symbolized hope and prosperity for Salt Creek residents and added to the growing sophistication of the boom towns. Built in 1922-23, this line joined Casper to the oilfield towns of Midwest, Lavoye, Salt Creek, Snyder, and Illco. At Illco it connected with both the Burlington and Northwestern railroads.
Built during Salt Creek's biggest boom, the railroad succumbed to the Great Depression in 1935. The roadbed is still visible across Salt Creek Oilfield.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Momoztli: a neighborhood altar

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

En principio se creyó que este edificio era un Tlechtemalacatl, o altar de sacrificio gladiatorio. Es decir, una estructura en la cual un guerrero enemigo o prisionero de otro pueblo era amarrado de una pierna y se enfrentaba a un guerrero local para celebrar un combate ritual. Sin embargo a sus características no apoyan dicha función.
En la actualidad, los arqueólogos consideran que este edificio fue en realidad un momoztli o altar de barrio, un lugar donde la población podía acceder y dejar ofrendas a los dioses.
En muchas ciudades contemporáneas, existen pequeños altares e imágenes de santos o vírgenes que tienen una función semejante: son altares de barrio.

Pie de dibujos:
Resina de copal
Bracero ceremonial
Grupos de personas de los alrededores llegaban a este tipo de altares a dejar sus ofrendas, consistiendo algunas de ellas en copal: resina aromática utilizada en Mesoamérica.

English:
At first, it was believed that this building was a Tlechtemalacatl, or an altar for gladiator sacrifice – in other words, a structure on which an enemy warrior and a prisoner from another town were tied by one leg and would confront a local warrior to engage in ritual combat. However, its characteristics do not coincide with that purpose.
Archeologists currently believe that this building was actually a momoztli or neighbor altar, a place the populace could access and leave offerings for the gods.
In many Mexican contemporary cities, there are small altars and images of saints or virgins that share a similar function: they are neighbor altars.

English translation of captions:
Copal resin
Ceremonial incense burner
Groups of persons from nearby neighborhoods came to these altars in order to leave their offerings, usually consisting of copal: an aromatic resin used in Mesoamerica.

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Walls and roads: limits and communication

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

Los arquitectos prehispánicos hicieron un excelente uso del espacio, distribuyendo cuidadosamente los distintos edificios que eran destinados para diferentes usos: templos, altares y casas habitación entre otros.
Desde este punto se observa una serie de estructuras que funcionaron como límite del Recinto Sagrado, que quizá se llamó Coatepantli o Muralla de Serpientes. En total son 10 estructuras expuestas, que colindan una con otra y sus restos continúan por debajo de las avenidas y edificios modernos.
En la parte central del norte, se aprecia la separación del Coatepantili, que formaba un acceso flanqueado por banquetas, el cual nos indica el lugar en donde se encontraba la calzada de comunicación con el Tepeyac y Azcapotzalco.
La ciudad de Tlatelolco no solo estaba bien planeada al interior, sino también con el exterior.

Pie de dibujo:
La construcción de cada uno de los templos, edificios y murallas de Tlatelolco, se hizo con una buena planeación arquitectónica y una gran cantidad de trabajadores.

English:
Prehispanic architects made excellent use of space, carefully distributing the different buildings that were designed to have different uses: temples, altars, and homes, to name a few.
From this point, we can observe a series of structures that served as boundaries to the Sacred Sanctuary, which may have been called Coatepantli or the Wall of Snakes. In total, there are 10 exposed structures that come into contact and whose remains still can be found below the modern avenues and buildings.
In the central northern part, we note the division of the Coatepantli, which formed an entrance flanked by sidewalks, indicating the place where the communication and Tepeyac and Azcapotzalco roads met.
The city of Tlatelolco was not only well planned on the inside, but on the outside as well.

English translation of the caption:
The construction of each one of the temples, buildings and walls of Tlatelolco was made with good architectonic planning and a great number of workers.

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tzompantli altar (“flag of heads”) of the north

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

A unos metros de la fachada oriental de este altar, se localizaron acomodados en hileras, 170 cráneos humanos con perforaciones en los parietales (ambos lados del cráneo). Por esta razón, se consideró que originalmente fueron expuestos en la parte superior del altar llamado Tzompantli, (Bandera de Cabezas) nombre para el templo que utilizaban los mexicas para colocar los cráneos de los cautivos de guerra que eran sacrificados en algunos de los templos del Recinto Ceremonial.
Este tzompantli está orientada al poniente, tiene un solo cuerpo de forma rectangular y presenta una escalinata de acceso. En el lado sur hay un grabado en la roca con forma de mano.
Los Tzompantli son evidencias arqueológicas que ahora nos pueden parecer estremecedoras, pero forman parta (sic parte) de la historia y cultura del pueblo mexica.

Pie de dibujo:
Las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en este lugar permitieron corroborar las fuentes escritas por los españoles en el siglo XVI respecto al uso del Tzompantli y sus características, pues se encontraron 170 cráneos con perforaciones en los parietales.

English:
A few yards from the Eastern facade of this altar, they found 170 human skulls arranged in rows, with holes on the parietals (both sides of the skull). For this reason, it was believe that they were originally displayed on the upper part of the altar called Tzompantli (flag of heads), a name for the temple that the mexicas would use to place the skulls of prisoners of war that were sacrificed in some of the Ceremonial Sanctuary temples.
This tzompantli faces the West. It has a single rectangular-shaped body and exhibits an entrance staircase. On the altar on the southern end, there is a carving in the rock with the shape of a human hand.
The Tzompantli is archeological evidence that may now seem shocking to us, but they form part of the history and culture of the mexica people.

English translation of the caption:
Archaeological excavations done here corroborated written 16th centuray accounts from the Spanish about the use of the tzompantli with the finding of 170 skulls here that were perforated through the parietals.

(Man-Made Features • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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