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Tokio School

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Texas, Terry County, Tokio
Early classes in the Tokio Area were held in the ranch house of the J Cross Ranch near the turn of the century. In 1911, a school building was constructed near the center of town (about 300 feet N), and classes were relocated. Larger school buildings later were erected, once due to fire and twice due to changing space needs. The school facilities continued to serve the community's educational as well as religious and civic needs until 1941 when Tokio School was consolidated with the Brownfield Independent School District.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Birthplace of the SPJST

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Texas, Fayette County, La Grange
On December 28, 1896, twenty-five Czech-Texans gathered in the district courtroom of this courthouse to establish a new fraternal benefit insurance society, the Slovanska Podporujici Jednota Statu Texas, more commonly known a the SPJST. The SPJST held its first convention in the same room on June 20, 1897. I. J. Gallia served as the society's first president and J. R. Kubena was the first secretary. The SPJST officially began its business in Texas on July 1, 1897, while the state charter was approved on August 21, 1897. SPJST headquarters now is located in Temple.

(Fraternal or Sororal Organizations) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Oldest Czech Settlement

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Texas, Fayette County, near Hostyn
in Texas was established at Hostyn when in November, 1856, the families of Josef Janda, Valintin Kolibal, Frantisek Koza arrived here from Czechoslovakia and in December, 1856, arrived here Alois Klimicek, Benjamin Klimicek adn Frantisek Marak.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Reinforcements Arrive

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Minnesota, Nicollet County, near Fairfax

Soldiers and civilian refugees peered anxiously in this direction, fearing another attack and praying for help. The garrison had dug entrenchments and built an earthen wall south of the fort. Barricades on all sides had been strengthened. During the fighting, all of the outbuildings except for the guardhouse and magazines had been destroyed. Most of the livestock had been captured and their feed burned. It was difficult for anyone to flee the post without animals to carry them.

Relief arrived on August 27, 1862, as 175 mounted volunteer soldiers, led by Colonel Samuel McPhail, galloped down the road in front of you. The next day, 1,500 men led by Colonel Henry H. Sibley arrived. This group's first act was to load supply wagons with women and children who had taken refuge at the fort and send them to St. Paul for safety. Sibley also sent 150 men to bury those slain at the Lower Sioux Agency and Redwood Ferry and to rebuild the ferry.

Minnesota Historical Society
Fort Ridgely


(Forts, Castles • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Where's the Volcano?

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Idaho, Butte County, near Arco
Say the word volcano and usually the image flashes to mind of a single great symmetrical cone. But, the volcanic activity in Craters of the Moon National Monument and the Snake River Plain has taken a different form.

Parallel cracks in the earth, collectively called the Great Rift, periodically ooze flows of lava which pile up in horizontal layers. Occasionally more lively displays of fireworks create cinder cones, about 25 of them in the park.

The panorama of cones before you is located at the north end of the Great Rift. The rift extends south more than 50 miles to American Falls.

(Natural Features) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Plain of Volcanoes

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Idaho, Butte County, near Arco
The shallow arc of Idaho’s Snake River Plain spans southern Idaho, gently rising from west to east. Current theories suggest that the plain marks the path of continental movement over a deep hotspot now lying beneath the Yellowstone Plateau. As the continent drifted southwestward over millions of years, calderas—super-volcanoes 10 - 40 miles (15 - 64 km) wide—erupted over the hotspot.

In the past 17 million years , there have been about a dozen catastrophic eruptions releasing huge volumes of rhyolitic magma and ash. Between these super-eruptions were long periods when more fluid basaltic lava flowed from more than 8,000 shield volcanoes and numerous lave cones. Remnants of these dot the Eastern Snake River Plain today. Layer upon layer of basalt flows extend 3,000 - 6,000 feet (1,000 - 2,000 m) below the surface, completely covering the rhyolite “basement.”

(Left Graphic Description)
Sinking Rivers And A Flowing Aquifer
Streams that flow here are indirect tributaries to the Snake River. The aptly named Lost River flows to an area north of here known as “the sinks” where it soaks into the ground, becoming part of an aquifer the volume of Lake Erie. The aquifer flows through pores and fractures in the rock hundreds of feet beneath the surface, eventually emerging from springs along the Snake River Canyon at Thousand Springs about 100 miles (160 km) to the southwest.

(Middle Graphic Description)
Big Southern Butte
Big Southern Butte, rising 2,500 feet (760 m) above the Eastern Snake River Plain, is a prominent reminder of the region’s volcanism. About 300,000 years ago, the butte intruded through surrounding layers of basalt, rising to an elevation of 7,560 feet (2,300 m). It is one of the largest composite rhyolite domes in the world.

(Right Graphic Description)
Ancient calderas are evidence of the North American Continent’s movement over the Yellowstone hotspot.
When Yellowstone Caldera erupted 640,000 years ago, it released about 240 cubic miles (1,000 km 3) of material, covering half of North America in 6 feet (2 m) of debris.

(Natural Features) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

History of the Malad River

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Idaho, Gooding County, near Hagerman


Malad History
If eating food somewhere made you sick, how would you warn others of the danger? Fur trappers and traders named the Malad River the Riviere Aux Malad, or “sickly river,” after becoming hill from eating beaver trapped on its banks. The illness was attributed to poisonous roots the beaver fed upon. Exploration of the Malad area began in the early 1800s when British and American fur trappers competed for territory in southwest Idaho. Many expeditions were led between 1811 and 1843, when the Oregon Trail migration began.

One of the World’s Shortest Rivers
Just 2.5 miles in length, the Malad River is among the world’s shortest rivers. Its source is the Big Wood and Little Wood rivers that supplement the relatively constant discharge of the Malad Springs. The water from these rivers is stored in reservoirs upstream and is used almost exclusively for irrigation purposes. Water within the Malad flume is carried to the upper and lower power plants and flows into the Snake River from the lower power plant. The annual average combined generation for the Malad Project is 168,733 megawatt hours, enough to power more than 13,750 Idaho homes.

The River Has Seen Many Uses
  • In 1899, a gauge was established to determine the yield of springs flowing into the Malad and the feasibility of using its water for placer mining and irrigation.
  • Several claims to the water were filed between 1902 and 1908 when the Kin Hill Irrigation and Power Company constructed a diversion dam, flume and siphon to pipe water from the Malad across the Snake River to irrigate land in the King Hill area.
  • In 1909 land and rights to 700 cubic feet per second (cfs) of water were acquired by the Malad Power Company for power development. The agreement also allocated 300 cfs to the King Hill Irrigation and Power Company for irrigation and ongoing maintenance of the diversion dam and flume across the Snake River.
  • Electricity has been generated here continually since 1911 when the Beaver River Power Company purchased the Malad Power Company’s rights. The company constructed the 5,000 kilowatt (kW) upper power plant and wooden gravity flume, making it the largest power generator on the Snake River at that time.
  • Beaver River Power Company was purchased in 1913 by Idaho Power and Light which in 1916, became one of the five companies originally incorporated into the Idaho Power Company.
  • The 8,270 kW upper power plant was rebuilt in 1948 from plans drafted decades earlier by the Beaver River Power Company. The post WWII building boom also replaced the wooden flume with one made of concrete and moved the lower plant site to the bank of the Snake River and increased the output from 5,000 kW to 13,500 kW.


(Agriculture • Exploration • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Kitchen Garden

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Virginia, Arlington County, Fort Myers
Large estates customarily had a vegetable garden and summer kitchen near the main house. Slaves gathered fresh produce, prepared it in the summer kitchen, and carried it directly to the main dining room.

Arlington’s garden extended from the summer kitchen northward to the edge of the hill. Slaves raised a variety of vegetables, including asparagus, lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers. There were also a strawberry patch and herb garden. Chickens and guinea hens were kept at the north end of the garden. The privy serving the house was also located there.

(caption)
This post-Civil War photograph shows a former Arlington slave sitting in the doorway of the North Slave Quarters.

(Colonial Era • Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hughes' Springs

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Texas, Lampasas County, Lampasas
One of the Lampasas sulphur springs named in honor of first settler in this vicinity in 1853, Moses Hughes, whose wife regained health through its waters.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

After the Battle

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Minnesota, Renville County, near Morton

"Soon after the battle I, with many others who had taken part in the war, surrendered to Gen. Sibley."
                                                Wamditanka
"As soon as I surrendered I was thrown in prison," Wamditanka said. After three years in jail, he rejoined his band in Nebraska. He moved back to Minnesota in 1869 and died in Granite Falls in 1906.

Joseph Anderson was wounded at Birch Coulee and went home to St. Paul after the battle. He left Minnesota in 1877, returning once in 1894 for the dedication of the Birch Coulee monument in Morton. He died three years later in Oklahoma City.

"They Say Minnesota Nice"

Francis J. Yellow is a member of the Lakota Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota. A visual artist and poet, he expresses his belief in the sacredness of humanity through his work.

In this painting, Yellow depicts the clash of cultures that culminated in the U.S.-Dakota War. The scaffold at the upper right refers to the government’s trial and execution of 40 Dakota men after the war.

Minnesota Historical Society
Birch Coulee Battlefield


(Arts, Letters, Music • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dominguez and Escalante

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Colorado, La Plata County, near Hesperus
In 1776, Franciscan Fathers, Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Silvestre Velez de Excalante and eight companions, explored what is now southern Colorado, Utah, and northern Arizona, as men of peace.


Between August and December, 1776, Dominguez and Escalante and a small group of men attempted to find an overland route between the Spanish villages in New Mexico and the Spanish missions in California.

The expedition crossed the La Plata River near what is now Hesperus. On August 10 and 11, 1776, Escalante wrote:

”... we swung west through the valleys of very beautiful timber and abundant pasturage, roses, and various other flowers.... We were not able to move camp because Father Fray Francisco Atanasio awoke very weak.... For this reason we were not able to go to see the veins and metallic stones of the sierra, although they were nearby, as we were assured by a companion who had seen them on another occasion.”

Although Dominguez and Escalante did not reach California, they are recognized as the first Europeans to traverse and map what is now central Utah and cross the mighty Colorado River, (northeast of the Grand Canyon.) Members of the expedition walked or rode horses nearly two thousand miles as they explored a relatively unknown land. Throughout their journey they encountered a dozen native tribes, yet they never resorted to violence toward their fellow man.


(Lower Left Photo Caption)
An 18th Century monstrance used by Franciscan Fathers in what is now California and New Mexico. A monstrance was used to hold the Eucharist during church services.

(Upper Right Map Caption)
Expedition cartographer Bernard Miera Y Pacheco accompanied Dominguez and Escalante and drew this map of the region in 1778.
– Courtesy of Utah State Historical Society

(Lower Right Map Caption)
Dominguez and Escalante followed a route used by Juan Maria de Rivera in 1765. After crossing the Gunnison River, however, they ventured into a land that had never been seen by Europeans.

(Colonial Era • Exploration) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Old Spanish Trail

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Colorado, La Plata County, near Hesperus
Between 1800 and 1850, the Old Spanish Trail became a regional trade route between Santa Fe and California.


Dominguez and Escalante traveled through this valley in 1776. Within twenty-five years of their expedition this trail became a regional trade route between the Spanish outposts in what is now California and New Mexico. Under the watchful eye of the Spanish government and later the Mexican government, both legal and illegal traders ventured deep into the Great Basin to barter with the Ute Indians. Sheep and textiles from New Mexico were traded for mules and horses in southern California and brought back for use on the Santa Fe Trail – between Missouri and what is now New Mexico.

One prominent traveler on the trail was Antoine Robidoux. He used this snow-free route to supply Fort Uncompahgre which he located on the Gunnison River. Robidoux traded cotton, blankets, tobacco, tea, coffee, knives, liquor (“Taos Lightning,”) and an occasional rifle to the Ute Indians in exchange for deer skin clothes, beaver pelts, and castoreum – a beaver scent gland that was used to make perfume and medicine.

Slaves were also traded and moved along the Old Spanish Trail. Ute, Paiute, and Navajo Indians, as well as young Hispanic women were often illegally bartered and sold as slaves in colonial New Mexico.


(Upper Right Text Box)
“A company of sixty men left this territory for California with the purpose of trading for mules with the products of this country.... I believe that it would be greatly to the advantage of both territories to promote the commerce of this region.”
– New Mexico Governor, Jose Antonio Chavez, 14 May 1830, regarding Antonio Armijo expedition in 1829.

(Center Right Photo Caption)
Antoine Robidoux, a French Canadian, became a Mexican citizen and married the daughter of the Mexican Governor. Through marriage, he was granted the right to control trade in what would later be western Colorado and eastern Utah. In 1828, Robidoux established For Uncompahgre on the Gunnison River and Fort Uintah on the Green River.
– Painting of Antoine Robidoux in 1843. Painting courtesy of the Museum of New Mexico

(Lower Right Map Caption)
In the early 1800s, the Old Spanish Trail was entirely within Spanish Territory. Santa Fe became a trade center as it was the terminus for three trails in the southwest United States.

(Forts, Castles • Industry & Commerce • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dominguez - Escalante Expedition

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Colorado, La Plata County, near Hesperus
On August 10, 1776, there passed by here the expedition of Fathers Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Silvestre Velez de Escalante with eight companions. They were seeking a route to link the long established missions of New Mexico with Monterey, the recently founded capital of California.

(Colonial Era • Exploration) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Donegal Friary / Mainistir Dhún na nGall

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Ireland, Ulster, County Donegal, Donegal Town


Donegal Friary was founded for the Franciscan Friars in 1474 by the first Red Hugh O'Donnell and his wife Nuala O'Brien. It survived until it was plundered by the English in 1588. Four years later, they in turn were driven out by the second Red Hugh (who left Ireland shortly after the battle of Kinsale in 1602), and the friars repaired the buildings. In 1601, during a siege of the friary by English forces - commanded by the renegade Niall Garbh O'Donnell - gunpowder stores exploded and wrecked the building.

The friary was then granted to Sir Basil Brooke who used the church for Protestant worship. The friars wandered from place to place after Brooke took over, but remained active. Between 1632 and 1636 four scholars - led by Brother Michael O'Cleary - compiled what has become one of the most important sources for the history of Ireland: the Annals of the Four Masters.

All the buildings were arranged around a central cloister or courtyard, but the remains are very fragmentary. Some of the cloister arcade survives, but very little of the church.

Donegal - from Dún na nGall (the Fort of the Foreigners)

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Bhunaigh Aodh Rua Ó Dónaill agus a bhean Nuala Ní Bhriain mainistir Dhún na nGall i gcomhair Bhráithre Bochta San Phroinsias sa bhliain 1474. Mhair an mhainistir anuas go dtí gur chreach na Sasanaigh i sa bhliain 1588. Ceithre bliana dár gcionn dhíbir an dara hAodh Rua iadsan amach as an áit agus dheisigh na manaigh na foirgnimh. (Is é an dara hAodh Rua seo a theith as Éirinn go gairid tar éis chath Chinn tSáile sa bhliain 1602.) Sa bhliain 1601, nuair a bhí léigear á shuí leis an mainistir ag fórsaí Sasanacha - a bhí faoi cheannas an chúl le cine, Niall Garbh Ó Dónaill - phléasc an stóras ina raibh an púdar gunna agus scriosadh an foirgneamh. Tugadh an mhainistir ansin do Sir Basil Brooke, a chuir seirbhísí Protastúnacha ar bun sa séipéal inti. Tar éis do Bhasil Brooke seilbh a ghlacadh ar an mainistir bhí na manaigh ar strae ó áit go háit, ach bhí siad fós i mbun an chreidimh. Idir 1632 agus 1636 chuir ceathrar den aos léinn - an Bráthair Míchéal Ó Cléirigh mar dhuine acu i gceannas orthu - an cnuasach ar a dtugtar Annála Ríochta Éireann (Annála na gCeithre Máistrí) le chéile, ceann de na foinsí is mó tábhacht i gcomhair stair na hÉireann.

Bhí na foirgnimh go léir suite thart timpeall ar chlabhstra nó clós i lár na mainistreach, ach ní sheasann anois ach fíorbheagán díobh. Tá cuid den stuabhealach ann fós, ach níl ach iarsma den séipeál le feiceáil.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Churches, Etc. • Disasters • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Orange Beach Community Cemetery

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Alabama, Baldwin County, Orange Beach

(front)
The property where the cemetery is located was part of a Spanish Land Grant issued to the Suarez family prior to the War of 1812. In 1925, a United States Land Patent was confirmed and issued. The property has been in use since the days of Spanish West Florida and perhaps even before this time. The cemetery was previously known as Bear Point Cemetery because of the bears that inhabited this end of the island. The property changed ownership man times until the Low and McKibbon families donated it to the Orange Beach Volunteer Fire Department (OBVFD) in 1979. The OBVFD currently owns the approximately one-quarter acre community cemetery and their Board of Directors operates it under strict guidelines. (Continued on other side) (back) (Continued from other side) There are many unmarked and early graves in the cemetery. Stories have been passed down of those buried here including an entire unnamed family that died of fever and also of two unknown sailors found in a shipwreck on the beach. This cemetery does indeed hold notable community leaders including Civil War soldiers and other military veterans, the first area operator of the U.S. Mail Boat service, the first Postmistress of Caswell (an early community now part of Orange Beach), early boat builders and boat captains including the Walker fleet (noted co-founders of the Orange Beach Charter Fishing Fleet). Also buried here is one of the early career Fire Department Captains. The OBVFD performed a ground penetrating radar survey to confirm grave locations and occupancy. The OBVFD Board additionally passed a resolution regulating the cemetery. These regulations and guidelines are recorded in Baldwin County Probate Court.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Exchange Alley

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California, Los Angeles County, Pasadena
Named for the "Exchange Block Building" at 13-27 East Colorado Boulevard whose most important business was the Carlton Hotel, a first-class business hotel established in 1886. On the first floor were Harper & Reynolds Hardware Company and Alexander Cruikshank's Dry Goods Store, later known as "The Bon Accord." In 1904, The First National Bank of Pasadena moved from the northwest corner to the northeast corner of Colorado Boulevard and Fair Oaks Avenue, thereby locating it immediately south of Exchange Alley.

(Industry & Commerce • Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

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California, Los Angeles County, Pasadena

We remember those who gave their lives and those who remain missing.

Vernon Brackins * Bruce Brogoitti * James Carter * David Cash * Dale Chamberlain * Michael D'Aiello * Walter Davis * Timothy Duncan * Mark Enari * James Fullerton * Charles Girard * Chester Goins * Jerry Guerra * Fred Hardy * John Hodge * Abbott Jones * Daniel Kirstein * Robert Kurilich * Holtin Lau * James Lavelle * William Levett * Floyd Long * Alfred Mahoney Jr. * William Phillips * Thomas Raschel * Jay Richter * Roger Rose * Thomas Sanchez * Edward Shelton Jr. * Richard Whiteman * David Zimmerman

We Honor the Courage, Sacrifice, and Devotion to Duty and Country of our Vietnam Veterans.

(War, Vietnam) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Welcome to Agua Hedionda

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California, San Diego County, Carlsbad
Who has been here?
The lands around you have been inhabited by people for over 10,000 years. The rolling hills and canyons cradling the lagoon provided shelter and food with an abundance of native plants and trees.

The Luiseño
For centuries, these people spent their winters where you stand, making salt and gathering shellfish for food, jewelry, tools, and trade. They spent their summers inland at higher, cooler elevations. To the Luiseño, this area was Palmai, or “place of big water.” The Luiseño culture is noted for its mysticism and religious practices. As in many families today, their children were taught to respect their elders, bathe frequently, eat sparingly, and share their food with others. Their peaceful coexistence with natural forces created a culture whose openness and adaptability left them vulnerable to aggressive invaders.

The Spanish
The Luiseño greeted the Spanish expedition of Don Gaspar de Portola and Father Juan Crespi with curiosity and good will. While many resisted the authority of the Spanish, many did not. Whether by preference for the Franciscan ways or in submission to Spanish force, the Luiseño lost much of their ancient relationship with nature and drifted into a new pattern of life.

What’s in a name?
“It was a hot and dusty afternoon when Don Gaspar de Portola and Father Juan Crespi called a halt by the banks of a tidal lagoon. According to the padre’s journal for Monday, July 17, 1769, the party had left San Alejo to the south at three in the afternoon. They had traveled one league before descending into a valley where alders sheltered a deserted Indian village. ‘We named this valley San Simon Lipnica’, he wrote.
“...the tired troups (sic) bolstered lagging spirits with jokes about the miserable place their leaders had chosen for a rest stop. Taking special exception to the scent of decaying fish and other debris, it was the soldiers who unwittingly christened the lagoon for posterity: ‘Agua Hedionda,” the ‘stinking waters’.”
From “Seekers of the Spring – A History of Carlbad” by Marje Howard-Jones

(Exploration • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Agua Hedionda Lagoon

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California, San Diego County, Carlsbad
Why is it endangered?
The lagoon before you, Agua Hedionda, is one of the few remaining coastal wetlands along the Southern California coastline. All of the lagoons are threatened by the pressures of development, agriculture, and industry.

Timeline

Imprints of the past

8,000 BC Traces of the earliest people inhabiting the area are left behind.
1769 AD The Spanish expedition of Don Gaspar de Portola arrives along the shores of Agua Hedionda Lagoon.
1798 The Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is built.
1821 Mexico gains independence from Spain.
1833 Land controlled by the Mission San Luis Rey become the Rancho Aqua Hedionda. Between 1833 and 1860 the Rancho is a Mexican Land Grant owned by a family of Californios by the name of Marron.
Manifest Destiny continues the transformation of Aqua Hedionda in the 1850s with the takeover of Mexican California by the United States.
1863 Rancho Aqua Hedionda is taken over, with much dispute, by a man going by the name of Francis J. Hinton.
1870 Cattle on the Rancho are run for Hinton by Robert Kelly until Hinton’s death in 1870. Kelly eventually inherited the Rancho, but not without much debate in the courts.
1875 Kelly quits cattle ranching and starts leasing the land out for sheep grazing.
1890 Robert Kelly dies of cancer, leaving the Rancho to his sister-in-law. Eventually, part of the Rancho becames (sic) the new town of Carlsbad.
1990 Agua Hedionda Lagoon Foundation is established.

(Agriculture • Exploration • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

California Avocado Society Thanks Guatemala

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Guatemala, Sacatepéquez, La Antigua
Presentada por La Sociedad Aguacatera De California en el 1946

En reconocimiento y aprecio por la gran contribución de Antigua y toda Guatemala por el desarrollo de la industria de aguacates en California.

Un jóven saludable, saluda a tan generosos padres.

Presented by California Avocado Society 1946

In recognition and appreciation of the great contributions of Antigua, and of all Guatemala, to the development of the avocado industry in California.

A Healthy, Growing Child Salutes a Generous Parent.

(Agriculture • Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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