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A canal that must be preserved

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Quebec, Vaudreuil-Soulanges RCM, Coteau-du-Lac
English:
The Canadian Parks service has a mission to preserve certain sites that bear witness to the history of our country and to the accomplishments of our ancestors. Of exceptional historic and archaeological importance, the Coteau-du-Lac National Historic Park is an example of the kind of site that must be protected. Its structural features and other remains are unique and non-renewable.
Abandoned in the middle of the 19th century, the canal at Coteau-du-Lac was excavated by archaeologists in the mid-1960s. Later, measures had to be taken to prevent the canal from deteriorating. In 1986 and 1987, the Canadian Parks Service took steps to protect the canal against the devastating effects of freezing and thawing. The work done at the time greatly modified the original appearance of the canal.

Protecting the Canal
The plan presented below shows the various measures taken in 1986 and 1987 to preserve the canal at Coteau-du-Lac. With its wooden sides and gravel bottom, the canal that you see today is quite different from the original construction.
The photograph gives you a good idea of what the canal looked like before the preservation work.

French:
Le Service canadien des parcs a pour mission de conserver certains lieux qui témoignent de l’histoire de notre pays et des réalisations de nos ancêtres. Le parc historique national de Coteau-du-lac est l’un de ces lieux privilégiés. Site historique et archéologique. exceptionnel, il renferme des vestiges rares, uniques et non renouvelables.
Abandonné au milieu du 19ᵉ siècle, le canal de Coteau-du-lac fut déblayé et fouillé par des archéologues au milieu des années 1960. Par la suite, il a fallu intervenir pour contrer sa dégradation. Ainsi, en 1986 et 1987, le Service canadien des parcs a éffectué divers travaux visant à protéger le canal contre l’action dévastatrice du gel et du dégel. Ces travaux ont cependant modifié sensiblement l’aspect originel du canal.

La protection du canal
Le plan presenté ci-dessous schématise les différentes interventions faites au canal de Coteau-du-lac en 1986 et 1987, dans le but d’en assurer la conservation. Avec ses parois de bois et son fond de gravier, tel que vous le voyez aujourd’hui , le canal diffère passablement de ce qu’il était auparavant.
Par ailleurs, la photo ci-contre, nous donne une bonne idée de ce qu’était le canal avant ces travaux.

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812 • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Roads End

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California, Kern County, Kernville
In 1910 this was Camp 8 – the end of the road. From this uppermost camp a rough wagon track pushed one and one half miles up the river to where Southern California Edison Company constructed the intake for Kern River No. 3 Power Plant.

In 1922, Earl and Lucille Pascoe started Pascoe’s Pack Station. By 1927 it was a year round operation and by 1934 boasted the Roads End Store, a lodge and guest cottages. Earl built up his packing business to 150 head of horses and mules and 12 or 13 packers and guides in the peak season. A 100 man Conservation Corps (CCC) Camp was brought in by the U. S. Forest Service in 1936 to extend the road north, to build the historic town of Johnsondale. The Pascoe’s retired in 1952 and sold to Mildred and Skeets Byers. In 1973 new owners Al & Frank Keegan added a restaurant. The last owners to operate the store and cottages were Mike and Marcia Burford.

Forest Service Fire Patrolman John T. “Jack” Moore was a permanent fixture from 1944 to 1972. Jack and his wife, Loreen, lived and worked in the Guard Station at Roads End during an era when Rangers work, private lives, home and office melded into one. Thousands of forest visitors and natives benefited from his knowledge of the area and remember Ranger Jack Moore as a caregiver, rescuer, fire fighter and friend.

Roads End Resort was a popular stop for visitors until July 2002 when the majority of the buildings were tragically lost in a human caused fire called The McNally.

(Industry & Commerce • Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Why a canal at Coteau-du-Lac?

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Quebec, Vaudreuil-Soulanges RCM, Coteau-du-Lac
English:
Plans to launch an invasion of Canada during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) brought to light a major weakness in the country’s system of defence.

At the time, the St. Lawrence River was the only line of supply for the military posts around the Great Lakes. To reach these posts, which defended Canada’s western border, the British as to bypass several stretches of rapids located upstream from Montréal. The need to transport troops and merchandise around these obstacles by land slowed down the supply of these posts and made them more vulnerable.

Since the rapids at Coteau-du-Lac formed the most treacherous section of the river between Montréal and the Great Lakes, Sir Frederick Haldimand acted upon a recommendation of Captain William Twiss and had a canal built at this spot to speed up transportation on the waterway.

Sir Frederick Halimand
Of Swiss origin, Sir Frederick Haldimand began his career as an officier in the Prussian army in 1740. In 1755 he was recruited by the British army to serve an active role in the military operations in North America during the Seven Years' War.

He acted as military governor of Trois-Rivières from 1763 to 1764. He was then named governor of Canada in 1777.

Up until the end of the American Revolution in 1783, Halimand devoted a great deal of time and effort in his capacity as governor to reinforcing the colony’s system of defence so that it would be able to withstand an American invasion.

Haldimand was replaced by Guy Carleton in 1786. He then returned to England where spent the rest of his life.

French:
Les manoeuvres militaires visant à envahir le Canada, lors de la guerre de la Revolution américaine (1775-1783), avaient mis en évidence une faiblesse dans le système défensif du Canada.

À cette époque, le fleuve Saint-Laurent constituait la seule voie de communication permettant d’approvisionner les postes militaires des Grand Lacs, qui protégeaient la frontière occidentale du Canada. Pour s’y rendre, les britanniques devaient surmonter plusieurs rapides sur le fleuve, en amont du Montréal; l’obligation de contourner ces rapids par voie de terre ralentissait le transport des troupes et des marchandise, rendant ces posters plus vulnérables.

Le rapide de Coteau-du-Lac étant la plus difficile à franchir entre Montréal et les Grands Lacs, Sir Frédérick Haldimand, à la suggestion du capitaine William Twiss, fit creuser un canal à cet endroit pour accélérer le transport sur la voie fluviale.

Sir Frederick Halimand
D’origine suisse, Sir Frederick Haldimand débuta une carrière d’officier dans l’armée prussienne en 1740. En 1755, il fut recruté par l’armée britannique pour se rendre dans les colonies. Il prit une part active dans les opérations militaires menées en Amérique du Nord lors de la guerre de Sept Ans.

Il occupa le poste de gouverneur militaire des Trois-Rivières en 1763-64. Il fut nommé gouverneur du Canada en 1777.

En tant que gouverneur, Haldimand consacra beaucoup de temps et d’effort à renforcer le système défensif de la colonie contre une éventuelle invasion américaine de cela, jusqu’à la fin de la Révolution américaine en 1783. En 1786, Haldimand fut remplacé par Guy Carleton. Il retourna en Angleterre où il termina ses jours.

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812 • War, US Revolutionary • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The first lock canal in North America

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Quebec, Vaudreuil-Soulanges RCM, Coteau-du-Lac
English:
Captain William Twiss, Commanding Royal Engineer of the British army, initiated and supervised the construction of the Coteau-du-Lac canal.

This canal was intended to reduce the amount of time it took for “batteaux” to pass the most treacherous rapids on the St. Lawrence above Montréal. It constituted the third solution, as it were, to the navigation problems posed by the rapids at Coteau-du-Lac. For thousands of years, Amerindians had portaged around these rapids, while in the mid-18th century, the French had built a dike or “rigolet” at this spot.

Measuring over 100 m in length, the canal at Coteau-du-Lac consisted of three locks, each of which was 1.8 m wide and had a navigable depth of around 80 cm. It overcame a drop of approximately 2 m in the water level of the river between the upper and lower ends of the rapids. Built in 1779-1780, it was the first lock canal in North America.

The first canals on the St. Lawrence River
Although the Coteau-du-Lac canal was used to full capacity as soon as it was opened, it did not solve all the navigation problems on the St. Lawrence above Montréal. Three more canals were built in this sector in 1783: the Faucille, Trou-du-Moulin and Rocher-Fendu canals. These four canalization works, which were the first to be built on the river, greatly facilitated navigation, for they allowed vessels to by pass the most troublesome section of the waterway. A fall of 25.6 m, or an average slope of 1.9 m per kilometre, was recorded in the 12.8-km section between lakes Saint-François and Saint-Louis. This was the greatest difference in level observed anywhere on the St. Lawrence River.

William Twiss
William Twiss embarked on a brilliant career in the British army at the age of 15. He completed his training as a military engineer during his first posting, to the Fortress of Bilgraltar (sic, Gibraltar). In 1776, he was sent to Canada, where he distinguished himself by carrying out many engineering projects. In addition to supervising the construction of the canal at Coteau-du-Lac and of three other military canals on the St. Lawrence River, he also worked on the fortifications of a number of sites including Québec, Sorel, Saint-Jean and Ile-aux-Noix. When he returned to England in 1783, he won the admiration of this superiors by completing a series of forts designed to protect his country from the threat of invasion by the armies of Napoleon.

French:
C’est le capitaine William Twiss, commandant des ingénieurs royaux de l’armée britannique, qui fut l’initiateur et le responsable de la construction du canal de Coteau-du-lac.
Ce canal allait accélérer le passage des «batteaux» à la hauteur des rapides les plus difficiles à traverser sur le fleuve, en amont de Montréal. En fait, il s’agissait de la troisième solution apportée au problème de navigation causé par les rapides à cet endroit: depuis des millénaires, on y faisait du portage tandis qu’au milieu du XVIIIᵉ siècle, les Français y avaient construit un canal rigole.

D’une longueur de plus de 100 m, le canal de Coteau-du-lac comprenait trois écluses ayant 1,8m de largeur et un triant d’eau d’à peu près 80 cm. Il permettait de combler un dénivellation d’environ 2m entre l’aval et l’amont du rapide. Construit en 1779-1780, il fut le premier canal à écluses en Amérique du Nord.

Les premiers canaux du Saint-Laurent
Pleinement utilisé des son ouverture, le canal de Coteau-du-lac ne réglait cependant qu’une partie des problèmes de navigation sur le fleuve, en amont de Montréal. Aussi, trois autres canaux furent-ils construits en 1783 dans ce secteur: les canaux de Faucille, de Trou-du-Moulin et de Rocher-Fendu. Ces ouvrages de canalisation, les premier sur le Saint-Laurent, constituaient une aide très précieuse à la navigation, puisqu’ils surmontaient la section le plus accidentée du fleuve. Entre le lac Saint-Francois et le lac Saint-Louis, soit un parcours de 12,8 km, on enregistrait une dénivellation totale 25,6 m avec une pente moyenne de 1,9 m du kilomètre, le plus forte sur le Saint-Laurent.

William Twiss
Dès l’áge de 15 ans, William Twiss entreprit une brillante carrière au sien l’armée britannique. C’est dans le cadre de sa première affectation, à la forteresse de Gibraltar, qu’il complèta sa formation d’ingénieur militaire. Envoyé au Canada en 1776, il se distingua en réalisant de nombreux travaux de génie. Outre la construction du canal de Coteau-du-lac et de trois autres canaux militaires sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent, il travailla de de nombreux ouvrages de fortifications, à Québec, à Sorel, à Saint-Jean et à l’Île-aux-Noix. De retour en Angleterre, en 1783, il s’attira l’admiration de ses supérieurs en complétant une série de forts destinés à protéger son pays contre une menace d’invasion par les armées de Napoleon.

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812 • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

What is a lock canal?

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Quebec, Vaudreuil-Soulanges RCM, Coteau-du-Lac
English:
A canal is an artificial waterway designed to improve navigation on a river or other watercourse.

A lock is a water-filled chamber with gates and sluices which allows vessels to travel between bodies of water that are located at different levels.

When a vessel passes through a lock canal, it’s almost as though it were going up or down stairs.

Originally, the canal at Coteau-du-Lac had three locks. However, only two locks remained after major repair work was done in the early 19th century.

This lock canal made it possible to overcome a drop of approximately 2 m in the water level of the St. Lawrence.

The passage of a vessel through the Coteau-du-Lac canal as it travelled up the St. Lawrence to the Great Lakes involved three main steps:

1. The gates (B) between the two locks were closed. The vessel then entered the lower lock.

2. The gates (A and C) at each end of the two locks were closed. The sluices of the central gate (B) were then opened and the water from the upper lock flowed into the lower one until it reached the same level in the two locks. The central gates (B) were then opened an the vessel moved into the upper lock.

3. The central gates (B) were closed. The sluices of the gates (C) at the far end of the upper lock were then opened. The water in the lock reached the same level as that at the upper entrance to the canal. The gates (C) were then opened and the vessel could sail back into the river.

French:
Un canal est une voie navigable artificielle qui améliore les conditions de navigation d’un cours d’eau.

Une écluse est un bassin d’eau muni de portes et de vannes qui permet aux bateau d’accéder à des plans d’eau dont les niveaux sont différents. En fait, écluser un bateau, c’est un peu comme lui faire monter ou descendre un escalier…!

A l’origine, le canal de Coteau-du-lac comprenait trois écluses. Suite à des refections majeures survenues au debut du XIXᵉ siècle, ce nombre fut réduit à deux. Les écluses de ce canal permettaient de combler une dénivellation d’environ 2 m sur le fleuve.

L’éclusage d’un bateau qui empruntait le canal de Coteau-du-lac pour remonter le fleuve Saint-Laurent en direction des Grands Lacs, se déroulait principalement en trois étapes.

1. Les portes (B) qui séparent les deux écluses sont fermées. Le bateau entre dans l’écluse d’aval.

2. On ferme les ports (A et C) des extrémités de chacune des deux écluses. Ensuite on ouvre les vannes des portes centrales (B). L’eau de l’écluse d’aval jusqu’à l’équilibre des niveaux d’eau. On ouvre les portes centrales (B) et le bateau passe dans l’écluse d’amont.

3. On referme les portes (B) centrales. On ouvre les vannes des portes (C) de l’extrémité de l’écluse et de l’entrée d’amont s’égalisent. On ouvre les portes (C) et le bateau peut regagner le fleuve.

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812 • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A canal excavated in the rock

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Quebec, Vaudreuil-Soulanges RCM, Coteau-du-Lac
English:
The point at Coteau-du-Lac is formed by superimposed layers of dolomite (rock containing lime and magnesium). The British military used various excavation techniques to build a canal at this spot.

In general, they removed the rock layer by layer by driving iron wedges in between the strata with sledgehammers. In the case of large, un-cracked surfaces, they drilled holes and then partially filled the with gunpowder which was ignited to blast the rock. We also presume that frost action during the winter helped to split the rock and thereby facilitated the excavation work.

How was the rock blasted with gunpowder?
Two men bored a blasting hole in the rock with a jumper and sledgehammer.

A third of the hole was filled with gunpowder into which a long needle was inserted. A small wad of straw was placed above the gunpowder. The hole was then filled with fragments of stone up to within an inch of its top and an iron rod was used to ram the tamping. The top of the hole was sealed off with moist clay. The needle was then pulled out and the small opening left in its place was filled with fine powder or with a series of straws containing powder and acting as a fuse. All that the powderman then had to do was light the charge and run as fast as his legs could carry him before the explosion occurred!

Look carefully at the other side of the canal. You can see traces of the holes made in the bedrock with the boring tools. The diameter of these blasting holes varies from 3 to 4 cm and the deepest ones penetrated the rock up to 60 cm.

French:
La pointe de Coteau-du-lac est formée de dolomie (roche contenant de la chaux et la magnésie) disposée en couches superposées. Pour y construire un canal, les militaires britanniques ont utilisé différentes techniques d’excavation.

Habituellement, ils dégageant une à une les couches rocheuses en y enfonçant les coins de fer a la masse. Pour les grandes surfaces non fissurées, ils introduisaient de la poudre à canon dans les trous percés à même le roc et le faisait ainsi éclater. De plus, on présume qu’au cours de l’hiver le gel a contribué au fractionnement de la roche, facilitant l’autant le travail des ouvriers.

Comment faire exploser le roc á la poudre á canon
Deux hommes perdaient un trou de mine avec un foret et un masse. Dans le premier tiers du trou, on versait de la poudre á canon dans laquelle on introduisait une longue aiguille. Une petite bourre de paille était placée sur la poudre á canon. On mettait ensuite des éclats de pierre, tassés à la barre de fer, jusqu’a un pouce du bord du trou, que l’on comblait avec de l’argile humide. On retirait alors l’aiguille du trou; le petit orifice laissé par l’aiguille était rempli avec une fine poudre à canon ou encore avec une paille contenant cette substance explosive et qui tenait lieu de mèche. Enfin, il ne restait qu’a allumer et à se sauver le plus vite possible avant l’explosion!

Observez bien l’autre paroi du canal; vous remarquerez dans la roche mère des traces de trou fait au foret, Le diamètre de ces trous variait de trois à quatre centimètres et les plus profonds pénétraient jusqu’a soixante centimètres dans la roche.

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812 • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The construction of the canal

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Quebec, Vaudreuil-Soulanges RCM, Coteau-du-Lac
English:
The construction of the canal at Coteau-du-Lac began in the summer of 1779.

William Twiss, Commanding Royal Engineer of the British army, was in charge of the project. Most of the labourers who worked on the canal were soldiers of the King’s Royal Regiment of New York, a colonial regiment made up of Loyalists.

The soldiers dug the canal in the rock using fairly primitive tools and techniques. Gunpowder was used for blasting. The British army probably brought over experienced Cornish miners from England to carry out this difficult and dangerous work.

The construction of the canal lasted for a little over a year. It was completed in the fall of 1780.

The canal was inaugurated the following spring, when navigation season reopened.

Long, hard work!
All the construction work on the canal at Coteau-du-Lac was done by hand.

The top layer of soil was removed with picks and shovels. Holes were dug in the bedrock using sledgehammers and jumpers, a kind of boring tool. Gunpowder was poured into these holes and then ignited to blast the rock. Wheelbarrows were used to cart away the earth and excavated rock.

Blocks of stone used to build the walls of the canal were dressed with chisels and small hammers before they were laid by the masons. A hand crane was sometimes used to hoist very heavy pieces of stone.

The materials used to build the lock gates were obtained from various sources: the flat iron came from England, the iron castings from les Forges du Saint-Maurice, and the timber from the vicinity of Coteau-du-Lac.

French:
La construction du canal de Coteau-du-lac débuta à l’été de 1779. C’est William Twiss, commandant des ingénieurs royaux de l’armée britannique, qui dirigea ce chantier de construction. Les ouvriers qui y travaillèrent étaient pour la plupart des militaires du «King’s Royal Regiment of New-York», régiment colonial constitué de Loyalistes.

Les militaires creusèrent le canal dans la roc à l’aide d’outils et de techniques rudimentaires. Ils utilisèrent de la poudre à canon pour faire éclater de sol rocheux. Pour exécuter ce travail de minage, difficile e dangereux, l’armée britannique a probablement eu recours à des mineurs expérimentés de la région des Cornouailles, en Angleterre.

Les travaux de construction du canal se poursuivirent durant un peu plus d’un an et se terminèrent à l’automne de 1780.

Le canal fut inaugure au printemps suivant, à la reprise de la navigation.

Un travail long et difficile
Tout le travail de construction du canal de Coteau-du-lac fut exécuté à la main.

La terre de surface fut enlevée au pic et à la pelle. Des trous furent creusés dans l roche mère à l’aide d’un foret et d’une masse. Pour faire éclater le roc, on introduisait dans ces trous de la poudre à canon, à laquelle on mettait feu. Le transport de la terre et des débris de pierre d’effectuait a la brouette.

Les pierres de taille utilisées pour edifier les murs du canal furent façonnées avec des ciseaux et une petit masse et furent ensuite posées par un maçon. Une «chèvre» (grue manuelle) était parfois utilisée pour lever les pierres les plus lourdes.

Les matériaux utilisés dans la fabrication des portes d’écluses provenaient de différents endroits: le fer plat, d’Angleterre; la fonte, des forges du Saint-Maurice; le bois, des environs de Coteau-du-lac.

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812 • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mrs. I.L. Crego House

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New York, Onondaga County, Baldwinsville

Mrs. I.L. Crego House
This Italianate-Style home,
c.1879, was designed for
Charlotte & Ira Lyons Crego
by the region's foremost
architect of the late 19th C.
Archimedes Russell.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

On This Hill

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New York, Onondaga County, Lysander
On This Hill
in the original house, 31
women organized the Female
Charitable Society, second
oldest woman's society in
the U.S., July 27, 1817

(Charity & Public Work • Fraternal or Sororal Organizations) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Maxwelton (Circa 1855-1860)

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis
Judge John Louis Taylor Sneed (1820-1901) named this house which is built of native poplar and cypress. Only a few of this "Victorian piano-box" style, more common to middle-Tennessee, survive. E.A. Spottswood, Sr. sold this land to Levi Joy in 1869. Joy sold the property to Sneed, who was living at Maxwelton by 1874. Four generations of Judge Sneed's family have lived here in the Buntyn community. He compiled a notable judicial record in Memphis, Shelby County , and on the state Supreme Court. He also helped found (1887) and taught in the Memphis Law School. He was one of the founders of St. John's Episcopal Church and a trustee of the church property.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Edward Shaw

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis
In 1870, Edward Shaw became the first Memphis black to run for U.S. Congress. Though he did not win, he was active in politics, serving on the County Commission, the City Council, and as Wharfmaster in the 1870s. In 1875, Shaw was editor of a black newspaper, The Memphis Planet, and, in 1880, he escorted General U.S. Grant, who was in Memphis to visit Beale Street Baptist Church and LeMoyne-Normal Institute.

(African Americans) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hollis Freeman Price, Sr.

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis
Hollis Price was the first African-American president of LeMoyne College. In 1968, he guided the college's merger with Owen Junior College. Price was the president of the college for 27 years and upon his retirement became president emeritus. He was the first African-American national moderator of the United Church of Christ, the denomination's highest lay position. In 1975, Price was the first Black to receive the Brotherhood Award from the Memphis National Conference of Christians and Jews. He was among the first three Blacks inducted into the Memphis Rotary Club.

(African Americans • Churches, Etc. • Civil Rights • Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Second Congregational Church

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis
Founded by the American Missionary Association in 1868, Second Congregational Church was originally at 239 Orleans. It was a chapel for LeMoyne Normal Institute. The present church, designed and built by Black artisans, was completed in 1928. In 1982 the church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

(African Americans • Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bettis Family Cemetery

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis
Here was the farm of the Tillman Bettis family on the Memphis bluff after the 1818 treaty, even before the town was laid off. Mary Bettis was the first child born in the new settlement.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Keifer Cabin Site

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Ohio, Clark County, near Springfield
You are standing on the site of a cabin built by John Keifer in 1824. John Keifer (1802- 1863) and his wife Elizabeth Donnel (1805- 1865), daughter of surveyor Jonathan Donnel, resided here until 1830. That year the family moved to another farm closer to Springfield. John and Elizabeth’s daughter, Caroline was born in the cabin in 1829.

Elizabeth’s father, Jonathan Donnel came from Pennsylvania and may have settled in Bethel Township, just west of George Rogers Clark Park, as early as 1795. John’s father George Keifer, originally from Maryland, settled in the Township in 1812. John Keifer’s cabin sat on a 100 acre tract that was once part of his father’s much larger farm, which encompassed most of the 1780 Peckewe (Piqua) Battlefield. When George Keifer died in 1845, John and Elizabeth returned to Bethel Township and resided the rest of their lives on what was left of his father’s original farm along the west side of Tecumseh Road. John Keifer was a farmer, US Marshal, Federal census taker, and the cousin of Civil War general Joseph Warren Keifer.

From 1831 until 1835 the cabin which stood on this site was home to Frederick Mennert, (sometimes spelled Minert or Minard), born 1795, his wife Elizabeth Bachman, born 1791, and their five children. Their fifth child Frederick, Jr. was born in the cabin in 1833. Frederick Mennert had formerly owned a grist mill in Blair County, Pennsylvania. In 1830 the family moved to Ohio and in 1831 Frederick purchased John Keifer’s cabin and the old Leffel Mill located along the Mad River just downstream from the cabin. After going bankrupt in 1835, Frederick and his family moved to Tazewell County, Illinois. There he opened a tavern and later purchased another grist mill. Frederick and his wife died in Illinois.

After the Mennert family left the area, the Keifer cabin and surrounding 100 acres went through several owners. By the time Daniel Hertzler purchased the property in 1853 the cabin had long been abandoned and was probably in a state of disrepair. Any remaining foundation stones and bricks from the chimney and a nearby smokehouse were probably reused in the construction of the Hertzler mansion. All that remains of the Keifer cabin is the stone hearth foundation, which was discovered here during an archaeological excavation carried out in the spring of 2012.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


James Demint Cabin

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Ohio, Clark County, Springfield
One hundred feet south of this spot, James Demint, the founder of Springfield, built the first cabin in the city. In 1803 he completed the first plat of the city.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Quantico Baptist Church

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Virginia, Prince William County, Independent Hill
Site of an early 19th Century Meeting House. In 1888 it became a Primitive Baptist Church under Pastor William M. Smoot. It was commonly known as Smootite Church.

Foundation stones and an octagonal tapered bearing post remain.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of C.C.C. Camp P-71, “Camp Recovery”

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Virginia, Prince William County, Woodbine
Prince William County’s first Civilian Conservation Corps camp, part of the national public relief program during the great Depression, encompassed a 396-acre tract purchased by the Virginia Forest Service and the Federal government from Jane Herrell. Camp construction began with the erection of a fire tower after the first enrollees arrived on October 15, 1933. Army Captain T.H. May commanded the initial 80 officers and men that formed Company 299, 3rd Corps. Chief Warden James M. Russell of the Virginia Forest Service supervised the fire control and forestry work. While officially designated “Camp P-71,” a more fitting name, “Camp Recovery,” won adoption. With over 200 men from New York stationed at the camp, all buildings with the exception of the recreation hall were completed by March 1934. Civilian Conservation Corps occupation of Camp Recovery ended on May 5, 1937. No camp structures have survived.

(Charity & Public Work) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lane Field Ballpark Site

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California, San Diego County, San Diego
Hurriedly built in two months by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) for $25,000 in 1936, this wooden, green painted and later termite-infested ballpark was the original home of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) San Diego Padres. The breeze that once carried baseballs from Lane Field onto Pacific Highway still blows in from San Diego Bay. Legend goes that left-handed hitting Ted Williams…or Max West, Jack Graham, Luke Easter…or George McDonald hit a home run that bounced into an open boxcar. The ball was later found 120 miles away in Los Angeles. This was the longest home run ever hit.

(Sports) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Willett Tract

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New York, Onondaga County, Lysander

Willett Tract
This site is part of the
military tract allotment
deeded on July 9, 1790
to Marinus Willett,
Revolutionary War hero

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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