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Gettysburg Campaign

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Pennsylvania, Cumberland County, Carlisle
On June 28, 1863, General Richard Ewell received orders from Robert E. Lee to move Ewell's southern troops out of Carlisle and on to Gettysburg. By June 29th two divisions of Ewell's troops marched over this road through Mt. Holly Springs, York Springs, and Heidlersburg towards Gettysburg.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Clarissa Hunt Plantation

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Georgia, Walker County, near Chickamauga
On the east side of the West Chickamauga Creek, a short distance from Lee and Gordon's Mills, on the LaFayette Road, was the imposing "Snow Hill" plantation that had been established by James H. Hunt. He operated the area's post office, called Snow Hill, from his house. By 1860, Hunt had died, and the plantation was managed by his widow, Clarissa Gordon Hunt. She was the niece of James Gordon. The 1860 census shows Clarissa to have been a well-to-do woman. Her net worth was shown as real estate valued at $4,000.00, and a personal estate of $10,000.00. Her personal estate included ownership of nine Negro slaves, who resided on the property in two slave houses. Living with Clarissa in the main plantation house was her oldest son, Thomas Hunt, described as a "farm laborer," and three younger children, two girls and a boy.

When the Confederate Army of Tennessee withdrew from Chattanooga on September 6, 1863, most of the men marched through this area on the LaFayette Road. General Braxton Bragg also made his headquarters in the area. Since most of his dispatches are headed "Snow Hill," It can be assumed that he occupied Clarissa Hunt's house before continuing south to LaFayette.

On September 18, 1863, Confederate forces under General Leonidas Polk advanced up the road toward the Federal position at Lee and Gordon's Mills. Throughout the afternoon an artillery duel developed. Most of the Confederate soldiers lay flat on the ground during this action. Because of the undulating nature of the terrain on the eastern side of West Chickamauga Creek, the Federal artillery shells did little damage to the Confederates. Many of the Federal shells, one Confederate officer observed, passed over the heads of the prone infantrymen and burst in the rear. One ball, however, did strike the rear of Clarissa Hunt's house, piercing the wall, going through an inner wall, and through another door before fragmenting.

In order to maintain communication, General Leonidas Polk had established a courier line. One of the Confederate couriers was killed by a piece of shell on the Henderson plantation. "He was eating a piece of cornbread," J. Frank Henderson later wrote, "when a cannonball struck him in the breast." Although they did not know his name, members of the Henderson family buried him beside the road and later marked the grave.

At least two other Confederate soldiers were buried on the Hunt farm. "We [had] taken one young man out of Mrs. Hunt's cellar," W.H. Henderson stated in a letter to his sister. "He was shot in the head, letters in his pockets [indicated] he was from South Carolina. We carried him to the top of the hill north of Mrs. Hunt's on the right of the main road where another was killed. We buried both of the boys in one grave about 40 yards from where the road was at [that] time and about 100 yards from the top of the hill."

Please visit our website at:
http://www.ChickamaugaCampaign.org

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Upheaval and Activism

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District of Columbia, Washington
Beginning in the late 1950s, the community leadership of Mount Pleasant changed from the exclusive Citizens Association to an array of new players. Mount Pleasant Neighbors Association was the first alternative group. It presented festivals and grappled with local poverty. The group brought Barney Neighborhood House – a social services agency – here to 3118 16th Street after urban renewal forced it out of Southwest Washington. Neighbors’ Consejo another social services agency, succeeded Barney House in 2000.

The efforts of local activists and tenants of the once elegant Kenesaw Apartment House led to a landmark housing law. Facing eviction in the mid-1970s, the tenants decided to buy the run-down building. Their neighbor, DC Councilmember David Clarke, co-sponsored legislation ensuring all tenants the first right to purchase their building when it is offered for sale. Thanks to this 1980 law, renters with limited incomes purchased 3149 Mt. Pleasant Street and 1611 Park Road, among many other buildings.

Also at this time, the Wilson Center, now a charter school where 15th Street meets 16th, became a hub of Latino community activism. The center was named for Woodrow Wilson, who worshipped there when it was Central Presbyterian Church. The Latin American Youth Center, formed by young Latino organizers, moved next door on 15th Street. It services range from education to emergency housing.

As you proceed to Sign 3, don't miss the small wooden house at 3130 16th Street. From 1927 to 1945 this was the home of John Ernest White, chauffer to Presidents Wilson, Harding, Coolidge, Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

(Churches, Etc. • Politics) Includes location, directions, 20 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Belle Center Spanish American War Memorial

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Ohio, Logan County, near BelleCenter
In Memoriam
USS Maine
Destroyed in Havana Harbor
February 15th 1898
this tablet is cast from metal recovered from the USS Maine

(War, Spanish-American) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dr. Benjamin Rush

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Pennsylvania, Cumberland County, Carlisle
Entering this gateway to Dickinson College, you can see the statue of the college's founder, Dr. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813). The bronze statue, which was erected in 2004, is a replica of a statue unveiled 100 years earlier at the Navy's Bureau of Medicine and Surgery in Washington, D.C. Like that monument, this statue recognizes Rush's contributions to American history, medicine and education.

Rush was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a representative at the Continental Congress and the physician general of the Continental Army. An influential advocate for American independence, the Philadelphia native was consulted by Thomas Paine on the writing of Common Sense and maintained close relationships with presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, who appointed Rush treasurer of the U.S. Mint in 1797. Considered the father of American psychiatry, Rush was the first American doctor to champion humane care for the mentally ill. He also was a vocal proponent of the abolition of slavery, prison reform and universal health care and education.

Rush worked closely with John Montgomery, a prominent Carlisle merchant, soldier and politician, to expand the local grammar school into Dickinson College in 1783.

Opposed to the European higher-education model of learning for learning's sake, Rush steered Dickinson toward providing a useful liberal-arts education that prepares young people for lives of engaged citizenship. He remained a dedicated trustee of the college throughout his life.

Rush considered Carlisle, which was then on the edge of the western frontier, to be an ideal location for Dickinson's new, distinctly American form of higher learning. "Highly favored Village of Carlisle!" he wrote after one of several visits. "Your hills...shall ere long awaken our young philosophers from their slumbers to trace the planets in their courses."

(Education • Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Charles Nisbet Campus of Dickinson College

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Pennsylvania, Cumberland County, Carlisle
Named for Charles Nisbet (1736-1804) of Montrose, Scotland, one of the great scholars of his time. First President of the College.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Reformed Presbyterian Church

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Pennsylvania, Cumberland County, New Kingstown
On August 23, 1752, Scottish Covenanter Presbyterians held their first recorded Communion in the New World here at Joseph and Elizabeth Junkin's farm. A scattered community of 250 worshippers attended this nine-hour outdoor service at the “Junkin Tent” on America’s frontier. Rev. John Cuthbertson, the first Reformed Presbyterian missionary in America, presided over the gathering, which contributed to the establishment of the denomination.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tides at Neshaminy

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Pennsylvania, Bucks County, Bensalem

Can you feel the ocean’s tides in Pennsylvania? You can at Neshaminy. Waves won’t knock you down, but if you watch the river, you’ll see it rise or fall a foot an hour.

          Even though the river flows another 116 miles from here to the ocean, you’re at sea level. When the tide comes in at a New Jersey beach, the water rises here also. Because tides affect this part of the river, it’s called an estuary.

          You won’t find another place in Pennsylvania like this one. The estuary at Neshaminy is fresh water, not salt, unlike the lower estuary. Plants and animals from two worlds meet here – some from the ocean and some from upstream headwaters.

          Congress thought estuaries like this were so important that it passed the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Act provides money to the Commonwealth to ensure proper management for its coastal resources.

Delaware Estuary: Like No Place Else
We need this estuary. We use it as a river and as a link to the ocean. Philadelphia’s drinking water comes from the estuary. The inlet pipe is three miles downstream of here at Torresdale. People boat in the estuary. Marsh wrens, rare elsewhere in the state, eat snails and water insects in the lower estuary. Because early Americans used the river, we find traces that teach us about their lives. People find crabs, shad and occasionally a stray whale in the estuary.

(Environment • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gettysburg Campaign

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Pennsylvania, Cumberland County, Hampden
This campaign's northernmost engagement, known as the Battle of Sporting Hill, occurred just north and west of here, June 30, 1863. The 22nd & 37th New York Militia Regiments, along with Landis's Philadelphia Battery, fought in defense of Harrisburg against the 16th & 36th Virginia Cavalry units. Afterward the Confederates withdrew to Carlisle, leaving some 16 dead. Reported wounded were 11 Union soldiers; 20-30 Confederates.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Honorable Daniel J. O’Hern

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New Jersey, Monmouth County, Red Bank
It is with great honor, appreciation, and respect that NJ Transit Corporation
dedicated the Red Bank Train Station to the
Honorable Daniel J. O’Hern
(1930 – 2009)

Daniel J. O’Hern, a devoted son of Red Bank, served not only his town, but also his state and nation. He grew up a short walk from here, at 60 Locust Avenue. His attachment to this train station began when he commuted to Regis High School in Manhattan. In 1951, O’Hern graduated from Fordham University with honors. He served as a Lieutenant J.G. in the Navy during the Korean War. He graduated from Harvard Law School with honors in 1957 and then was a judicial clerk for U.S. Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. He returned to his beloved Red Bank where he practiced law and became a public servant. He was a Red Bank Councilman from 1962 – 1968 and Mayor from 1968 – 1978. Governor Brendan T. Bryne named him DEP Commissioner in 1978 and Chief Counsel in 1979. In 1981, Governor Bryne nominated O’Hern to the New Jersey Supreme Court, on which he served as an Associate Justice until 2000.

It was during his tenure as Mayor that O’Hern cemented his relationship with this train station. In 1963, O’Hern saw how the demolition of the original New York Penn Station, a breathtaking structure, demoralized the public. So in the 1970s, when the State wanted to tear down this beautiful Victorian station, O’Hern successfully fought to preserve it because he believed in the words written by the New York Times that, “society will be judged not by the monuments we build but by those we have destroyed.”

O’Hern was a kind, humble, and courteous man. He was a man without enemies. His integrity, morality, and compassion knew no bounds. His life is a model of inspiration for each of us. And this train station is a reminder that one person can enhance the lives of many and make a stand for the betterment of all.
The Daniel J. O’Hern Station
Dedicated November 28, 2014

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gate Keepers Booth

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New Jersey, Monmouth County, Red Bank

This is believed to be one of the only remaining booths which were once common throughout early rail travel in New Jersey. Buildings such as this provided shelter, warmth, and minimal comforts for the Gate Keeper. These buildings, however, became obsolete with the advent of electrified rail crossings. This particular booth is said to have been located at the Shrewsbury Avenue rail crossing. Photo documentation substantiates this booth at the Monmouth Street crossing approximately fifty feet from its current location. The color scheme you see matches historic colors for the Red Bank station (future restoration project) and were also encountered during booth restoration.

The Gate Keeper’s Booth was restored by Preservation Red Bank through membership donations and a grant from the Monmouth County Historical Commission. Preservation Red Bank would also like to thank New Jersey Transit for their assistance and permission to return the Booth to its historical locale.Enjoy and respect our architectural history

(Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Great Gorge Railway Trail

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New York, Niagara County, Niagara Falls

Gorge Trail 4·Great Gorge Railway.(1.1mi, 1.8km)
The Niagara Gorge Trail System is made up of a series of trail sections located in and along the Niagara River Gorge. Two of these trails are located along the top: the Niagara Gorge Rim Trail (6.2mi, 9.9km) and the Robert Moses Recreation Trail (3.2mi, 5.1km). The six gorge trail sections (7.6mi, 12.2km) can be reached from Artpark, Devil's Hole, Whirlpool, and Niagara Falls State Parks.

Gorge Railway Trail, named for the former electric trolley line (1895-1935), begins at this staircase leading to the base of the gorge. Here you can take a short walk downstream to the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, and view the upper gorge and the head of the Whirlpool Rapids. On the way you will pass the abutments of the Railway Cantilever Bridge (1883-1925), and the former site of the incline railway and Witmer's Mill. The main trail leads upstream on a gradual ascent to the top where it ends at the rim trail. The American Falls Gorge Trail begins halfway up the Great Gorge Railway Trail. You must return to that trail junction to exit the gorge.

"We would like to thank the students of Leadership for the Youth of Niagara County (LYNC) and Niagara Falls High School for their good ideas to highlight the may virtues of the Niagara Gorge." —NYPA/State Parks. Niagara Falls National Heritage Area.

(Bridges & Viaducts • Railroads & Streetcars • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Grand View

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New York, Niagara County, Lewiston
Built 1849 by Reuben H. & Maria Barton Broughton. R.H. Broughton served as state assemblyman - 1837. Town Supervisor - 1856. In 1857, it was purchased by Silas Hopkins, first judge of Niagara County and was named Grand View. Grand View was maintained by the Hoplins family until 1961.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Halff House

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Texas, Bexar County, San Antonio
Mayer Halff (1836-1905) immigrated to Texas from Lauterborg, Alsace Lorraine, France, in 1850. In partnership with his brother Solomon, he opened a mercantile business in Liberty and began a cattle ranching enterprise. They moved to San Antonio in 1864 and established M. Halff & Brother, a wholesale dry goods company. Their ranching interests grew to include over a million acres of land in Texas and other states, and they also became interested in banking.

Mayer Halff purchased land at this site in 1890, and three years later he and his wife Rachel (Hart) had this house built for their family. Exhibiting Eastlake and Richardsonian Romanesque stylistic influences, the Victorian-Era house features a prominent round arch entry, two-story crenellated bay, two-story full-length side porch with eastlake detailing. Originally built on Goliad Street, the house remained on its original site when the street was removed for construction of the Hemisfair facilities in the 1960s.

The Halff family played an important role in the development of San Antonio and the Texas cattle industry. Many of their descendants, some of whom married into the pioneer Oppenheimer family, still reside in the city.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Henderson Plantation

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Georgia, Walker County, near Chickamauga
John S. Henderson, the son of a Scottish immigrant, came to the local area from Tennessee with his brother William and an African slave woman named Millie. He bought land that included the old farm of Jesse Lane, where the stage stopped, another property property that was called the Hawkins place, the Dr. A. Q. Simmons place, and 180 acres of woodlands that made a total of 720 acres. His house was situated on the east side of the LaFayette Road with cedar trees in the yard. He also brought boxwood from his home in Tennessee.

At the time of the 1860 census, John S. Henderson was 52 years old, and had 12,800.00 in real estate and $12, 385.00 in personal assets. Along with his 42 year-old wife, John Henderson's household consisted of five sons and a daughter. Two of the older sons were eager to join the Confederate Army at the start of the war. "Uncle Jerome was at Penfield College (now Mercer University)," J. Frank Henderson, the grandson of John Henderson, wrote. "He came home in June [of 1861] ... and ... organized a company at Crawfish Spring, and since they could not get in a Georgia regiment at that time, they joined the 26th Tennessee Infantry where they served until Uncle Jerome was captured at Fort Donaldson [Donelson], Tennessee. Uncle Jerome died in prison soon after capture at Camp Douglas, Illinois. Uncle John joined Joe Wheeler's Cavalry, Colonel Avery's Regiment Fourth Cavalry. Uncle John served throughout the war in Wheeler's Cavalry. One of his comrades told me that Uncle John made a fine soldier and he stuck with them until the end."

In the spring of 1863, when the opposing armies drew closer, Henderson felt that it was time to hide his gold. He trusted his slave woman Millie more than anyone else in his household. "He took Aunt Millie and went over in the woods east of the house," his grandson J. Frank Henderson later wrote, "and buried a lot of gold."

On September 18, 1863, Confederate General Thomas Hindman's Division moved up the LaFayette Road to the Henderson plantation. General Leonidas Polk, the corps commander, was also present, and established his headquarters in the Henderson house. To enable General Polk to communicate with the rest of the army, a courier station was also established. After a brief artillery duel with the Federals at Lee and Gordon's Mills they camped on the grounds. The next day they crossed the creek to take part in the main battle. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, a Confederate hospital was established at the Henderson house.

"Aunt Gussie said that the Yankee officers would stand out in the front yard," Frank Henderson later stated, "and admire the view of Lookout Mountain. They thought the scene was beautiful. The Yankees never mistreated Grandma in anyway or any of her children or Aunt Millie." After the war, John Henderson returned and used the money that his slave woman Millie had kept safe for him to rebuild the plantation.

Please visit our website at:
http://www.ChickamaugaCampaign.org

(Settlements & Settlers • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

613th, 847th [and] 848th Aircraft Control & Warning Squadrons

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Ohio, Montgomery County, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Isolated radar detachments
guarded northern Japan
under extreme weather conditions

A Cold War in a Cold Place

(Air & Space • Patriots & Patriotism • War, Cold) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

96th Bombardment Wing (M)

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Ohio, Montgomery County, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Dedicated to the memory of
B-47 Stratojet Crews
who served during the Cold War

Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma 1953 – 1957
Dyess Air Force Base, Texas 1957 – 1963

(Air & Space • Patriots & Patriotism • War, Cold) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Here and Gone

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Washington, Kittitas County, Vantage
After racing across eastern Washington, floodwaters converged on Wallula Gap, a single narrow outlet about 80 miles to the southeast. This natural constriction forced floodwaters to back up, creating a huge, temporary lake called Lake Lewis. Here at this viewpoint, the lake would have been more than 500 feet above you during the largest floods. In less than a week, the huge lake was gone.

An Iceberg Graveyard
When floodwaters drained away, hundreds of icebergs carrying rocks from as far away as Canada were stranded. As the ice melted they left behind these exotic boulders, called erratics, to their final resting places.

(Left Illustration Caption)
During the largest floods, much of the surrounding countryside was under water.

(Center Illustration Caption)
Trapped in ice, erratics traveled hundreds of miles until the ice ran aground and melted. Erratics are most common in areas where floodwaters backed up and formed temporary lakes.

(Right Photo Caption)
Boulders, called erratics, were left at Ginkgo. Some were stranded more than 700 feet above the river. The majority of them are made of granite and diorite.

(Natural Features) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Living Lansdscape

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Washington, Kittitas County, Vantage
The basalt you see in the dry distant hills and the rock under your feet holds a tale of dramatic change. The landscape tells a story of ancient floods, rivers of lava, and the impact of humans along the Columbia River. If you look carefully and take time to explore you will come to understand this story and appreciate the Columbia Plateau as a living landscape.

Lush With Life
Long before the Cascade Mountains formed, this area was a lowland region. Many species of plants grew here creating a landscape lush with life. One of the trees that lived on nearby hills was the Ginkgo tree. Many types of trees, including the Ginkgo, were uprooted and soaked by flood waters, eventually settling to the bottom of lakes.

Trees of Stone
Once living trees are converted into “trees of stone” during a long slow petrification process. It began roughly 12 to 17 million years ago when lava poured out of cracks in the earth. The silica enriched lava flows covered 63,000 square miles (164,000 square kilometers), burying the area where you stand today. One of these flows spilled into an ancient lake that once existed here. As the lava cooled around water soaked logs, the silica from the lava slowly replaced organic cells in the trees. Over time these fallen trees were transformed into the petrified forest of Ginkgo State Park.

A Dry Life
As the Cascade Mountains formed, the moist climate of central Washington changed to the drier climate that we know today. Even on the arid Columbia Plateau life abounds. Sagebrush is common here and covers the rolling hills. During summer most animals are nocturnal, active in the night to avoid the heat of the day. Deer and elk are abundant and find winter refuge along the river. It is common to find a snake or lizard basking in the sun. Within this seasonal cycle there is life, a dry life.

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Carving Out Basalt Layers

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Washington, Kittitas County, Vantage
When Ice Age floodwaters rushed across Quincy Basin and down the Columbia River, they gouged chunks of basalt from the scabland cliffs in front of you. During the last Ice Age, this area was repeatedly swept by floodwaters that tore away layer after layer of basalt.

Resisting Powerful Floodwaters
Some layers were more resistant than others. The interpretive center was built on a high, flood-swept basalt layer called the “Museum Flow.” The floods removed the other flows that once rested above it, eroding the basalt down to this more flood-resistant layer.

(Illustration Caption)
This illustration shows some of the basalt layers of the Vantage area. Floods removed up to 200 feet of basalt and sandstone from above the Museum Flow. These layers can still be seen in the nearby hills and in the cliffs across the river.

(Photo Caption)
This photos shows the area before being inundated by water behind Wanapum Dam in 1963. The old town of Vantage is in the foreground. Vantage is now located less than a mile south of here. The bridge was moved to span the Snake River at Lyons Ferry.

(Natural Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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