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Dade Pyramids

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Florida, Saint Johns County, St. Augustine

These three pyramids cover vaults containing the individually unidentified remains of 1468 soldiers of the Florida Indian Wars
1835-1842
The Florida Indian Wars began with the murder of an Indian agent at Fort King on December 25, 1835. While enroute from Fort Brooke(Tampa) to Fort King (Ocala) 106 officers and men under command of Major Francis L. Dade, Company B, 4th Regiment of Infantry, were ambushed by hostile Indians on December 29, 1835. All but two men were killed in the attack. The remains of Major Dade and those who perished with him are interred beneath these pyramids.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Major Dade and His Command Monuments

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Florida, Saint Johns County, St. Augustine
On December 28, 1835, during the Second Seminole War, a column of 108 U.S. Army soldiers dispatched from Fort Brooke (Tampa) to relieve the detachment at Fort King (Ocala) was surprised by a strong force of Seminole Indians near Bushnell in Sumter County. Except for three soldiers and an interpreter, the entire column of 108 men, led by Major Francis Langhorne Dade, perished in battle that day. On August 15, 1842, Dade and his command, as well as other casualties of the war, were re-interred here under three coquina stone pyramids in a ceremony marking the end of the conflict. Among those buried with Dade are Captain George W. Gardiner, U.S. Military Academy (U.S.M.A.) 1814, first Commandant of Cadets at West Point, and Major David Moniac, U.S.M.A., 1822, a Creek Indian and first Native-American graduate of the Military Academy.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Old Town: Lodi

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Texas, Wilson County, Floresville
Community in an area known by 1720 as land of the Cayopines, a Coahuiltecan Indian tribe. The site was important to Spanish missions of San Antonio, since here along the river their herds were pastured. For the herdsmen, adobe huts were built. After the Apache Indians began to raid the area in 1731, the herdsmen took refuge across the river within the stronger walls of the Mission Cabras. The Pena brothers had Rancho San Eldifonzo Del Chayopin here from 1756 to 1787, and a nephew applied for title when mission lands were secularized in 1794. However, award was made to Simon and Juan Arocha. Their neighbors (descended from Canary Island colonists of 1731) included Jose Maria Flores and Erasmus Seguin.

Stephen T. Cook settled here in 1858, putting in a store and securing office of postmaster. He may have named Lodi for a town in Mississippi, his old home state. Wilson County was organized in an election held Feb. 13, 1860. Samuel W. Barker (husband of local aristocrat Josefa Flores) became the first sheriff of the new county. Improved roads were built here.

After the Civil War, Wilson County voters on Dec. 8, 1867, designated Lodi county seat—an honor lost to Floresville in 1872. Area then reverted to ranching.

(Hispanic Americans • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Old Dougherty House

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Texas, San Patricio County, San Patricio
Location of noted St. Paul's Academy for Boys. Home of school owner Robert Dougherty (1827-1881), a refugee from 1840s Irish famine.

Educated at St. Mary's College, Kentucky, Dougherty worked as a journalist and merchant before settling in Texas, here marrying Rachel Sullivan. In 1867-1874, he was principal, Hidalgo Seminary, Corpus Christi. Built his school here on Round Lake, near wife's family, 1876. He taught geography, history, mathematics, Latin, Greek, classical literature and Gaelic—subjects rare in that era.

His seven children all began their careers as teachers.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bryant's Grocery

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Mississippi, Leflore County, Money

Front
Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till came to this site to buy candy in August 1955. White shopkeeper Carolyn Bryant accused the black youth of flirting with her, and shortly thereafter, Till was abducted by Bryant's husband and his half brother. Till's tortured body was later found in the Tallahatchie River. The two men were tried and acquitted but later sold their murder confession to Look magazine. Till's death received international attention and is widely credited with sparking the American Civil Rights Movement.

Rear
Bryant Grocery and Meat Market On August 21, 1955, Emmett Till and his cousin, Wheeler Parker, both from the Chicago area, arrived in Money for a short vacation visit with their great-uncle, Moses "Mose" Wright. Three days later, Emmett Till and his cousins came to this site, then Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market, to purchase candy. Till was fourteen years old. Although the boys had been warned not to test the Jim Crow code, Till may have whistled at or otherwise offended Carolyn Bryant, the young white store attendant. On August 28 at around 2:30 in the morning, store owner Roy Bryant, Carolyn's husband, and his half brother, J.W. Milam, kidnapped Till from his great-uncle's home three miles east of Money. According to the FBI, they brought him back to this store before driving him to the Shurden Plantation in Sunflower County where he was beaten and shot with a .45 caliber pistol. His murderers secured a 75-pound gin fan to his neck with barbed wire and dropped his body into the Tallahatchie River. The next day, Milam and Bryant were arrested on charges of kidnapping. Three days after his abduction, Till's body was pulled from the Tallahatchie River.

Emmett Till's mother, Mamie Till, insisted that her son's body be returned to Chicago for an open-casket funeral. Milam and Bryant were indicted on September 6 by a grand jury for kidnapping and murder of Till. The trial began on September 19 in Sumner, Mississippi. Sharecropper Moses Wright dramatically identified Milam and Bryant as the kidnappers, and Mamie Till testified that the body was that of her son. On September 23, a jury of twelve white men acquitted both defendants after deliberating only sixty-seven minutes. They would have taken less time, according to one jury member, if they had not stopped to drink sodas. In January 1956, Look magazine published an interview with Milam and Bryant in which both confessed to having murdered Emmett Till. The two were never retried because of constitutional law regarding double jeopardy.

News of the murder and the trial that followed outraged black and sympathetic white Americans, and the case became a catalyst for the American civil rights movement. One hundred days after the last day of the trial of Till's murderers, on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man on a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama, precipitating the Montgomery bus boycott. When asked why she did not go to the back of the bus after being threatened with arrest, she said she thought of Emmett Till, and she couldn't go back.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

"Black Power" Speech

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Mississippi, Leflore County, Greenwood

Front
On June 16, 1966, SNCC chairman Stokely Carmichael, released from jail after defying City of Greenwood orders by putting up tents to house participants of the James Meredith “March Against Fear,” made his famous “Black Power” speech here to an agitated crowd of about 600. As Carmichael shouted five times, “We want black power!” the crowd became more and more enthusiastic. The popular slogan revealed a growing difference between the nationalist philosophy of SNCC and the more moderate stances of the NAACP and the SCLC.

Rear
Black Power speech: On June 5, 1966 James Meredith began his solitary March Against Fear from Memphis to Jackson, to protest racism. Soon after starting his march, he was shot by a sniper. On hearing that news, other civil rights campaigners, including Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SCNC) chairman Stokely Carmichael (1941-1998), decided to continue the march in Meredith's name.

In Greenwood, Carmichael defied city orders by putting up tents to house Meredith March participants and was arrested—for the twenty-seventh time. He had just been released from the Greenwood jail when he made the Black Power speech on June 16. SNCC members had been earlier discussing the possible use of the phrase, and originator Willie Ricks had used it in previous speeches. When Carmichael shouted it that day, however, the phrase catapulted him into the national spotlight and gave SNCC new visibility, more than it had garnered even with the 1964 Summer Project. Carmichael himself was surprised at the emphatic response the slogan received. The rhetoric was a major shift from the more understated style of the previous SNCC chairman, Bob Moses.

The slogan, as it grew in popularity, revealed a growing difference between philosophies of the more nationalistic SNCC and other more moderate organizations. Some leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), led by Roy Wilkins, and Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), let by Martin Luther King Jr., were quick to criticize the phrase. King's criticism was more restrained, however, as he had longstanding relationships with SNCC members.

The fundamental question raised by the concept of Black Power was "Can American institutions work for black Americans?" Carmichael's call for "black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, and to build a sense of community" implied militance to many. The slogan also underlined questions of white participation in SNCC during Carmichael's tenure as chairman. The following year Carmichael joined with Charles V. Hamilton to write the book Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America(1967).

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Welcome, Enjoy your visit!

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New Brunswick, Charlotte County, St. Andrews
English on left

Welcome to St. Andrews Blockhouse National Historic Site, part of Parks Canada’s diverse and ever-growing system of national park, national historic sites and national marine conservation area.

Wartime building spree
The War of 1812 was fought between Great Britain and the United States from 1812 to 1815, mostly on battlefields in present-day Ontario, Quebec, and several American states. In Atlantic Canada, the war brought about increased economic prosperity from trade and the spoils of privateering. When the war began, blockhouses like this one went up quickly at significant harbours on the east coast including Lunenburg and Yarmouth in Nova Scotia, and several in Saint John, New Brunswick. Three were built in St. Andrews - at Joe’s Point, East Point and here at West Point - to defend the batteries of guns that protected the harbour and river, primarily from enemy privateers.

Heritage places galore
St. Andrews has preserved much of its built heritage. In the town you’ll find Greenock Church and Charlotte County Court House national historic sites, as well as St. Andrews National Historic District. Ministers Island National Historic Site and Saint Croix Island International Historic Site are within a short drive. Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site, also dating back to the War of 1812, is located in West Saint John, about a 90-minute drive from here.

An endangered species
Of all the blockhouses built in Atlantic Canada, only two have survived. Both St. Andrews (formerly West Point) Blockhouse and another built in 1750 at Fort Edward in Windsor, Nova Scotia have been recognized as national historic sites.

French on right

Bienvenue au lieu historique national du Blockhaus-de-St. Andrews! Cette aire protégée fait partie du réseau toujours grandissant de parcs nationaux, de lieux historiques nationaux et d’aires marines nationales de conservation de Parcs Canada.

Le boom immobilier de la guerre de 1812
De 1812 à 1815, la Grande-Bretagne fit la guerre aux États-Unis, principalement dans des champs de bataille situés sur un territoire englobant aujourd’hui l’Ontario, le Quebec et plusieurs États américains. Dans la région de l’Atlantique, cette guerre fuit synonyme de prospérité économique, la population profitant d’un essor des échanges commerciaux et du butin rapporté par les corsaires. Au debut des hostilités, des blockhaus comme celui-ci apparurent presque du jour au lendemain dans les grands ports de la côte Est, notamment à Lunenburg et à Yarmouth, en Nouvelle-Écosse, ainsi qu’a Saint John, au Nouveau-Brunswick. St. Andrews en construisit trois - un à la point Joes, un autre à la pointe est et un dernier ici même, à la point ouest - pour défendre les batteries de tir qui protégeaient le port et la rivière, principalement contre les corsaires ennemis.

Tout un éventail de lieux patrimoniaux
St. Andrews a préservé un bonne partie de son patrimoine bâti. Vous y trouverez notamment les lieux historiques nationaux de l’Église-Greenrock et du Palais-de-Justice-du-Comté-de-Charlotte, ainsi que l’arrondissement historique national de St. Andrews. Le lieu historique national international de l’Îe-Sainte-Croix ne se trouvent qu’a quelques minutes de route. Le lieu historique national de la Tour-Martello-de-Carlton, qui date également de la guerre de 1812, est situé dans la partie ouest de Saint John, à quelque 90 minutes de route.

Une espèce un peril
De tous les blockhaus construits dans la région de l’Atlantique, il n’en reste plus que deux. Le blockhaus de St. Andrews (anciennement appelé blockhaus de la point ouest) et celui du fort Edward, construit en 1750 à Windsor, en Nouvelle-Ecosse. furent tous deux classés lieux historiques nationaux.

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Saint Stanislaus Cemetery World War II Memorial

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Indiana, LaPorte County, Michigan City


In Memory of Our Heroes
Who Died for Their Country
In World War II
May They Rest in Peace
T/SGT. Frank Skwiat     5–1943 • ENS. Ed. P. Komasinski     12–1943 • G.M. 1/C Ted. Pytynia     1–1944 • E.M. 2/C Matthew S. Pawlik     3–1944 • S/SGT. Leo Wantuch     4–1944 • S/SGT. Henry Granacki     6–1944 • CPL. Stanley Bartuzik     7–1944 • PVT. Edward Skwiat     9–1944 • PVT. George Granacki     12–1944 • PVT. Henry P. Guth     12–1944 • P.F.C. Clement Groch     1–1945 • CPL. John Smiertelny     1–1945 • PVT. Edwin Nawrocki     2–1945 • S/SGT. Micheal Jankowski     3–1945 • P.F.C. Edward Pawloski     5–1945 • M.M. 3/C John T. Groch     7–1945 • LT. Wlad. J. Baranowski     1–1946 • SGT. Clement J. Dreyer     5–1944 • SGT. George Janatik     9–1944 • P.F.C. James J. Firanek     9–1947 • SGT. Joseph Block     6–1945 • CPL. Edward Shebel     9–1944 • SGT. Matthew Szymaszek     7–1944

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Maggie Lena Walker

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Virginia, Richmond
Maggie Lena Walker was the first woman and the first African-American woman to found and be president of a chartered bank in the United States. She was born into poverty on July 15, 1864 in Richmond, Virginia to parents who worked in the mansion of the abolitionist, Elizabeth Van Lew. At the age of 14, Walker volunteered for the Order of St. Luke, a mutual aid society that provided financial and educational support to African-Americans in need.

As an entrepreneur, Walker founded the St. Luke Herald newspaper, the St. Luke Emporium, and the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, and she later became chairman of the board of the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company. Walker died in Richmond, Virginia on December 15, 1934. In 1939, Maggie L. Walker High School was built and named in her honor; it was one of two schools for black students in the Richmond area during the time of racial segregation. In 2001, the high school, which had been abandoned since 1990, reopened as the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies which now serves multiple school divisions.

(African Americans • Education • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

First Log Cabin in Michigan City

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Indiana, LaPorte County, Michigan City


1833                         1933
In August 1833 Jacob Furman
assisted by B.F. Bryant
built on this site the
first log cabin in Michigan City

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Lincoln Train in Westville

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Indiana, LaPorte County, Westville

Historical Marker
On Monday May 1, 1865, shortly before 8:00 a.m., the train bearing the body of President Lincoln stopped briefly at this site.

This marker, erected by the Westville Women's Club, honors the centennial anniversary of this event.

(Notable Events) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Door-Kewaunee County College / Henry Diefenbach Sculptures

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Wisconsin, Kewaunee County, Algoma
Door-Kewaunee County College
     Around the turn of the previous century, it became apparent that the state normal schools were unable to supply an adequate number of teachers to meet the demand, especially in rural areas.

     Therefore, starting in 1899, the state legislature began passing legislation which allowed the establishment of county normal schools. By the 1920s, thirty-two such schools were in operation.

     In the fall of 1908, classes were held in Algoma, jointly supported by Door and Kewaunee counties. The normal school was housed in Algoma High School until the fall of 1912 when a building on the corner of Fourth and Fremont streets was remodeled for school purposes. A fire in December 1938 necessitated the construction of the present building which was completed in November 1940.

     Over the years, the state legislature passed various new legislation to meet the changing needs of Wisconsin schools, and the county normal schools changed accordingly or closed their doors.

     By 1971 only four county colleges were still in existence including the Door-Kewaunee County College. However, they too were forced to close by July 1972 due to the elimination of state support.

     For almost 75 years, county colleges served their purpose, providing an inexpensive education to area residents to meet the educational needs of Wisconsin's rural communities and providing local employment opportunities in the area schools.

Henry Diefenbach Sculptures
1897 - 1967


Henry Diefenbach, the oldest child of Fred and Sophie Diefenbach, was born in Valmy, Wisconsin on February 17, 1897. He attended school in Sevastopol. In 1920, he married Caroline Wilke. To this union were born four children - Marion, Alvera, Eunice, and Donald. The family remained on the Diefenbach farm until 1928 when they moved to the house at 1012 Perry Street in Algoma. Caroline passed away in 1933. Henry then married Edna Wilke in 1934. Together they had three children - Orland, Beverly, and Kenneth.

Henry Diefenbach was employed as an assistant superintendent at the Plumbers Woodwork Company in Algoma. In 1942, he retired due to ill health and entered the Hickory Grove Tuberculosis Sanitarium. Over the next 25 years, he returned to the sanitarium in 1943, 1950, and 1964. He suffered from diabetes and also had a lung removed.

During the time he was a sanitarium resident, Henry made hats, bags, rugs, potholders, and embroidered. Between stays at the sanitarium, he did carpentry work in his kitchen workshop at the house in Algoma. He constructed bird houses, whirligigs, birdbaths and other garden ornaments. He also made doll houses and furniture for his family.

From 1959 to 1965, Henry made outdoor cement structures - planning to line his entire back yard with them. Seven house and tower sculptures were tucked into the trees along the bank of Silver Creek. They were made from cement, hand-made bricks and beach stones with additions of car headlights, metal parts, Sucryl bottles and primers from shotgun shells. The first one was called the "castle." A lighthouse was followed by a gristmill, a church, and a beer bottle tower topped by a Pontiac Chieftain hood ornament. The house and garage were the last to be built. Henry died of a heart attach on May 26, 1967.

Henry's children, Orland, Beverly and Kenneth lived in the Perry Street house and continued to care for their father's sculptures. In 2009, they built a new home north of Algoma. They moved the "castle" to the new house, leaving the heavier six sculptures at the Perry Street site. In September of 2011, the property was purchased by Wil and Stephanie Wasson. They agreed to donate the remaining six sculptures to the City of Algoma. Volunteers and the Kohler Foundation removed the sculptures. After repair and restoration by the Kohler Foundation, they were returned to Algoma in the summer of 2012.

Thank you to: Wil and Stephanie Wasson · The Kohler Foundation · Orland, Beverly, and Kenneth Diefenbach for preserving their father's work.

(Education • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lest We Forget

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New Brunswick, Charlotte County, St. Andrews
W.W.I

Anning, William • Bartlett, George Leonard • Boone, George • Cork, Alfred • Crichton, Clarence M. • Greenlaw, Ernest • Grimmer, Harold Mackie • Jack, Edward • Key, William James • Markee, Percy • McMullin, Herbert • MacQuoid, Charles Loren • MacQuoid, Fraser • Raymond Paul, Alexander Thompson • Polis, Joseph • Purton, Frank • Quinn, Thomas • Reid, Otis • Richie, Clifford • Rogers, Thomas • Storr, Melbourne Roy • Stuart, Robert Albert • Williamson, Frederick S. • Woodbury, Frederick A.

W.W.II

Beckerton, Thomas A. • Gibson, Joseph Vernon D.F. • Gowan, Ronald Burtis • Holt, Willis Charles • Humphrys, Chad Noel • MacQuoid, Raymond C. • Rigby, Robert Charles • Stinson, Harley Vernon • Thomas, Arthur Roy

(War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The 200 Million Year Wait is Over!

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New Brunswick, Charlotte County, St. Andrews
Kingsbrae Garden welcomes on of the world’s oldest and rarest trees, Wollemia nobilis; the only one in Canada. An epic journey for a historic little tree, across 90 million years and 10,000 miles. from Wollemi National Park’s Blue Mountains of Australia - “down under” - to the great white north.

The wollemis have outlived their prehistoric cousins, aunts and uncles for millions of years. Since dinosaurs roared about the Earth to the present electronic era, a few wollemi pines have patiently survived with their gene pool pure and unchanged, in the Blue Mountains of Australia. What was likely a tasty treat that Cretaceous dinosaurs munched for lunch is now the botanical story of the century!

Conservation: Kingsbrae Garden is pleased to be part of the worldwide conservation effort of the wollemi pine.

(Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

First Steam Fog Horn

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New Brunswick, Saint John County, Saint John
English
In 1854, Robert Foulis of St. John, N.B., first advocated the use of a steam horn or whistle to give warning to vessels in foggy weather. An apparatus devised by him was installed on Partridge Island in 1859. This was the first steam fog horn ever constructed or operated in the world.

French
En 1854, Robert Foulis, de Saint-Jean (N.B.), prèconisa pour la première fois l’usage d’une corne ou d’un sifflet à vapeur pour guider les navires par temps brumeux. L’appareil qu’il avait lui-même conçu fut installé dans l’ile Partridge en 1859. Ce fut la première corne de brume à vapeur construite ou mise en service dans le monde.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Landing of the Loyalists

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New Brunswick, Saint John County, Saint John
English
On 10 May 1783 the Spring Fleet, carrying over 2,000 Loyalists, arrived at the Saint John River mouth. The exiles, mostly civilians from the Middle Colonies, established themselves in the newly-surveyed townsites of Parr and Carleton. A second fleet in June, a third in September carrying troops of the Loyalist corps, and numerous individual vessels swelled the number crowded at the river mouth. Preparations for the arrivals was inadequate and many wintered in tents and huts under severe conditions. For some, three years or more elapsed before suitable land could be secured and the clearing of farms begun.

French
Le 10 mai 1783, le Spring Fleet arriva à l’embouchure de la Saint-Jean avec plus de 2,000 loyalistes. Ces exilés, venant pour la plupart de colonies du Centre, s’établirent à Parr et à Carlton, Leur nombre s’accrût encore en juin et en septembre avec de nouvelles arrivées. Faute de préparatifs, beaucoup durent hiverner dans des tentes ou des baraques et certains durent même attendre trois ans avant d’obtenir des terres à défricher.

(Settlements & Settlers • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The West Bend Aluminum Company

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Wisconsin, Washington County, West Bend
Wisconsin's aluminum cookware industry boomed in the 20th century. Production grew exponentially from under 5 percent of the nation’s aluminum cookware in 1910 to over 50 percent in 1920. Local financier Bernhard C. Zieglar (1884-1946), anticipating this trend, encouraged S.F. Mayer, Martin Weber, his cousins A.J. and C. Edwin Pick, and brothers Carl and Robert Wentorf to each invest $1,000. On September 27, 1911, the West Bend Aluminum Company was incorporated. The Wentorf brothers, formerly employed by Mirro Aluminum in nearby Two Rivers, became West Bend employees, bringing their aluminum manufacturing expertise with them.

The first products to bear the West Bend name were saucepans, a frying pan, a pie pan, and a water dipper. In 1914 Ziegler became general manager, and the company moved from an old knitting mill and button factory into a new 14,000-square-foot plant. Ninety percent of the company’s sales went to Sears and other mail-order houses.

The company introduced a “water-less cooker” (crock-pot) in 1921, one of its most successful products ever, and the “Flavo-perl” drip coffeemaker in 1922, which didn’t require filter paper. Ziegler was made president in 1921 and remained so until his death. A.C. Kieckhafer (1946-1959) and J.R. Brown (1959-1971) followed.

Because aluminum was restricted to war production during World War II, the company started supplying war materials for the military. Production continued 24 hours a day until 1945, when it transitioned back to a civilian market. In 1961 the company dropped “Aluminum” from its name to reflect its use of stainless steel and other materials. The West Bend Company was acquired by Rexall Drug and Chemical Company in 1968, at which point the company employed approximately 2,000 people, about one-sixth of the community’s population. Though other ownership changes took place, the company continued to operate independently. The company, whose slogan was “Where Craftsmen Still Care,” dissolved in 2002.

(Industry & Commerce • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Merging of Milwaukee-Downer and Lawrence Colleges

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Wisconsin, Outagamie County, Appleton
Lawrence University, chartered on January 15, 1847, was the first college in Wisconsin founded as a coeducational institution. Preparatory classes began in 1849; college classes began in 1853. The first collegiate class of seven students – four men and three women – graduated in 1857.

Milwaukee College was founded as a women’s college in 1851 under the guidance of Catharine Beecher. The Wisconsin Female College, later renamed Downer College for Judge Jason Downer, was founded at Fox Lake in 1854. These two colleges merged in Milwaukee in 1895 to form Milwaukee-Downer College.

The Milwaukee–Downer campus was purchased by the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee in 1964, and Milwaukee-Downer College consolidated with Lawrence College, as it was then known. Milwaukee-Downer and Lawrence colleges thus combined to form today’s Lawrence University.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Education) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War’s First Black Regiment

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Massachusetts, Bristol County, New Bedford
Near this spot, in February 1863, a recruiting office opened to enlist men for the first black regiment authorized to fight for the Union cause. The men who volunteered here formed Company C of the 54th Regiment of Massachusetts.

If captured, these recruits faced the prospect of execution or slavery. Yet by the end of the war more than 185,000 African Americans had volunteered for the Union Army and Navy.

When the 54th marched through the streets of this town, the citizens and soldiers lined the walks, to get a look at the first black regiment from the North.... We leave tonight for, the Lord knows where, but we shall try to uphold the honor of the Old Bay State wherever we go. Corporal James Henry Gooding, Beaufort, South Carolina, June 8, 1863.

(Captions)
Lower left - below each photo
Henry A. Monroe, a musician in Company C at age 14, was one of the youngest men to enlist. After his honorable discharge from the 54th, he taught in freedmen’s schools in Maryland and later became a minister.

The Baptist minister William Jackson (1818-1900) was a recruiter and acted as post chaplain to the 54th Regiment. Later appointed chaplain of the 55th Regiment, Jackson was the fiorst chaplain of color in the Union Army.

After President Lincoln’s order to open the recruit black soldiers, James W. Grace opened the recuiting office and visited local black churches to encourage enlistment. Born in Maine, Grace was a sailmaker and merchant before the war.

lower right – newspaper article
COLORED MEN, ATTENTION!
Your Country calls!
One Hundred Colored Men Wanted.

To be a’tached to
Gov. Andrew’s New Regiment,
THE MASSACHUSETTS FIFTY-FOURTH.
The pay and rations to be the same as
Those of any other Massachusetts Regiment.
The families of the Colored men enlisted to re-
ceive the same as that furnished white men in other
Regiments.
Head-Quarters for enlisting at the first building
west of the Post Office. William Street.
N.B. – Colored men from any other town, city, or
State, wishing to enlist, will receive the same as
Though they were from this city.
Feb 12 J. W. GRACE, Recruiting Officer

(African Americans • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Carson House

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North Carolina, McDowell County, Marion

(preface)
On March 24, 1865, Union Gen. George Stoneman led 6,000 cavalrymen from Tennessee into southwestern Virginia and western North Carolina to disrupt the Confederate supply line by destroying sections of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, the North Carolina Railroad, and the Piedmont Railroad. He struck at Boone on March 28, headed into Virginia on April 2, and returned to North Carolina a week later. Stoneman’s Raid ended at Asheville on April 26, the day that Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnson surrendered to Union Gen. William T. Sherman near Durham.

(main text)
Union Gen. Alvan C. Gillem led two brigades of Gen. George Stoneman’s raiders here to the Jonathan Logan Carson house on April 19, 1865. News of the cavalry’s approach arrived before the Federals. The family buried some of its valuables in the forest and concealed others in a nearby cabin. Fearing for her husband’s life, Carson’s wife persuaded him to hide in the woods; loyal slaves remained here to protect the women and children.

To your left front, the raiders skirmished briefly with a few Confederate home guards, who quickly fled. Some of Gillem’s men rode into the house and plundered it, but one of the officers prevented the soldiers from burning the dwelling. The cavalrymen than camped here, receiving word of Gen. Robert E. Lee’s surrender in Virginia. They frightened the Carson family, as well as Emma Lydia Rankin, a schoolteacher boarding here. She later wrote, “By the time the little skirmish was over the horrid blue coats were swarming in and through and around the house.” At times it seemed that “there were about a million of them” roaming the grounds. Soon, however, they were gone, riding toward Asheville. Blocked at Swannanoa Gap, Gillem turned south to Rutherfordton.

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(lower left) Buck Creek Ford and road, where Stoneman’s Raiders crossed, ca. 1908. Courtesy Carson House
(lower center) Emma Lydia Rankin, ca.1908 Courtesy Carson House
(upper right) Gen. George Stoneman Courtesy Library of Congress; Gen. Alvan C. Gillem Courtesy Library of Congress
(lower right) Route of Stoneman’s Raid in Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, March-April 1865.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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