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New Sweden Indian Attack

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Minnesota, Nicollet County, Norseland

  Mrs. Maria Jonsson, wife of Erik Jonsson, and their son Pehr, were killed by Sioux Indians on August 23, 1862, near their home in New Sweden Township, about five miles northwest of this marker. Both natives of Sweden, Mrs. Jonsson was thirty-five and Pehr was twelve years old at the time of the massacre. Another son, August, born in New Sweden Township in 1861, died of exposure two days after his mother's death. All three bodies are buried in this cemetery, which was consecrated in 1859 by the Scandian Grove Lutheran Church.

  The Jonsson homestead was one of the eastern-most sites involved in depredations committed by the Indians during the Sioux Uprising of 1862.

"Days of affliction come to meet me" Job 30:27

This marker was erected in 1962 by the Scandian Grove Lutheran Church
in grateful memory of those pioneer members of the congregation.


(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Welcome to River Bluff Park

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Michigan, Allegan County, near Saugatuck
You are near the center of Historic Saugatuck Township in River Bluff Park. The first settlers came here to a howling wilderness in the early 1830's. Within the township, Saugatuck is a half-mile to the west on the Old Allegan Road. Across the river to the south on the Blue Star Highway lies Douglas. Seven serene miles upstream, in Manlius Township, lies the village of New Richmond. The Kalamazoo River, visible through the trees to the south, flows into Lake Michigan four miles to the northwest at the old lumber mill town of Singapore, long vanished beneath the dunes.
     The huge White Pine forest was cut, floated, milled and shipped off in lumber schooners to build the new frontier towns. Abundant stands of white oak enabled the early Saugatuck shipbuilders to flourish for fifty years. By 1875, the lumbering business was gone, replaced by the growing of peaches. Orchards dotted the countryside. At one time, there were 10,000 peach trees in the Village of Douglas. The lumber mill in Douglas then turned to making fruit baskets and business boomed for forty years.
     The crossing of the river near here has a long history. In early years, it was accomplished by boarding the ferry near the center of Saugatuck. Then the first bridge was built in 1871, a half mile southwest of this spot - the same area it occupies today. Part island, part wooden planks on pilings, a short section on the Douglas side was at first a drawbridge, then in 1906, a swing bridge. The Blue Star span was first built in 1936 and the I-196 freeway bridge was completed in 1964.
     The land for this park was obtained from the State of Michigan when excess land acquired for the building of the freeway was sold to Saugatuck Township in 1968. The park was created by the Township on a parcel of about 25 acres, which includes about 2500' of river frontage.
     The road to Allegan was traveled by stagecoach and wagon in early years. A more scenic and comfortable method of travel was by riverboat. When the railroad came through New Richmond in 1871, this further encouraged riverboat travel. River to stream, boom to bust, many operators tried to make a success of this business but few succeeded for the water level fluctuated with the level of Lake Michigan.
     For a hundred years visitors have come to enjoy the big lake breeze, to paint and photograph the charm, to fish the Kalamazoo and most of all to savor the history of this unique place called Saugatuck.

(Upper Left Map Caption)
In this 1873 map, Saugatuck Township is outlined in white. The Kalamazoo River follows a serpentine path to Lake Michigan through the center of the Township. The lake created by the river between Saugatuck and Douglas forms a great natural amenity.

(Lower Left Image Caption)
ca 1869. The lumber schooner O.R. Johnson was loading and Singapore was busy with two mills operating. In six years the boom was over and the Johnson mill was dismantled and moved to St. Ignace in the Upper Peninsula where the timber crop was to be harvested.

(Center Image Caption)
ca 1910. This photo panorama was taken from the east end of Center Street in downtown Douglas. You are on the opposite side of the river from where the photographer stood. The riverboat, A.R. Heath, billowing smoke in the main river channel, is headed for New Richmond. The river here widened into a bayou area. The small dock in the foreground was the landing for the passenger ferry to Saugatuck.

(Upper Right Image Caption)
ca 1905. The scene is the Douglas Basket Factory on the river bank just above the bridge. Hardwood logs boomed down the river and became the primary raw material used to make baskets and crates. The completed product was then shipped by water to the railroad in New Richmond and by streamer to other lake Michigan ports.

(Middle Right Image Caption)
ca 1905. The A.R. Heath was a wide and stubby side-wheeler that drew less than a foot of water. It is seen here between Douglas and New Richmond carrying passengers and freight. Launched in 1901, it was touted as the best shallow water steamer ever. In twelve years, it was abandoned on the riverbank in Saugatuck.

(Lower Right Image Caption)
ca 1895. Looking across the bridge to Douglas, note the 1871 bridge, the logs floating beside it and the basket factory complex on the far side. The 1936 bridge was built fifty yards upstream and included the existing approach, which required a large amount of fill material dredged from the river bottom.

(Bridges & Viaducts • Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Allegan Road

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Michigan, Allegan County, near Saugatuck
When Allegan county was organized in 1835, the only road from the interior to Lake Michigan followed an Indian Trail along the Kalamazoo River. In 1838 Ralph Mann of Connecticut was supervising improvements at the short-lived town of Richmond. He and two men widened the trail eight miles from Richmond toward Allegan. Beginning in the 1840s stagecoaches traveled the road, used by settlers, traders and trappers. When river conditions prohibited boat travel, the Allegan Road provided an important link between the county seat and the lake.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Native American Trail

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Ohio, Butler County, Hamilton


The site for Fort Hamilton was chosen because of a ford on the Great Miami River at the approximate site of the High - Main Street Bridge. That shallow crossing was believed to have been on an ancient Indian trail known as the Wabash Trail. The U. S. Army used the ford Oct. 4, 1791, as it began a campaign from Fort Hamilton against the Indians.

(Forts, Castles • Native Americans • Wars, US Indian • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Veterans Memorial

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Ohio, Butler County, Hamilton


May all who pause and are refreshed here reflect on those who went forth from their homes to defend American freedom
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This fountain, erected 1949, was conceived and sponsored by the Mothers' & Dads' Service Club and erected by the People of Hamilton, Ohio

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The High-Main Street Bridge

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Ohio, Butler County, Hamilton


Dedicated on May 6, 2007
to the Citizens and Visitors of Hamilton,
as the fifth bridge in this location since 1819.
The major link of the east and west sides of Hamilton, formerly towns of Rossville and Hamilton.

[List of officials]

(Bridges & Viaducts • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

The Bluemont Line

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Virginia, Alexandria
The Alexandria, Loudoun & Hampshire Railroad was formed in 1847 to carry the agricultural produce of the Shenandoah Valley and western Virginia coal to the port of Alexandria. Financial difficulties, however, meant that the line never got farther west than Bluemont, Virginia, rendering it only marginally profitable throughout its existence. As a result, the line went through many changes of ownership, including operation by the Southern Railway from 1894 to 1912 and by the Washington & Old Dominion Railway (W&OD) until the track was abandoned in 1968.

(sidebar)
The Bluemont line of the W&OD was a sedate, low-volume carrier of produce, dairy products, mail and some passengers between Loudoun County, Alexandria and Washington, D.C. Consistently undercapitalized, the line was disparagingly referred to as the “Virginia Creeper” or the “Weary, Old & Dilapidated,” but by the 1960s, it was beloved by rail enthusiasts for its wide variety of rather elderly equipment.

(Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mount Gilead Baptist Church

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Texas, Lubbock County, Lubbock
The organizational meeting for this congregation was held in October 1917 by the Rev. A. Wilson. Although early problems plagued the fellowship and many members left the church, a successful cotton harvest in September 1919 attracted more people to Lubbock, which helped increase membership in the church. Mt. Gilead has been host to the West Texas Association of Baptist Churches and has long promoted programs of music and evangelism. Believed to be Lubbock's oldest black congregation, Mt. Gilead maintains a significant role of leadership in the community.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Buddy Holly Historical Marker

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Texas, Lubbock County, Lubbock
Buddy Holly died at age 22 in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa on February 3, 1959. Fellow musicians Ritchie Valens and J.P. Richardson were also killed in the crash. The funeral was held in Tabernacle Baptist Church and he was buried in the City of Lubbock Cemetery on Saturday February 7, 1959. Fans have traveled from up to ten thousand miles away to view Holly's final resting place. It is customary to place a guitar pick on the headstone so that the “music lives on.”

(Arts, Letters, Music • Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

City of Lubbock Cemetery

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Texas, Lubbock County, Lubbock
In March 1892, a delegation of Lubbock residents requested five acres of pasture land from rancher H.M. Bandy for use as a cemetery. That same month, they held the first burial, that of a Cochran County cowboy, Henry Jenkins, who died of pneumonia while staying at a local hotel. The first Lubbock resident buried at the city cemetery was Joseph R. Coleman, who died in June 1892. His small cross-shaped headstone, no longer in existence, was the first erected in the cemetery.

The cemetery has held as many as four separate burial grounds, segregated by race, faith and economic level. Records indicate various and distinct cemetery associations maintained these burial grounds throughout the 20th century. One such group, Los Socios del Sementerio, or associates of the cemetery, provided for the burial of area migrant workers. The cemetery was integrated in the late 1960s.

With more than 60,000 graves, the City of Lubbock Cemetery is one of the largest in Texas. Burials here represent a broad cross-section of the city's history. Among those interred here is the noted rock and roll musician and songwriter Charles Hardin Holley (Buddy Holly). Historic Texas Cemetery – 2002

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Breedlove Airport

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Texas, Lubbock County, Lubbock
When Charles Lindbergh was traveling the U.S. by airplane on a speaking tour, he was unable to land at Lubbock because there was no airport at the time. City leaders and aviation enthusiasts, determined to see that Lubbock would not miss out on the new wave of aviation, raised the funds for a municipal airport. The airport was established in 1930 at its present location north of the city, and was managed by Clent Breedlove, a well-known local aviator.

In Sep. 1939, Breedlove left his position to open his own flying service located at the second hangar at the Lubbock Municipal Airport. Then on Dec. 20, 1941, he opened Breedlove Airport just east of the Tahoka Highway (now MLK Boulevard) on East 50th Street. Breedlove lived at the airport with his wife Aulyne and daughter Mary Louise. He and his wife owned and operated the airport until 1947. It consisted of four large runways, a hangar, shop and parts room, storage hangar, doping room, café, restrooms and two-story administration building with control tower.

During World War II, Breedlove Airport, situated on 219 acres of land, was used to train thousands of cadet pilots in the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP) and the Texas Tech Pre-Flights Program (309th College Training Detachment). The site also served as Lubbock's commercial airport during the war years. On Feb. 6, 1943, Congressman George H. Mahon announced that a new military corps was to use Texas Tech's facilities for war-time training. The Pre-Flight Program was a way for colleges and civilian contractors to provide the initial training for pilots, was critical to fulfilling the desperate need for pilots during the war, and also gave a large economic boost to Lubbock – area businesses. The CPTP and Pre-Flight Programs educated an estimated 3,750 military students in the basics of flight, civil air regulations and various college-level courses.

(Air & Space • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Englewood Cemetery

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Texas, Lubbock County, Slaton
Representing the Santa Fe Railroad, W.B. Storey, Jr. bought the future townsite of Slaton on April 15, 1911. The railroad's plans included a roundhouse, switch lines, depot and Harvey House, making Slaton a center for area rail transport. Rail employees and others quickly populated the city, which incorporated in October 1912. By that time, residents had established this cemetery with the burial of infant J.W. Ohrion earlier in the year. Among the thousands of graves here are several unmarked burials in a potter's field and veterans of military conflicts dating to the Civil War. Historic Texas Cemetery – 2004

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Slaton Harvey House

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Texas, Lubbock County, Slaton
The city of Slaton has historic ties to the railroad. For decades the site was ranchland until the Santa Fe Railway sought a location for a division point to service trains. The Santa Fe bought the land in April 1911, naming the townsite for rancher and banker O.L. Slaton. Passenger and freight service became central to the economy, and the company built a passenger depot and Harvey House the following year. Scottish immigrant Fred Harvey created the Harvey House chain in 1876, partnering with the Santa Fe Railway, which built the restaurants and provided space on their trains for food and supplies. Harvey provided the equipment, management and hospitality staff, including hostesses known as Harvey Girls.

The Slaton Harvey House served efficient but elegant meals to 42 passengers at a time around a horseshoe-shaped counter on the first floor, which also house the kitchen, bakery, gift shop and manager’s office. The manager and his family and the Harvey Girls roomed on the second floor. The Slaton Harvey House, a commercial and social center, operated for thirty years, briefly reopening to serve troops during World War II. The building remained a passenger depot until 1969; the railroad later converted it to a freight depot and operations center before vacating the property in the 1980s. Slaton citizens coordinated the preservation and restoration of their landmark building.

The two-story Mission Revival Slaton Harvey House features one-foot thick concrete walls, an arcaded trackside pavilion with stepped parapet, overhanging eaves with brackets, divided light windows and a flat upper story parapet decorated with the Santa Fe Railway company symbol. Recorded Texas Historical Landmark – 2007

(Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Slaton Bakery

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Texas, Lubbock County, Slaton
In 1923, Blue Ribbon Bakery and City Bakery, each of which had opened in 1921, consolidated. By 1925, this establishment was known as Slaton Baking Company. In 1943, the Wilson family purchased the business. The Wilson's overcame rationing during World War II to continue a thriving business. Slayton Bakery introduced sliced hamburger and hot dog buns to the area, and distributed Mrs. Baird's products while continuing to produce pastries made on site. The bakery later added homemade flour tortillas to their menu. In 1982, the business moved to its present location. Today, Slaton Bakery is a community institution, and continues as one of the oldest still-operating bakeries in the State of Texas.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Slaton

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Texas, Lubbock County, Slaton
The town of Slaton traces its history to the Santa Fe Railroad. O.L. Slaton, a Lubbock businessman and banker, was instrumental in securing the right-of-way for the railroad through this area. When the new town was laid out in 1911, it was named for him.

The Pecos and Northern Texas branch of the Santa Fe Railroad line reached Slaton in May 1911, one month after the first town lots were sold. The official opening day of Slaton was held on June 15, 1911, when the first of Santa Fe's four daily passenger trains arrived.

Slaton grew rapidly as the railroad established a division point here which included a Harvey House, roundhouse, machine shops, and a two-story freight and passenger depot. A post office was opened in 1911 with Annie Higbee as postmistress. Buildings were quickly erected on the square as businesses were established. The Santa Fe hired Dr. Samuel Houston Adams as surgeon for the Slaton Division.

Slaton was incorporated in 1912. R. J. Murray was elected mayor, and Joe H. Teague, Sr., served as first city marshal. Located in one of Texas' foremost agricultural regions, Slaton continues to have an economy based on ranching and farming.

(Railroads & Streetcars • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Slaton Volunteer Fire Department

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Texas, Lubbock County, Slaton
The Santa Fe Railroad established Slaton in 1911. In 1919, residents established a bucket brigade to help fight fires. Alex DeLong served as fire chief of the group, which used chemical tanks and buckets of water drawn from wells to extinguish fires. The following year, the city began work on a water system and fire mains, and in 1922 the city bought is first fire truck. The volunteer fire department grew over the years in manpower and equipment, operating first from City Hall and then from its own fire station beginning in 1928. Today, the firefighters serve Slaton as well as surrounding communities.

(Charity & Public Work) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mercy Hospital

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Texas, Lubbock County, Slaton
For more than 50 years, Mercy Hospital served the health needs of the Slaton community. In 1927, Msgr. Thomas D. O'Brien, then rector of St. Joseph's Catholic Church, joined with a delegation of Slaton citizens to plan a new hospital. Father O'Brien invited the Sisters of Mercy, a national Catholic charity organization, to build and operate the facility. The Slaton Chamber of Commerce conducted a financial campaign for the hospital, and with the help of Slaton businessmen, railroad company officials and employees, and other citizens, property was purchased and initial capital was collected. Brennan Construction Company which of Amarillo completed a four-story building which was dedicated on November 27, 1929.

The hospital struggled at first; a benefactor did not contribute a promised gift, leaving the hospital with tremendous debt going into the great depression. In addition, during the 1930s the population of Slaton decreased, banks closed and doctors moved away. However, the Sisters of Mercy endured and the hospital repaid most of its debt by 1944. And a convent was added in 1952. By the late 1960s, the patient count started to dwindle, and in 1971, the Sisters of Mercy turned over control of the facility as the Slaton Memorial Foundation was established. In 1985, Mercy Hospital closed, and the Lubbock Catholic Diocese has since used the building for other purposes.

Throughout its existence, Mercy Hospital was an essential healthcare provider in Slaton. Many residents, including employees of the Santa Fe Railroad Company, received patient care at the facility. Today Mercy Hospital's legacy is of medical facility that provided for critical needs of the Slaton community for 56 years.

(Charity & Public Work • Churches, Etc. • Science & Medicine • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Isham and Texana Tubbs House

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Texas, Lubbock County, Lubbock
Isham Tubbs (1852-1947) married Texana Spikes (1857-1930) in Kaufman County in 1877. They moved to the Monterey area of Lubbock County circa 1890. Isham became one of the first school board trustees and a charter member of Lubbock's first United Methodist Church. He brought lumber from east Texas by rail and wagon in 1907-08 to build this home, basing it on a magazine sketch admired by Texana. One of the last Queen Anne-style homes in the area, the building also housed two separate living spaces. This provided Isham and Texana, and their children and extended family, privacy and shelter under one roof. Members of the family were still living in the house at the turn of the 21st century. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark – 2002

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bledsoe Santa Fe Depot

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Texas, Lubbock County, Lubbock
A relic from one of America's last frontiers. Built in 1925 on range land of newly organized Cochran County, at Bledsoe, this structure not only served its purpose as a railroad station, but was a meeting hall for churches and social groups. Sheepherders and cowboys would bed down on its floor when detained at the station in shipping season.

Phased out of service by 1966, structure was moved 70 miles to be preserved by Gene Hemmle. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark – 1973

(Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Carlisle Cemetery

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Texas, Lubbock County, Lubbock
The pioneer Carlisle community was named for W. Augustus “Uncle Gus” Carlisle (1849-1920), who settled here with his wife Lizzie (Spikes) (d. 1914) in 1890. A cattleman and a prominent landowner, Carlisle made significant contributions to the development of the area, including a donation of land for a school. In 1918 he set aside this part of his property for use as a public cemetery. It was first used for the burial of George W. Wood (b. 1879), a victim of the 1920 influenza epidemic. Other graves include those of pioneer area settlers and early leaders of Carlisle.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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