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Concord Stagecoach Road

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Florida, Pasco County, near Land O Lakes
Stagecoach Village takes its name from the coach road connecting Tampa Bay with the settlement at Chocochattee Hammock, near present-day Brooksville. The route - about 1 1/2 miles west of here - was sometimes called "Scott's Trail," having been cleared by the U.S. Army under Gen. Winfield Scott during the Second Seminole War. An old Indian trail ran parallel to the coach road at this spot.

An archeological examination by Janus research - commissioned by Lennar Homes - revealed two prehistoric campsites in this vicinity, one of them datable between the seventh and fifteenth centuries.

About 1850, the Concord Stagecoach Line began regular passenger service and a relay station known as "26-Mile House," because it was 26 miles south of Chocochatte, was located in this vicinity. Stagecoach service was suspended during the Third Seminole War in 1856 but resumed afterward and continued through the War Between The States. Near the end of the 19th century, stagecoach travel was supplanted by the railroads.

(Native Americans • Roads & Vehicles • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tishomingo Creek Bridge

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Mississippi, Lee County, near Baldwyn
The Federal retreat at the Battle of Brice's Crossroads was funneled onto a small bridge across Tishomingo Creek. The structure was too narrow for Sturgis' Expeditionary Force, and the span quickly became a bottleneck as horses, wagons, cannon, and men all raced to cross the creek at the same time.

The rains of the previous several days had raised the water level of the deeply banked creek, making it very difficult to cross without using the bridge. Panicked soldiers and horses in full retreat attempted to swim across; many crossed successfully, but others were swept away by the rushing waters of the swollen creek.

In 1953 some local residents discovered human remains in the Tishomingo creekbed, less than 100 yards from this spot. The partial skeleton is most likely that of a Union soldier who fought at the Battle of Brice's Crossroads, and was found with a pocket watch and the rusted remnants of an Army canteen and rifle. The bones are now interred alongside other Civil War soldiers in the Bethany Cemetery.

Bottom Quote: "The creek banks at the bridge were very high, and many men jumped into the swift stream below, taking their chances at getting across without being drowned or killed by the incessant fire from Morton's Artillery on the bank." Captain John W. Morton, Artillery Chief, Forrest's Cavalry

Upper Right Corner Drawing: "Deadbrook after the Battle of Ezra's Church" Harper's Weekly

Center Photograph: Grapevine Bridge over the Chickahominy River in Virginia, built by the 5th New Hampshire Infantry, May 1862. Photographed by D. B. Woodbury. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Civil War Photographs

Top Right Photograph: Tishomingo Creek, 1921. Photographed by S. A. Murff. Mississippi Department of Archives and History

Bottom Right Map: Bridge Location. The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War. David Rumsey Map Collection

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Spoils of War

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Mississippi, Lee County, near Baldwyn
As Confederate cannon rained fire on exhausted Union troops waiting to cross Tishomingo Creek, a somewhat orderly retreat turned into a panicked rout. Soldiers swam across the creek, bypassing thee clogged and bottlenecked bridge and ran into the woods. Officers lost control of their units.

Just one month after the Battle of Brice's Crossroads, Union and Confederate troops faced off again at the Battle of Tupelo. Union general A. J. Smith and his troops defeated the Confederates on July 14, but seeing that his supplies were running low, Smith opted to return to Memphis. While it was a retreat in the technical sense of the word, it in no way resembled the panicked flight of General Sturgis' force just a few weeks earlier.

General Forrest, on examining the tables turned in by his provost marshall, chief quartermaster, and chief of ordnance, learned that his command had captured the following at Brice's Crossroads:

- Personnel: Col. G W McKeaig of the 10th Illinois; 1 assistant surgeon; 18 captains; 40 lieutenants; 87 noncommissioned officers; 3 musicians; and 1,468 privates; or a total of 1,618 men.

- Quartermaster Property: 161 mules; 23 horses; 168 six-horse wagons; 7 four-horse wagons; 1 two-horse wagon; 16 ambulances; and hundreds of sets of harnesses.

- Ordnance stores: 16 cannon (one 3-inch ordnance rifle, five James rifles, five 6-pounder guns, two 12-pounder Napoleons); 28 limbers; 15 caissons; hundreds of rounds of artillery ammunition (shot, canister, and spherical case); 15,000 stands of small-arms; 300,000 rounds of small-arms ammunition; several hundred accoutrements (cap-pouches and cartridge-boxes); and a number of sets of artillery harness.

Forrest at Brice's Crossroads and in North Mississippi in 1864, p. 133 (Morningside Books) by Edwin C. Bearss

Bottom Quote: "The lines were broken at and near the cross-roads, and when the defeated infantry reached the bridge it was only as a mob ..." Captain William Forse Scott, 4th Iowa Cavalry

Top Right Corner Drawing: "Retreat of the Confederate Garrison," Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper

Center Map: "Map of the Roads and Adjacent Country Between Stubbs' Plantation and Brice's Cross-Roads, Miss.," The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War, David Rumsey Map Collection

Top Right Drawing: "Blenker's Brigade Covering the Retreat near Centerville," Harper's Weekly

Bottom Right Drawing: "Retreat of Federal Troops from the Virginia Shore," Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Skirmish At Rocky Creek

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Mississippi, Jones County, near Ellisville
Near this site on June 25, 1863, a small group of Confederate soldiers and civilians under the command of Lt. W. M. Wilson of the 43rd Tennessee Infantry, defeated a detachment of the 5th Illinois Cavalry. During the skirmish, the entire 40 man Union force, on a raid to disrupt the railroads, was killed, wounded or captured.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Battery Langdon

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Florida, Santa Rosa County, Pensacola
Langdon was first built as two open firing platforms. During World War II, Langdon’s 12-inch rifles were roofed with a17-foot thick concrete casemates. But amphibious and missile warfare made harbor defense guns obsolete.

(Military • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tishomingo Creek Bridge

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Mississippi, Lee County, near Baldwyn
Retreating wagons blocked bridge. General Forrest captured 200 Wagons, 14 pieces of artillery and hundreds of men. Artillery fire from the Crossroads killed hundreds of Federals here.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

General Barteau's Flank Movement

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Mississippi, Lee County, near Baldwyn
Along the ridge north-east, General Barteau's 2nd Tennessee flanked the Union forces, creating havoc among white and negro soldiers of General Sturgis' command.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site: Blake’s Mill

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Georgia, DeKalb County, near Atlanta
N. Fork Peachtree Creek. West of the road was the ante-bellum structure of a mill owned and operated by John Blake (1798-1854).

July 18, 1864. Blair’s 17th A. C. of McPherson’s Army of the Tennessee (US Flag), enroute from Roswell to Decatur, camped here ~ where both McPherson and Blair had h’dq’rs. Dodge’s 16th A. C. camped 1 mi. N. on the Rainey plantation where some of Sweeny’s men fought a sham battle using green apples for bullets.

Logan’s 15th A. C. detoured 1.5 mi. N. to join Garrard's cav. at Browning's Court House (now TUCKER), 4 mi. E. of here ~ a move that began the destruction of the Georgia R. R. at Stone Mtn.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Town of Rocky Springs

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Mississippi, Hinds County, near Utica
At the end of this trail is evidence of a once thriving rural community. First settled in the late 1790's, the town grew from a watering place along the Natchez Trace, and took its name from the source of that water - the Rocky Spring. In 1860, a total of 2,616 people lived in this area covering about 25 square miles. The population of the town proper included 3 merchants, 4 physicians, 4 teachers, 3 clergy and 13 artisans; while the surrounding farming community included 54 planters, 28 overseers and over 2,000 slaves who nurtured the crop that made the town possible - cotton.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Grindstone Ford

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Mississippi, Claiborne County, near Port Gibson

This ford marked the beginning of the wilderness of the Choctaw nation and the end of the old Natchez District. Nearby Fort Deposit was a supply depot for troops clearing the Trace in 1801-02, and troops were assembled here during the Burr conspiracy allegedly to separate the Western States from the Union. The site takes its name from a nearby water mill.

The trail to your left takes you to the Old Trace and Grindstone Ford.

(Forts, Castles • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Battle at Cedar Branch

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Virginia, Smyth County, Saltville
You are standing on the Confederate battle line that stretched for more than two miles along the bluffs on this side of the North Fork of the Holston River. The Cedar Branch Creek flows into the Holston River near the ford on the North Road to Saltville. The highway bridge in front of you crosses the original ford.

On Sunday, October 2, 1864, Union Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge arrived behind the hills in front of you with more than 5,000 troops from Kentucky, Ohio and Michigan, including several hundred African-American soldiers of the 5th and 6th Colored Cavalry. The Union objective was to destroy the town's salt works. Many of the more than 2,000 Confederates were Kentuckians, facing opponents from their home state.

Around noon, Union Gen. Edward Hobson attacked the river ford. To avoid Confederate cannon and rifle fire, Hobson charged in three columns. One column charged down Sanders Hill, one down the Holston River and the third from the base of Little Mountain across Broady Bottom.

After wading across the ford, the Union troops fought their way to the top of Cemetery Hill, pushing the Confederates toward the back of the hill into the Elizabeth Cemetery. Reserves were ordered forward to reinforce the Confederate line. After 15 minutes of close combat, often within 50 yards, the Union troops were forced back across the river. Confederate Col. Edwin Trimble was killed in the cemetery while directing the fire of his men.

By 5 p.m., firing along the battle line had ceased, except for sporadic Confederate artillery fire. Federal losses - killed, wounded and captured - were approximately 290. Confederate losses were approximately 160.

During the night, Burbridge's command began a hasty retreat toward Kentucky, leaving his dead and many of his wounded, including African-American troops. The next morning, some of these wounded and captured troops were murdered in what has been called the "Saltville Massacre."

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War Artillery

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Colorado, Denver County, Denver
(This memorial is made up to three plaques, each found at the base of a different piece of artillery.)

Civil War Artillery
13-inch Seacoast Mortar
Donated in 1897 by the Grand Army of the Republic

Civil War Artillery
11-inch Navy Dahlgren
Donated in 1897 by the Grand Army of the Republic

Civil War Artillery
6.4-inch (100 pounder) Navy Parrott Rifle
Donated in 1897 by the Grand Army of the Republic

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 12 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Kentuck Knob

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Pennsylvania, Fayette County, Dunbar
I. N. and Bernardine Hagan House
"Kentuck Knob"
has been designated a
National Historic Landmark
This site possesses National significance in commemorating the history of the United States of America
Constructed of native stone, tidewater cypress, and copper, this house is an excellent example of the work of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright
2000
National Park Service
United States Department of the Interior

(Landmarks) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

K6 Telephone Kiosk 1935

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Pennsylvania, Fayette County, Dunbar
The K6 was designed by the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, as a result of a commission from the Post Office, to celebrate the Jubilee of King George V in 1935. It arrived on the streets a year later.

The K6 was made of cast iron, and it was painted red throughout. By the end of the 1930's 20,000 K6's had been installed all over Great Britain. The Second World War halted mass production the K6's, although it proved possible to produce and install a further 2000, once the shortage of raw materials had eased. After the war, a faster rate of installation resumed, although, until 1950 it was still less than half of what it had been before the war. Between 1950 and 1955, however, about 25,000 K6's were installed, an even greater rate than before 1939. The pace slowed thereafter, but K6's were still being installed at a rate of about 1000 a year in the mid-1960's.

The central K6 Telephone Kiosk, and the one to its left, were manufactured by the Carron Company, Stirlingshire, Scotland. The K6 Telephone Kiosk to the right, was manufactured by MacFarlane and Co. LTD., Saracen Foundry Glasgow, Scotland.

(Communications) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Finial from One, Poultry, London EC4, 1870

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Pennsylvania, Fayette County, Dunbar
This Finial was the uppermost element of the building known as Number One, Poultry, in the heart of the City of London.

The building was constructed in 1870 to a design by the Victorian architect John Belcher Jr., in the Venetian-Gothic style.

A replacement building by Professor Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was proposed in 1967, but after much controversy, the project, known as Mansion House Square, was finally defeated in 1982. In 1986 an alternative project, also known as Number 1 Poultry, was designed by the British architect Sir James Stirling. The Foundation Stone of this building took place in 1998.

The finial fragment, popularly nicknamed 'The Witch's Hat'. was carefully dismanteled, numbered, and shipped to the United States, where it was reassembled, first, in the groundsw of the Farnsworth House, by Professor Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Plano, Illinois; and now, in 2003, at Kentuck Knob.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Outpost on the Missouri

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North Dakota, Williams County, Williston
Early explorers reported that America’s western mountains were rich in furs. As a part of a plan to extend trading into the Upper Missouri country, John Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company built Fort Union here, near the junction of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, in 1829. This post soon became the headquarters for trading beaver furs and buffalo robes with the Assiniboin Indians to the north, the Crow Indians on the upper Yellowstone, and the Blackfeet who lived farther up the Missouri. In its heyday, the Fort was a busy place and employed up to 100 people. A bourgeois (or manager) directed Fort Union’s operations and the activities of its traders and craftsmen.

During its thirty-eight years of operation, travelers and famed men passed through Fort Union’s gates. Adventurers, artists, scientists and priests---even princes—made their way up the Missouri to this site. As you enter the Fort, imagine you are a river traveler of the 1830’s, stepping off your steamboat and into one of the busiest and grandest of a network of fur trading outposts.

(Industry & Commerce • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ice Slough

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Wyoming, Fremont County, near Jeffrey City
Ice Slough is a small stream that flows into the Sweetwater River five miles east of here. In front of this point is a slough (i.e. a marsh or shallow un-drained depression). This slough gave the name to the stream east of here. In the "Ice Slough" the marshes soils and plants insulated the previous winter's ice and it melted slowly throughout the summer. Under the marshes a thick mat of ice could be found late into June or early July. Westward bound immigrants would stop their wagons here for the purpose of breaking out chunks of ice to use in their drinks and to preserve meat. William Clayton's 1848 "Latter-Day Saints' Emigrants' Guide" called this the "ice spring" and wrote "This is in a low, swampy spot of land on the right side of the road. Ice may generally be found by digging down about two feet." In 1854 Alonzo Delano traveled up the valley of the Sweetwater. While not giving the exact location of where he stopped he wrote on June 26th "... About four o'clock in the afternoon, on the borders of a morass, perhaps a mile in length by a half mile in breadth. Some of the boys, thinking that water could be easily obtained, took a spade, and going out on the wild grass, commenced digging. About a foot from the surface, instead of water, they struck a beautiful layer of ice, five or six inches in thickness." By late summer the ice had often disappeared. Today, due to a number of factors, the slough has nearly dried up and thus little ice forms here in the winter.

(Natural Features • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The 100 Acre Tract

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New York, Monroe County, Rochester
1788 The Seneca Indians ceded Oliver Phelps & Nathaniel Gorham 2,600,000 acres of land east of the Genesee River and granted an additional 200,000 acres west of the river for a mill yard on condition that a mill be erected for their use. Phelps and Gorham conveyed 100 acres to Ebenezer (Indian) Allen who, in 1789, built a sawmill and gristmill on the One Hundred Acre Tract, fulfilling the agreement between the Seneca Indians and Oliver Phelps & Nathaniel Gorham (Phelps & Gorham Purchase).

City Hall Historic District:
Four buildings arranged in a 19th century civic complex are the 1. Old Rochester City Hall (Irving Place)(1874-1875), 2. Monroe County Courthouse (1894-1895) 3. Rochester Free Academy (1872-1873) 4. St. Luke's Episcopal Church (1824). The City Hall and Free Academy buildings were designed by Andrew Jackson Warner. The Monroe County Courthouse was designed by his son, J. Foster Warner. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

1. Irving Place
Old City Hall at Irving Place was designed by architect Andrew Jackson Warner. The Erie Canal ran alongside the building until its last season in 1919. The subway ran in the old canal bed while cars traveled on the road deck above it. In 1978 City government moved to the former Federal Building on Church Street.

2. 2nd Monroe County Court House
Designed by architect Merwin Austin. The cornerstone was laid in June 1850. The majority of the building was constructed of painted and sanded brick with Onandoga limestone composing the foundation, steps and pavement of the portico. A dome, topped by the statue of Justice completed the beautiful new facility.

3. Rochester Free Academy Building
In 1873, Andrew Jackson Warner, architect of the Powers Building, designed this High Victorian red brick building with Neo-Greek decorative motifs, a blue limestone foundation and a slate mansard roof. It is the fourth educational building on this site, deeded by Colonel Nathaniel Rochester.

4. St. Luke's Church (left)
Built in 1824, this Episcopal Church represents the transition form 18th century Colonial or Georgian styles to Gothic Revival. Colonel Nathaniel Rochester attended services and was Warden here.

5. Ebenezer Watts Building (left)
This Greek Revival House was probably designed in 1827 by Capt. Daniel Loomis for Ebenezer Watts, Rochester's first copper and tin smith. It is the oldest City building still standing on its original site.

6. Central Church of Christ (right)
Designed in 1871 by noted 19th century architect Andrew Jackson Warner, this modified Gothic Revival church incorporates Tiffany glass windows.

(Churches, Etc. • Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Erie Canal

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New York, Monroe County, Rochester
Officially opened on October 26, 1825, the Erie Canal stretched 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo, connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the Port of New York. It carried thousands of pioneers from the east to Rochester and cut the cost of shipments east to Albany by 90 percent. The Canal prompted two of Rochester's nicknames: "The Young Lion of the West," and the "Flour City," because it shipped more flour in the 1840's than any other American city. The second Erie Canal aqueduct (1842) over the Genesee was recognized as an engineering feat. This aqueduct still exists today as the lower arched portion of the Broad Street Bridge, seen to the South.

(Bridges & Viaducts • Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dean R. Gilmore

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Florida, Lake County, near Clermont
Lt. Gilmore's P-51B Propeller Tip. In honor of Dean R. Gilmore, 1st LT USAAF, 14 Nov 21 - 14 Nov 44. Winner of the Distinguished Flying Cross, Italy, 1944. Killed in a training crash in Lake Louisa on November 14, 1944. Lt. Gilmore and thousands of other military aviators trained throughout central Florida during World War II. Though many were taken from us in combat and in training, we do not mourn them as they now fly with one more divine. Wreckage cleared by Lake County Sheriff's Office dive team, George E. Knupp, Jr. Sheriff. Dedicated November 12, 2001 with Lt. Gilmore's family present.

(Air & Space • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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