Wyoming, Park County, Cody

The Heart Mountain Division of the Shoshone Project receives irrigation water directly from Buffalo Bill Reservoir via the Shoshone Canyon Conduit, a three-mile-long tunnel drilled through Cedar Mountain located to the left. From the conduit, the water travels over the Shoshone River through the Shoshone River Siphon and into the 28-mile-long Heart Mountain Canal. The siphon, completed in 1938, is 1,640-feet-long and at the time of construction was the longest self-supporting pipe span in the world. From the siphon, the water travels through a short tunnel in Rattlesnake Mountain, across the river to the right, and into the Heart Mountain Canal System.

About 31,120 acres are irrigated on the Heart Mountain Division of the Project, which was settled beginning in 1946.

The Heart Mountain Power Plant, not visible from this vantage point, but shown in the photograph, has a generating capacity of 6,900 kVA and is one of four hydropower generating facilities using water from Buffalo Bill Dam.

Project History
On February 10, 1904, the Secretary of the Interior set aside $2,250,000 for the initial construction of the Shoshone Project, one of the first federal reclamation projects in the nation, and the largest federal project in Wyoming. The Project was settled in four divisions: the Garland in 1907, Frannie in 1917, the Willwood in 1927 and finally, Heart Mountain in 1946.

Today, the Project comprises 93,000 acres. Major crops are alfalfa hay, sugar beets, dry edible beans, malting barley and specialty crops.

(Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Virginia, Chesterfield County, Chester

On March 22, 1622, the Powhatan chiefdom launched a coordinated offensive against the English settlements along the James River. Sixty-six men, women and children were killed within the Henrico settlements including five dead at Henricus. Over one quarter of the English population of Virginia died in the attack. The Powhatan Indians did not follow up with subsequent attacks, believing their mission had been accomplished when the English withdrew to the area around Jamestown. Instead, the English launched reprisal attacks against the Powhatan and expanded their settlement efforts.

(Colonial Era • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Virginia, Chesterfield County, Chester

This is a fragment from the breech of a 5.8 inch “Sawyer Gun”. This gun was located at Battery Sawyer, a Federal gun position across the river to your front where the River’s Bend community is today. This gun burst on August 5, 1864 after firing 10 rounds. In an official report, Col. Henry L. Abbot of the 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery wrote: “The gun had already been fired a large number of times at Fort Monroe. It burst into four principle parts, the largest remained in its place on the carriage; the bottom of the bore near the breech, fell between the cheeks; the left half of the top fell upon the parapet a short distance from the gun; the right half was thrown some 200 yards entirely outside the fort.”

Sawyer Guns were created by New England inventor Sylvanius Sawyer. The Ordnance Department gave his guns favorable reviews, however, few of his guns were used during the Civil War, making this fragment a rare relic from the fighting that occurred near Dutch Gap.

This Sawyer Gun fragment was donated to the Chesterfield Historical Society of Virginia by David H. and Mary Kay Gates in honor of Judge Ernest P. Gates and Virginia Y. Gates.

(caption)
Map of the Dutch Gap area showing the location of Union and Confederate fortifications near Dutch Gap. (Chesterfield Historical Society of Virginia)

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Turkey, Çanakkale Province, Eceabat district, Eceabat
These ten panels, mounted upon a wall facing the sea, describes the conflict between Allied and Turkish forces on the Gallipoli Peninsula in 1915.

Panel #1
English:
The Dardanelles
A good army of 50,000 men and sea power - that is the end of the Turkish menace.
Winston Churchill, British cabinet minister, 1915.

On 19 February 1915 British ships began a bombardment of the Turkish defences at the straits of the Dardanelles (Çanakkale Boǧazı). The British wanted to break through to Istanbul (Constantinople), the Turkish capital, and force Turkey, Germany’s ally, out of the war. This strategy was designed to enable Britain and France to supply their ally Russia through Turkish waters and to open a southern front against Austria-Hungary.

The naval attack failed. A plan was then developed to invade the Gallipoli Peninsula (Gelibolu Yarımadası) to overcome the Turkish defences and allow the navy through the Dardanelles. An army, the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, composed mainly of British, Australian, New Zealand, Indian and French soldiers, was assembled in Egypt and on Greek islands close to Gallipoli. British troops were to make the main landing at Cape Helles. Shortly before the British landing, a combined Australian and New Zealand force, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), was to land further north near Gaba Tepe (Kabatepe).

Turkish:
Çanakkale Boǧazı
50 bin askerlik qüçlü bir ordu ve deniz buvvetleri - bu güç Türk tehdidinin sonu olacaktır. - Winston Churchill, İngiliz. Kabine Bakanı, 1915.

19 Şubat 1915 günü İngiliz gemileri Çanakkale Boǧazı'ndaki Türk savunma hatlarının bombalamaya başladı. İngilizlerTürklerin başkenti olan istanbula ulaşmak ve Almanların müttefiki olan Türkleri savaşın dışında bırakmak istiyorlardı. Bu, İngilizlerin ve Fransızların müttefikleri olan Rusya'ya Türk sulan üzerinden destek verebilmesi ve Avusturya-Macaristan'a karşı bir güney cephesi açmak için oluşturulmuş bir stratejiydi.

Donanma saldırısı başansız oldu. Bunun üzerine Türk savunma hattını aşabilmek ve donanmanın Çanakkale Boğazı'ndan geçmesini saglamak için Gelibolu Yarımadası'nı ele geçirmek üzere bir plan yapıldı. Çoǧunluǧu İngiliz, Avustralyalı, Yeni Zelandalı, Hint ve Fransız askerlerinden oluşan bir ordu olan Akdeniz Seferi Kuvvetleri Mısır'da ve Gelibolu Yarımadası yakınlarındaki Yunan adalarında toplandı. İngiliz birlikleri ana çıkartmayı Seddülbahir mevkiinden yapacaktı.

İngiliz çıkartmasından hemen önce, Avustralyalı ve Yeni Zelandalı askerlerden oluşan Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda Kolordusu (ANZAK) daha kuzeydeki Kabatepe mevkiine çıkarma yapacaktı.

Panel #2
English:
Landing
You have got trough the difficult business, now you dig, dig, dig, until you are safe. - General Sir Ian Hamilton, British commander-in-chief, Gallipoli.

At dawn on 25 April 1915 soldiers of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) began landing on Gallipoli here at North Beach and around Anzac Cove (Anzak Koyu) to the south of the nearby headland, Ari Burnu. They were followed by the New Zealand Infantry Brigade. The aim that day was to capture the heights of the Sari Bair range and then press inland to Mal Tepe to cut off the Turkish reinforcements to Cape Helles. From the beach, groups of men rushed up steep, scrub-covered slopes towards the high ground.

At first the few Turkish defenders were pushed back. Isolated groups of Australians and New Zealanders fought their way to where they could see the Dardanelles. As the day progressed Turkish resistance strengthened. By night fall none of the objectives had been reached. The commanders on the spot recommended withdrawal but were ordered instead to dig in and hold on. This area of Gallipoli captured on 25 April became known for the rest of the campaign as Anzac.

Turkish:
Çıkartma
lşin zor kısmını başardınız, şimdi kendinizi errmiyete alana ka dar siper kazuı, krizin, kartı. -- General Sir Ian Hamilton, İngiliz Başkomutam, Çanakkale.

25 Nisan 1915 sabahı gün aǧarırken Avustralya İmparatorluk Kuvvetleri (Australian Imperial Force- AIF) Arı Bumu'nun kuzeyindeki sahilden (Kuzey Plajı) ve Arı Bumu'nun güneyindeki Anzak Koyu'nun etrafından Gelibolu Yarımadası'na çıkartma yapmaya başladılar. Onlan Yeni Zelanda Piyade Tugayı izledi. O gün amaç Sarı Bayır sırtlarını ele geçirmek ve Türklerin Seddülbahir mevkiine destek vermesini engellemek için iç kısımlardaki Mal Tepe'ye ilerlemekti. Sahilden çıkan asker birlikleri dik ve çalılarla kaplı araziden tırmanarak tepeye doğru hücum ettiler.

Sayıca az olan Türk savunma birlikleri başta geri çekildiler. Avustralyalılardan ve Yeni Zelandalılardan oluşan ayrı birlikler savaşarak Çanakkale Boğazı'nı görebilecekleri bir yere kadar ulaşmayı başardılar. Günün ilerleyen saatlerinde Türklerin direnci arttı. Gece olduğunda hedeflerin hiçbirine ulaşılamamıştı. Bölgedeki komutanlar geni çekilmeyi önerdiler ama siper kazıp dayanmalan yönünde emir geldi. Gelibolu Yarımadası'nın 25 Nisan günü ele geçirilen bu bölgesi harekatın geri kalan kısmında “Anzak” olarak anıldı.

Panel #3
English:
Krithia
Sir, this is a sheer waste of good men. -- Joseph Gasparich, New Zealand soldier, Krithia, 8 May 1915.
Also on 25 April the British landed at Cape Helles, the southern point of the Gallipoli peninsula. This force was to push north to the Kilitbahir plateau. However, determined Turkish opposition held the British to a small area at the tip of the peninsula. In an attempt to break out of the position at Helles, seize the village of Krithia and the commanding hill, Achi Baba, a combined assault by British, Australian, New Zealand and French troops was planned to begin on 6 May.

Little initial progress was made and on 8 May the Australians and New Zealanders were ordered forward. Moving over open and exposed ground toward Krithia (Alçıtepe), the troops found the enemy fire so accurate and intense that some men raised their shovels in front of their faces to protect themselves. However, the Turkish lines were not reached and over 1,000 Australian and 800 New Zealand soldiers were killed or wounded.

Turkish:
Alçıtepe
Komutanım, iyi adamlarımızı göz göre göre kaybediyoruz. --Joseph Gasparich. Yeni Zelanda Askeri, Alçıtepe, 8 Mayıs 1915.
25 Nisan günü İngilizler Gelibolu Yarımadası'nın güneyindeki Seddülbahir Mevkiine çıkartma yaptılar. Bu birlik kuzeydeki Kilitbahir yaylasına ilerlemek istiyordu. Ne var ki, kararlı Türk direnişi İngilizlen yarımadanın ucundaki küçük bir alanda tuttu. Seddülbahir'dekı durumdan kurtulmak ve Alçıtepe köyüyle, köye hakim Alçıtepe'yi ele geçirmek için 6 Mayıs günü İngiliz, Avustralyalı, Yeni Zelandalı ve Fransız birlikleriyle toplu bir saldırı başlatılması planlandı.

Başta ufak bir ilerleme kaydedildi ve 8 Mayıs günü Avustralyalılara ve Fransızlara hücum emri verildi. Açık ve korumasız bir zeminde Alçıtepeye doğru ilerleyen birliklerdeki bazı askerler isabetli ve yoǧun düşman ateşi karşısında kendilerini korumak için kürekleriyle yüzlerini örtmek zorunda kaldılar. Sonunda Türk hatlarına ulaşılamadı ve binin üzerinde Avustralyalı ve sekizyûzün üzerinde Yeni Zelandalı asker öldü veya yaralandı.

Panel #4
English:
Turkish Counter-attack
Countless dead, countless! It was impossible to count. -- Memiş Bayrakktar, Turkish soldier.
By mid-May the initial attempt to seize the Dardanelles had failed. The British clung to the small gains they had made. The Turkish army now mounted a major attack to drive the Australians and New Zealanders from Anzac.

In the darkness of the early hours of 19 May, Turkish soldiers advanced in waves on the enemies. The Turks were met with concentrated fire that kept them from entering the Anzac trenches, except in one or two places.

For about six hours the Turks pressed their attack only to be driven back. Over 10,000 Turkish soldiers were hit and an estimated 3,000 lay dead between the lines. In this battle the Australians and New Zealanders lost 160 dead and 468 wounded. The Turkish bodies lay out in the open sun until 24 May when a truce was arranged to permit burial of the dead.

Turkish:
Türklerin Karşı Taarruzu
Sayısız ölü vardı, sayısız! Saynıak mümkün değildi. -- Memiş Bayraktar,Türk askeri.

Mayıs ortası itibariyle Çanakkale Boğazı'nı ele geçirme denemesi başansız olmuştu. İngilizler ele geçirdikleri küçük yerleri ellerinde tutmak istiyorlardı. Türk ordusu bu aşamada Avustralyalılan ve Yeni Zelandalıları Anzak sektöründen çıkartmak için büyük bir saldırı başlattı.

Türk askerleri 19 Mayıs sabahı erken saatlerinde hava aydınlanmadan düşmanlarının üzerine doǧru dalga dalga ilerlemeye başladı. Karşılaştıklan yogun ateş, bir iki yer dışında Anzak siperlerine ulaşmalarını engelledi.

Yaklaşık altı saat süren saldın geri çekilmeyle sonuçlandı. 10 binin üzerinde Türk askeri vuruldu ve yaklaşık 3 bin ölü mevzilerin arasında kaldı. Bu çarpışmada Avustralyalılardan 160 asker öldü ve 468 asker yaralandı. Ölen Türk askerleri 24 Mayıs günü defin için ateşkes ilan edilene kadar güneşin altında kaldı.

Panel #5
English:
Sick and Wounded
They lived with death, dined with disease. -- From an anonymous poem about Gallipoli.

When the Gallipoli campaign began no one expected that it would last so long or cause so many casualties. The number of wounded form the initial invasion overwhelmed the poorly organised medical facilities During major attacks many hours passed before a wounded man received adequate care. Eventually, proper lines of evacuation were established to hospital ships and back to base hospitals at Lemnos island, Egypt and Malta.

As the summer heat intensified, conditions on Gallipoli deteriorated. Primitive sanitation led to a plaque of flies and the outbreak of disease. Thousands of men were evacuated suffering from dysentery, diarrhoea and enteric fever. The poor and monotonous diet of bully beef, hard biscuits, jam and tea made the situation worse. Men suffered particularly from lice in their clothing. Morale sank as the prospect of victory receded. Many came to feel they would never leave Gallipoli alive.

Turkish:
Hasta ve Yaralılar
Ölümle yaşadılar, hastalıkla yemek yad ila. -- Çanakkale hakkında kimin yazdıǧı bilinmeyen bu şürden.

Çanakkale Savaşı başladığında kimse bu kadar uzun süreceǧini veya bu adar fazla kayba neden olacaǧını tahmin etmiyordu. İlk saldırıda yaralananların sayısı yeterli donanımı olmayan tedavi merkezleri için çok fazlaydı. Büyük saldırılar esnasında yaralanan askerler gereken tedaviyi görene kadar saatler geçiyordu. Daha sonra, hastane gemilerine ve oradan da Limni adasında, Mısır'da ve Maltadaki merkez hastanelere gerekli tahliye hatlan oluşturuldu.

Yaz sıcaklan bastırınca, Gelibolu Yarımadası'ndaki koşullar iyice kötüleşti. İlkel saglık hizmetleri yüzünden her yeri sinekler bastı ve salgın hastalıklar baş gösterdi. Dizanteriye, ishale ve tifoya yakalanan binlerce asker tahliye edildi. Konserve et, peksimet, reçel ve çaydan oluşan yetersiz ve tekdüze beslenme yüzünden durum giderek kötüleşti. Askerler özellikle üniformalarındaki bitlerden muzdaripti. Zafer umudu kaybolurken, moraller de bozulmaya başlamıştı. Askerlerin çoǧu artık Çanakkale'den saǧ ayrılamayacaklarını düşünüyordu.

Panel #6
English:
Lone Pine and the Nek
There is hell waiting here. -- C.A. McAnulty, Australian soldier killed in action Lone Pine, 7-12 August, 1915.

Aware of the need to seize the initiative, the British planned a new offensive for early August. There would be a British landing at Suvla Bay (Suvla Koyu) and a major assault to the north of the Anzac position to capture the high ground leading to Chunuk Bair and Hill 971. Supporting attacks were planned at Lone Pine and along a narrow ridge known as the Nek.

On the afternoon of 6 August at Lone Pine the Australians attacked and occupied Turkish frontline positions against a determined Turkish counter-attacks. Most of the desperate fighting took place at close quarters in the Turkish trenches. On the morning of 7 August at the Nek, four waves of Australians were cut down before they reached the enemy line.

The Australian official historian, referring to these light horsemen, later wrote: "The flower of the youth of Victoria and Western Australia fell in that attempt."

Turkish:
Lone Pine ve Nek
Bizi buried cehennem bekliyor. -- C.A. McAnulty, Lone Pine'daki muharebede ölen Avustraliya asked 7-12 Aǧustos 1915.

İnisiyatifi ele geçirmek zorunda olduklarını bilen İngilizler Aǧustos başında yeni bir saldırı planladılar. Suvla Koyu'na bir çıkartma, Conk Bayırı'na ve Kocaçimen Tepeye giden araziyi ele geçirmek için de Anzak mevkiinin kuzeyine büyük bir saldırı yapılacaktı. Lone Pine'a ve Nek olarak bilinen dar tepeliǧe destek saldırılan yapılması da planlanmıştı.

6 Aǧustos günü öǧleden sonra Lone Pinedaki Avustralya birlikleri Türklerin cephe hatlarım tüm azimli karşı saldırılara rağmen ele geçirmeyi başardılar. Bu müthiş muharebelerin büyük kısmı Türk siperlerinin içinde göğüs göğüse yapıldı. 7 Ağustos sabahı Nelödelci dört Avustralya akını düşman hatlarına ulaşamadan durduruldu.

Avustralya resmi tarihçisi daha sonra bu hafif süvariler hakkında şunlan yazdı: “Viktorya ve Batı Avustralya gençliğinin çiçekleri bu saldırıda döküldü."

Panel #7
English:
Chunuk Bair
I am prepared for death and hope that God will have forgiven me all my sins. -- Lieutenant Colonel William Malone, New Zealand soldier, in a letter to his wife before he was killed defending the position his battalion has seized on the summit of Chunuk Bair.

The main attack of the August offensive was made by a mixed New Zealand, Australian, British and Indian force against the heights of Chunuk Bair and nearby peaks. It was believed that if this position could be captured and held, then the Turkish line at Anzac would be in danger and a breakout towards the Dardanelles possible.
Between 7 and 9 August the attacking troops made their way up the steep slopes and through the deep gullies on the approaches to the heights. Some units became lost in this wild country and planned assaults were often carried out too late and with inadequate support. The New Zealanders, fighting desperately and sustaining great losses, reached the Chunuk Bair summit and gazed upon the Dardanelles. By 10 August New Zealand troops had been replaced by British units when the Turks determinedly counter-attacked and regained the summit.

The August offensive thus ended in failure.

Turkish:
Conk Bayırı
Ölmeye hazırım, umarır Tanrı bütün günahlarını affeder. -- Yeni Zelanda askeri Yarbay William Malone; taburunun ele geçirdiǧi mevkii korumaya çalıştıǧı Conk Bayın'nda ölmeden önce kansına yazdıǧı mektuptan.

Aǧustos'taki taarruzun ana saldırısı Yeni Zelandalı, Avustralyalı, İngiliz ve Hint birlikleri tarafından Conk Bayırı'nda ve civardaki tepelerde gerçekleştirildi. Bu bölgeler ele geçirilebildiği ve elde tutulabildiǧi takdirde Türk hatlarının tehlike altında kalabileceǧine ve Çanakkale Boǧazı'na doǧru bir geçişin mümkıün olabileceğine inanılıyordu.

7 ve 9 Ağustos günleri arasında saldırı dik yamaçlara doǧru ve tepelere giden yollardaki derin vadilerin arasından ilerlediler. Bazı birlikler ıssız arazide yollarını kaybettiler ve planlanan saldırılar çoğunlukla gecikmeli olarak ve yetersiz destekle gerçekleştirilebildi. Can havliyle savaşan ve büyük kayıplar veren Yeni Zelandalılar Conk Bayırı'na ulaşarak Çanakkale Boğazı'nı görebildikleri bir konuma geldiler. 10 Aǧustos'ta Türkler kararlı bir karşı saldın sonucu bu mevkii yemden ele geçirince Yeni Zelanda birliklerinin yerini İngiliz birlikleri aldı.

Böylece Ağustos taarruzu da başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmış oldu.

Panel #8
English:
Evacuation
I hope our poor pals who lie all around us sleep soundly, and do to stir in discontent as we go filing away from them forever. -- New Zealand soldier at the evacuation of Gallipoli.

After August, the British mounted no further major attacks at Gallipoli. The British Government grew alarmed at the failure to break through to the Dardanelles and there were was mounting criticism of the whole venture. In November, when winter arrived, there were men who froze at their posts and over 16,000 troops suffering from frostbite and exposure had to be evacuated. Eventually it was decided that the campaign could not meet its objectives and the British and Dominion force on Gallipoli should withdraw. Many thought a withdrawal would result in heavy casualties. However, elaborate precautions were taken to deceive the Turks into thinking nothing unusual was happening.

Between 8 and 20 December 1915, 90,000 men were secretly embarked from Suvla and Anzac. On 8 and 10 January 1916 a similar evacuation was conducted at Helles. Only a handful of casualties were suffered in these well-executed operations.

Turkish:
Tahliye
Umarım etrafımızda yatan zavallı dostlarımız rahat uyur ve bir burayı sonsuza dek terk ederken bize darılmazlar. -- Bir Yeni Zelanda askerinin Gelibolu Yarımadası'nın tahliyesi esnasındaki sözleri.
Aǧustos'tan sonra İngilizler Gelibolu Yarımadası'na başka bir büyük saldırı Çanakkale Boǧazı'na ulaşılamaması sonucu telaşlanmaya başlamıştı ve bu teşebbüs giderek daha fazla sorgulanır hale gelmişti. Kasım'la beraber kış bastırdıǧında nöbet yerlerinde donan askerler oldu ve donma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalan 16 binden fazla birliǧin de tahliye edilmesi gerekti. Sonunda harekatın amacına ulaşamayacağına ve Çanakkaledeki İngiliz ve Dominyon birliklerinin geri çekilmesi gerektiğine karar verildi. Birçoklan geri çekilme sonucu aǧır kayıplar verileceǧine inanıyordu. Ne var ki, Türklerin olağan dışı bir durum oldugunu anlamaması için büyük önlemler alınmıştı.

8 ve 20 Aralık 1915 günleri arasında 90 bin asker Suvla'dan ve Anzak Koyu'ndan gizlice gemilere bindirildi. 8 ve 9 Ocak 1916 günlerinde Seddülbahir'de benzer bir tahliye gerçekleştirildi. Başarıyla sonuçlanan bu operasyonlarda yalnızca birkaç kayıp verildi.

Panel #9
English:
Defence of Turkey
Their duty was to come here and invade, ours was to defend. -- Adil Şahin, Turkish veteran of Gallipoli.

The British had expected the Gallipoli operation to conclude quickly and that the Turkish army would be no match for their soldiers. Instead they met a determined and resourceful opponent. At critical moments Turkish and German commanders took quick and decisive action and at no time did the British Empire forces manage the breakthrough which they so desperately sought.

On Gallipoli men of both sides showed bravery and endurance. After the Turkish counter-attack of 19 May, in which the Turks suffered so severely, the Australian and New Zealand soldiers began to regard the Turkish soldier with great respect. Something of the spirit of the Turks on Gallipoli can be seen in the response to an Australian note thrown into a Turkish trench urging its occupants to surrender: the response read, "You think there are no true Turks left. But there are Turks, and Turk's sons!" In this defence of the homeland, in the conflict known here as the Battle of Çanakkale, Turkish authorities have put their casualties at between 250,000 and 300,000, of whom at least 87,000 died.

Turkish:
Türklerin Suvunması
Onların görevi buraya gelip işgal etmekti, bizimkisi ise savunmaktı. -- Adil Şahin, Çanakkale Gazisi.

İngilizler Çanakkale Savaşı'nın hızlı bir şekilde tamamlanacağını ve Türk Ordusu'nun kendileriyle boy ölçüşemeyeceğini düşünüyorlardı. Aksine, karşılarında kararlı ve becerikli bir rakip buldular. Kritik anlarda hızlı ve kararlı hamleler yapan Türk ve Alman komutanlar İngiliz İmparatorluğu birliklerinin umutsuzca bekledikleri o ilerlemeyi kaydetmelerine kesinlikle izin vermediler.

Çanakkale'de her iki tarafın askerleri de büyük kahramanlık ve direnç gösterdi. Türklerin ciddi kayıplar verdiği 19 Mayıs'taki karşı saldırıdan sonra Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda askerleri Türk askerlerine büyük saygı duymaya başladılar. Avustralyalıların Türk siperlerine attığı teslim olma çağrısına verilen cevap, Çanakkale'deki Türklerin ruhuna dair fikir vermektedir: “Hiç Türk kalmadı sanıyorsun uz. Ama Türkler var, Türklerin oğulları da var!" Türk yetkilileri Çanakkale Savaşı olarak adlandırılan bu vatan savunmasındaki kayıplarını, en az 87 bini ölü olmak üzere 250 binle 300 bin arası olarak belirttiler.

Panel #10
English:
Anzac
Anzac stood, and still stands, for reckless valour in a good cause, for enterprise, resourcefulness, fidelity, comradeship, and endurance that will never know defeat. -- C.E.W. Bean, Australian official historian.

The British Empire, Dominion and French forces suffered severely on Gallipoli. More than 21,200 British, 10,000 French, 8,700 Australians, 2,700 New Zealanders, 1,350 Indians and 49 Newfoundlanders were killed. The Allied wounded totaled over 97,000.

In Australia and New Zealand people looked in disbelief at the mounting casualty lists. Gallipoli was the beginning of a long road for the Australian and New Zealand soldiers that took them to the even more costly battlefields of France and Belgium.

On 25 April 1916, people gathered throughout Australia and New Zealand to commemorate Gallipoli. Today Anzac Day has become a time to remember those who served and died for Australia and New Zealand in war. However, it remains a day that recalls particularly 25 April 1915 when Australians and New Zealanders landed on the shores of Gallipoli, where they found a lasting tradition of courage, endurance and sacrifice.

Turkish:
Anzak
Anzak yüce bir amaç uǧruna gösterilen yiǧitliǧi, yenilgiyi asla kabul etmeyen cesareti, beceriyi, sadakati, silah arkadaşlıǧını ve direnci temsil ve edecektir. -- C.E.W. Bean, Avustralya resmi tarihçisi.
İngiliz İmparatorluğu, Dominyon ve Fransız kuvvetleri Çanakkale'de kayıplar verdiler. 21,200 İngiliz, 10.000 Fransız, 8,700 Avustralyalı, 2,700 Yeni Zelandalı, 1 ,350 Hint ve 49 Newfoundlandl'li öldü. Müttefik güçlerde yaralılanın toplamı 97,000'den fazlaydı.

Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda'da insanlar giderek artan kayıp sayısı karşısında gözlerine inanamıyordu. Gelibolu, Avustralyalı ve Yeni Zelandalı askerleri Fransa ve Belçika'da daha kayıpların olacağı savaş alanlarına götüren uzun bir yolun başlangıcıydı.

25 Nisan 1916 Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda'nın her yanında insanlar Gelibolu'yu anmak için toplandı Anzak Günü artık Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda adına savaşmış ve ölmüş olanların anıldığı bir gün olmuştu. Bununla birlikte, Avustralyalı ve Yeni Zelandalı askerlerin Gelibolu'ya gelip sonsuza kadar sürecek olan bir cesaret, direnç ve fedakarlık geleneğini başlattıklan gün olan 25 Nisan 1915'i de özellikle hatırlatacaktı.



(War, World I) Includes location, directions, 20 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Virginia, Chesterfield County, Chester

The trail at Dutch Gap traces the old channel of the James River. Before the river was rerouted, there was a ferry landing on the opposite shore called Osborne’s Landing. This may have been the location of the enigmatic Port Cotage referenced by George Percy in his Observations Gathered Out of a Discourse of the Plantation of the Southerne Colonie of Virginia by the English: “At Port Cotage in our Voyage up the River, we saw Savage Boy about the age of ten yeeres, which had a head of haire of a perfect yellow and a reasonable white skinne, which is a Miracle amongst all Savages.”

There is a small chance the boy was an offspring of a member of the 1587 lost colony at Roanoke. Or, perhaps Percy’s tow-headed Native was an exaggeration. Gabriel Archer described dining with the Arrohateck Indians at “a place I call Poor Cottage,” but made no similar reference to a fair-skinned boy.

Percy, however, was not the only settler to entertain the fancy of finding a white-skinned people in the new world. John Smith recalled being told "of a certaine men…at a place called Ocanahonan, cloathed like me” by his Algonquian captors. This may have been a product of the settlers’ charge to find any survivors of the Roanoke colony.

Capt. John Smith’s Trail
John Smith knew the James River by its Algonquian name: Powhatan, the same as the region’s paramount chief. Smith traveled the river many times between 1607 and 1609, trading with Virginia Indians to ensure survival at Jamestown. What he saw of Virginia’s verdant woodlands and pristine waters inspired him to explore the greater Chesapeake Bay, chronicling its natural wonders.

Capt. John Smith’s Trail on the James is a 40-site water trail and auto tour for modern explorers.

(sidebar)
Of All Those Sorts Great Abundance

In the description accompanying his 1612 Map of Virginia, John Smith catalogued the region's abundant wildlife. He listed many of the bird species that still find shelter at Dutch Gap Conservation Area, including the great blue heron.

Smith wrote: "Of birds, the Eagle is the greatest devourer. Hawkes there be of diverse sorts as our Falconers called them, Sparrowhawkes, Lanarets, Goshawkes, Falcons and Osperayes; but they all pray most upon fish. Partridges there are little bigger than our Quailes, wilde Turkies are as bigge as our tame. There are woosels or blackbirds with red shoulders, thrushes, and diverse sorts of small birds, some red, some blew, scarce so bigge as a wrenne, but few in Sommer. In winter there are great plenty of Swans, Craynes gray and white with blacke wings, Herons, Geese, Brants, Ducke, Wigeon, Dotterell, Oxeies, Parrats, and Pigeons. Of all those sorts great abundance, and some other strange kinds to us unknowne by name."

(Colonial Era • Exploration • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Dodge's Brigade.
Johnson's Division, McCook's Corps.
Colonel Joseph B. Dodge.
September 20, 1863, 8 a.m.
79th Illinois - Colonel Allen Buckner.
29th Indiana - Lieutenant Colonel David M. Dunn.
30th Indiana - Lieutenant Colonel Orrin D. Hurd.
20th Ohio Battery - Captain Edward Grosskopff.
About 8 o'clock the 29th and 30th Indiana and part of the 79th Illinois moved from the southeast side of the Kelly field and formed here, having John Beatty's brigade of Negley's division on the left. About 9:30 a.m. they were heavily attacked by a part of Helm's brigade and Stovall's of Breckinridge's division. After Beatty's brigade had been forced from his left Dodge retired his command about 100 yards to better guard that flank. He was heavily engaged during the forenoon and part of the afternoon. Toward sunset he was ordered to withdraw, and lost heavily in gaining the woods west of the Lafayette road. Thence the brigade proceeded to Rossville. Loss during the two days: killed 27; wounded 200; captured or missing 309; total 536.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Colorado, Adams County, Strasburg
A continuous chain of rails, from the Atlantic to the Pacific had long been a vision of pioneer railroaders and frontier tamers. It became a reality at 3:00 pm on August 15, 1870 at a point 928 feet east of railroad milepost 602, near Comanche Crossing. Named for a usually dry but sometimes rampaging creek, Comanche Crossing is about 3/4 of a mile east of present day Strasburg, Colorado. The last rails were spiked by Kansas Pacific Railroad crews driving west from Kansas and East from Denver to give the nation its first truly continuous coast-to-coast rail road. On the final day, the crews laid a record breaking 10 1/4 miles of track in 9 hours, to win a barrel of whiskey which canny foremen had placed midway in the final gap.

Entered in the National Register of Historic Places 8/10/70
Erected by Comanche Crossing Historical Society 2008

(Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo

Homenaje del pueblo dominicano
a los héroes y mártires de la Guerra Patria de 1965

Gobierno Constitucional Dr. Fernández Reyna
2008-2012

English translation:
Tribute from the Dominican people
to the héroes and martyrs of the War of 1965

Constitutional Government of Dr. Fernández Reyna
2008-2012



(Patriots & Patriotism • Wars, Non-US) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Liechtenstein, Schaan, Schaan
Das heutige Theatergebäude diente schon ursprünglich dem Jünglingsverein und später auch der Jungfrauenkongregation in Schaan als Vereinshaus, um Theater zu spielen. Es entstand in den Jahren 1913 /1914 an prominenter Lage in der Nachbarschaft der Pfarrkirche St. Laurentius und des Pfarrhauses. Neben dem Theaterspielen war später auch das Turnen eine wichtige Vereinstätigkeit, die in diesem Haus ausgeübt wurde. Im Mehrzweckgebäude fanden öffentliche Veranstaltungen und Versammlungen statt. In den Vierzigerjahren des letzten Jahrhunderts erfüllte das Gebäude über längere Zeit die Funktion eines Notschulhauses. 1968 erwarb die Gemeinde das sanierungsbedürftige Haus und unterzog es einer umfassenden Renovation. Aus der sich entwickelnden Kleintheaterszene im Vereinshaus war das «Theater am Kirchplatz» entstanden. Die Gemeinde liess das Vereinshaus mit Unterstützung privater Kreise zu einem Kleintheater umgestalten. Der Theaterumbau des bekannten Zürcher Architekten Ernst Gisel wurde 1972 eingeweiht. Seither entwickelte sich das Theater am Kirchplatz, kurz TaK genannt, zu einer regional beachteten Kulturinstitution. Auf eine grössere Sanierung 1995 folgte knapp zehn Jahre später ein weiterer Um- und Erweiterungsbau des Theatergebäudes, das seit 2005 in seiner heutigen Form betrieben wird.

English: Today's theater building was originally a youth club and then later used by the Young Woman Congregation of Schaan as a club house to stage plays. It was built in 1913-14 in a prominent location in the vicinity of the parish church of St. Lawrence and its rectory. In addition to dramatic arts, gymnastics and other physical activities were practiced in the facility. In the multi-purpose building public events and meetings were held. During the 1940s, the building provided overflow school space. Purchased by the City in 1968, the house was in need of extensive renovation, which it later underwent. From the developing small theater scene in the club house the "Theater on Church Square" emerged. The congregation left the club house with the support of private parties to remodel a small theater. Renovation of the theater under the the famous architect Ernst Gisel Zurich was started in 1972. Since then, the Theater at the Church Square, TaK for short, developed into a nationally respected cultural institution. The facility underwent a larger renovation in 1995, which was then followed almost another ten years later by another conversion and extension of the theater building, which has been operated in its present form since 2005.


(Arts, Letters, Music) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wyoming, Park County, Wapiti

Stretching across 9,000 square miles, the Absaroka Volcanic Field forms one of the largest volcanic fields in the continental United States. Between thirty-five to fifty-five million years ago volcanoes in the Yellowstone region erupted, depositing 10,000 feet of lava and debris. Glacial activity then sculpted the volcanic material creating the beautiful Absaroka Range seen today, including the castle-like forms in front of you.

Remote areas of the Absaroka Range can only be accessed by horseback or foot, making it difficult for study, mapping or development. Fossils discovered in the deposits include tropical and subtropical plants and animals from the time of the eruption. This area has experienced dramatic climate change since the Absaroka Volcanic were active.

(Natural Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Text on Front Side of the Monument:

30th Regiment Indiana Infantry
2nd Brigade - Dodge, 2nd Division - Johnson.
20th Corps - McCook.
Text on Back Side of the Monument:

Indiana's Tribute
To Her
Thirtieth Regiment Infantry.
Lieutenant Colonel Orrin D. Hurd, Commanding.
Second Brigade (Dodge).
Second Division (Johnson).
Twentieth Corps (McCook).
September 19th, 1863, this regiment, with its brigade, came into the field near Crawfish Springs; at 1 p.m., moved to the left and went into action north of the Brock Field driving the enemy some distance in a bitterly contested struggle. After some movements to the left, night came on, when the enemy attacked, and after two hours fighting the regiment moved to the line southeast of the Kelly Field.

Morning of September 20th, threw up breastworks and resisted an assault at 9 a.m., was then removed to this position and at 12 m., was heavily attacked but held the line. About 5 p.m. the line was again attacked, and soon after withdrew under orders to the woods west of the Kelly Field, thence to Rossville.

Casualties: killed; 2 officers, 8 men; wounded; 5 officers, 50 men; captured; 4 officers, 57 men; total 126.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wyoming, Teton County, Moran

This slow-moving channel of the Snake River at Oxbow Bend sustains many different animals. Every year thousands of visitors come here to see them.

Like you, Indian tribes such as Shoshone, Bannock, Blackfoot, Crow, Nez Perce and Gros Ventre have been drawn to places like this for more than 11,000 years. American Indians ventured into this valley as glaciers receded. They came to Jackson Hole in the spring to hunt game and harvest roots and berries. They collected soapstone for bowls, obsidian for projectile points and quartzite for tools and roasting hearths. As winter approached they left their summer home in the Teton Range for warmer places.

(Native Americans • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Colorado, Boulder County, Boulder
The fountain was erected in 1936 by the Boulder Lions Club. Its smooth terra cotta cladding and strong vertical lines complement the 1933 Art Deco Style courthouse. The courthouse and fountain were designed by local architect Glen H. Huntington.

(County Seal)

Boulder County Commissioners: Ron Stewart, Jana Mendez, Paul Danish

(Charity & Public Work) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Illinois

79th Infantry.
Dodge's Brigade.
9 a.m. to 5 p.m. September 20, 1863.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Illinois

84th Infantry.
Grose's Brigade.
8 a.m. to 2 p.m. September 20, 1863.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wyoming, Park County, Meeteetse

      A few miles up Meeteetse Creek from here, stood one of the toughest settlements of Wyoming’s frontier history. The town was founded in the spring of 1884 by Victor Arland, a French businessman, and John Corbett, a buffalo hunter. From 1880 to 1884, the men were partners in a trading post on Trail Creek and another on Cottonwood Creek, just north of Cody, Wyoming. They moved to Meeteetse Creek to be in the center of cattle country and the development ranches.

      “Arland” soon had a store, saloon, restaurant, U.S. Post Office, a two story hotel, blacksmith shop, red light district, coal mine, livery stables, residential cabins, and corrals. A mail and passenger stage ran weekly through Arland, helping the town to become a trade center for the area ranches and a mecca for the cowboys and other tough characters of the region. The nearest law was 150 miles away in Lander, Wyoming.

      On February 22, 1888, Vic Arland shot and killed Broken Nose Jackson in self defense at a dance in Arland. Jackson’s friend, Bill Landon, shot and killed Vic Arland in revenge, at Dunivan’s Saloon in Red Lodge, Montana, on April 24, 1890. After Vic’s death Arland degenerated into a hang-out for the outlaw element. There were names such as Black Jack Miller, John Bliss, Al Durant, Butch Cassidy, W.A. Gallagher, Blind Bill Hoolihan, Ed Nye, Rose Williams, Sage Brush Nancy, and Belle Drewry, known as the “Woman in Blue”. Most of the above, and others, died entangled in a web of lawlessness, romance, intrigue, and murder.

      By 1896, the nearby town of Meeteetse had sprung up and by 1897 Arland had died. Today, nothing remains of old Arland but the stories and ghosts of days gone by.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Colorado, Boulder County, Lafayette
This mural is a composite of two historical photographs. One is the 1862 image of our town's founder, Mary Miller with her husband, Lafayette, (D. 1878), for whom she named the town. Mary platted 150 acres and sank the first coal mine shaft in 1887. The second picture. taken in 1942, is of nine miners standing near the tipple of a coal mine.

You are standing on the site of the Black Diamond Coal Mine, one of more than a dozen mines which were crucial to Lafayette's history as a typical mining town in Colorado.
Artists: Barbara Jo Revelle & John Caron

Made possible by contributions from:
The City of Lafayette     The Citizens of Lafayette
National Endowment for the Arts
SCFD Boulder County Tier III
Colorado Council on the Arts
Storage Tek     Lafayette Chamber of Commerce
Design Fabricators, Inc.     Roads Family
Jean Mellblom & Family
Photos courtesy of the Lafayette Historical Society
Dedicated Sunday, October 4, 1998

(Arts, Letters, Music • Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

United Kingdom, Scotland, Inverness-shire, Drumnadrochit, Inverness

The greatest castle of the Scottish Highlands stands before you. Within its ruined walls, you can discover stories of the remarkable people who lived here, learn more about some of the dramatic chapters in Scotland's history and share memorable views over Loch Ness with generations of visitors.

Highland Fortress Highlights
1. Grant Tower: home of the Grants, built on the original 14th-century donjon tower.

2. Gatehouse: the defences around the main entrance, deliberately destroyed by the garrison.

3. Great Hall: the centre of castle life, where banquets were held and justice was administered.

4. Water Gate: the entrance for everyone approaching Urquhart by boat from Loch Ness.

5. Citadel: the core of the first castle built on top of an ancient hill fort.

The People's Story
The residents of Urquhart left a remarkable collection of objects behind them. Many have been unearthed by archaeologists withing the ruins of the castle.

The artefacts of everyday life in a medieval fortress are on display in the visitor centre. We have used them to get a glimpse of the people who lived and worked here.

The Gaelic Story
Gaelic has been spoken here for more than 1,500 years. It was the tongue of kings and commoners throughout much of Scotland and has a rich tradition of poetry and song.

Although Gaelic has been in decline since the 1500's, it is still used and gained official recognition as a national language in 2005. We have used Gaelic to help tell Urquhart's story.

(Captions)
Right: An artist's impression of how Urquhart Castle may have looked in its heyday in the 1300's.

'The famous castel of Urquhart: of quhilk the rewinous wallis remains yet in gret admiratioun of pepill.'

Hector Boece, 1527

(quhilk; which; pepill: people)

(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 12 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Colorado, Boulder County, Superior
The Denver-Boulder highway near this marker stands as a memorial to those men of vision who brought it into existence.

Planning for such a highway began in 1927 by Professor Roderick L. Downing, whose University engineering students later surveyed the route it follows. Professor Downing pressed for construction of the highway over a period of more than 20 years. He also made many other contributions to good highway planning in Colorado.

Many others too numerous to mention worked to make the Turnpike a reality. The Highway Committee of the Boulder Chamber of Commerce began to advocate such a road in 1941. Following World War II, a Boulder-Denver direct route committee was formed. Its members overcame various obstructions and doubts about toll financing.

The $6.3 million in bonds were authorized in July 1950. The highway opened as the Denver-Boulder Turnpike in January 1952, the first highway of its kind in Colorado and before the Interstate Highways which resemble it. The bond indebtedness was repaid 13 years ahead of schedule, and the route opened as a free public highway in September 1967.

Attached to this monument is the cornerstone of the Broomfield tollbooth of the turnpike.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pennsylvania, Northumberland County, Northumberland
The noted English scientist, discoverer of oxygen, and Unitarian theologian lived in Northumberland 1794 to 1804. His home and laboratory along the river are now a Priestley memorial and museum.

(Churches, Etc. • Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.