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Adair - Steadman Site

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Texas, Fisher County, near Sylvester
In this vicinity is a prehistoric archeological site discovered in 1969 near the Clear Fork of the Brazos River. Archeologists have conducted extensive scientific excavations and attribute most of the cultural materials to the Paleo-Indian Period. The Adair-Steadman site was a large base campsite for makers of fluted points, who were part of the distinctive Folsom Culture between nine and eleven thousand years ago.
     Prehistoric peoples chose to live here because of the availability of water at the time of occupation and the presence of a large stone resource area nearby. Stone tools and other material recovered include fluted point fragments, point preforms, channel flakes, scrapers, gravers, and large bifaces. Future archeological, geological, and paleontological studies of the site may yield sufficient data to reconstruct the physical appearance of the site during its period of occupation.
     One of the most significant locations of Folsom artifacts in North America, the Adair-Steadman site is important as a valuable source of information on the prehistory of the state, the nation, and the entire continent. It is protected from disturbance by Federal and State antiquities laws.

(Anthropology • Exploration • Paleontology) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Enemy Blockade

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Maryland, Calvert County, Solomons
British warships blockaded the mouth of the Patuxent River after the Chesapeake Flotilla and Royal Navy skirmished off Cedar Point to the south June 1, 1814. Drum Point to the north served as a major British anchorage. The British made mischief in the vicinity---attacking the Sewall property at Cedar Point, the Somervell property on Point Patience, and other sites.

Trapped!
The U.S. Chesapeake Flotilla escaped up the Patuxent following the Cedar Point skirmish. Flotilla commander Joshua Barney sought safety in St. Leonard Creek, four miles upriver. The British pursued, and the largest naval engagement in Maryland waters occurred there June 8-10 and June 26, 1814.

“I then made the signal ‘for Patuxent,’ and was followed by a 74 (ship-of-the-line with 74 guns), the three schooners & Seven Barges…at 4 PM we doubled round Cedar point in the mouth of this river.”
Com. Joshua Barney to Secretary of Navy William Jones, June 3, 1814.

(Inscription under the image on the marker) The Chesapeake Flotilla-image/Richard Schleon.

(War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Apt Anchorage

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Maryland, Calvert County, Solomons
The point to the north protruding into the river is appropriately called “Point Patience” as it was difficult to maneuver around in the era of sail. The south side of the point provided good anchorage, visibility, protection from other ships, and nearby fresh water. On June 26, 1814, British frigate Loire, damaged during the Second Battle of St. Leonard Creek, withdrew here for repairs.

“Point Patience…is the place of general rendezvous for the enemy’s fleet…”
-Baltimore Federal Republican, July 16, 1814.

Local Opposition
The British raided Point Patience on June 26, 1814, destroying the home of Dr. William D. Somervell. Similar actions up and down the river caused many inhabitants to oppose the war. Some prohibited American forces from stationing at their farms, knowing the militia could not provide security.

(War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Watson School

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California, Sonoma County, Bodega
Built in 1856 Watson District School is an example of one-room schools in Sonoma County. This is the original site and the school remains in its original condition. It served as a public school for 111 years, longer than any other one-room school in California. Watson school was built when pioneers settled in the area as farmers and dairymen in the 1800’s and needed a school for their children.

The coastal Miwok Indians originally occupied the land in this area. The Tsuwutena and Kennekono tribes lived near this area. During the 1700’s the land was claimed by Spain. In the 1800’s Mexico gained independence from Spain and granted land to Mexican citizens and soldiers. Jasper O’Farrell was granted land by the Spanish for his survey work of Yerba Buena, now known as San Francisco.

James Watson arrived in Sonoma County from Illinois in 1849. In 1852 he bought 1,100 acres of land from Jasper O’Farrell for 1,000 sacks of potatoes. Mr. Watson, along with Mr. Purrine who arrived in 1852 and Mr. Robertson who arrived in 1855, organized the building of the school to serve their community which included Freestone, Bodega and Valley Ford.

Mr. Watson donated the land. The community donated their skills, time and materials. Redwood was harvested and milled nearby in what is now Joy Woods. The community as a whole built the school, proof of which is evident in its construction. A lack of consistency in framing from one side of the building to the other is due to the joint effort by the Pioneer families.

The simple gable (Greek revival origins) with a small bell tower was a typical design of one-room schools at that time. A unique characteristic of this building is a sloping floor from rear toward the front forming an amphitheater seating arrangement for the desks. Students liked to roll marbles down the floor for fun. Oil lamps were used for lighting until electric lights were installed in the early 1900’s. A wood stove served as heating for the life of the school.

During the 111 years the school was opened, the enrollment varied. When the school opened in 1856 there were 11 students. During the 1920’s there were as many as 35. When the school closed in 1967 there were 10 students. One teacher taught multiple grades. The teacher would lecture one grade level while others were reading or completing assignments. Older students would help the younger students, creating a family type atmosphere.

The school had many talented teachers during its existence, one of the most memorial being Margaret M. Witham. She taught at Watson school from 1902 until her retirement in 1950. Living one mile east of the school, Margaret walked to school every day until her later years. She taught approximately 350 students during her career here and as testament to her talent one student at her retirement described her as follows, “She is gifted with a practical mind, a fine sense of humor and a strong sense of her responsibilities. Her quiet impact on the minds and hearts of her pupils have shown unusually lasting and gratifying effects.” Margaret’s sister Louise was also a teacher and taught here in 1891. Louise then spent 50 years teaching at Freestone, two miles east.

The last teacher at the school from 1955 through 1967 was Alice Entzminger who said, “it was more like a family than like a school. I had no discipline problems; these children came from homes where they knew how to work and be obedient. They were never out of order.”

In 1967, the Board of Trustees made the decision to close the school and donate it to Sonoma County Regional Parks. The preservation of the school as a historical landmark was important. In 1978, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Today. Watson District School is a testament of the frontier spirit of early California and the dedication of the community it served.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Newman Community and Cemetery

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Texas, Fisher County, near Sylvester
Jim Newman, one of Fisher County’s earliest settlers, established a ranch in this area about 1879. The community that developed near his ranch was named Newman when the county’s first post office opened here in 1881. The town consisted of the old Newman and Union Hall schools, a post office / grocery store, and the Newman Baptist Church by 1901.
     The Newman Cemetery was legally set aside in a deed conveying property at this site for cemetery purposes in 1906. The first persons buried here were Miller Phigpen and J.E.W. Scott in 1906. Among the sixteen veterans of various wars buried here is American Civil War veteran R.L. Creswell.
     The Methodist Episcopal Church built a sanctuary here about 1908. Union Hall and old Newman schools consolidated in 1913, and in 1924 a new brick schoolhouse was constructed. In 1929 the Methodist Episcopal and Baptist churches erected new sanctuaries. A steady decline in the area’s population resulted in the dissolution of the Methodist Church in 1940, the school in the early 1940s and the Baptist Church about 1950. Vestiges of the town’s church and school structures and the still active Newman Cemetery are all that remain of the former town of Newman.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Woods Chapel Cemetery

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Texas, Fisher County, near McCaulley
Settlement of this area of Fisher County began in the early 1880s. A small frame building, erected near this site in 1883-1884, was used as a school and church. A cemetery was established and was in use by 1884. The church was named in honor of its first pastor, J.B. Woods.
     Among the first settlers here were Henry Clay Lyon (1815-1889) and his family. Lyon, a native of Tennessee, was a veteran of the Republic of Texas Army as well as the Confederate forces of the Civil War. Although Lyon is buried in the Woods Chapel Cemetery, a granite marker in his honor was placed in the Roby Cemetery at the site of the graves of his wife and children. Plans to reinter him next to his widow during the Texas Centennial of 1936 were never completed.
     The earliest marked grave in the Woods Chapel Cemetery is that of Sarah H. Lawrence (1881-1884), a granddaughter of Henry C. Lyon. Of the twenty-six marked graves here, thirteen are those of infants or small children. The graveyard also contains at least twenty-eight unmarked graves. An important part of Fisher County history, the cemetery is the site of an annual San Jacinto Day observance on April 21.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Family Home of B.J. Westlund, then Roy Rogers

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California, San Bernardino County, Apple Valley

Historical Point of Interest
Family Home of
B.J. Westlund, then
Roy Rogers
Town of Apple Valley

(Entertainment • Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Howell's Tavern

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New York, Niagara County, Cambria
Oldest clapboard house in Niagara County. Built by William Howell on 1801 log cabin site of Philip Beach, first settler. First town meeting held here.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Historic Route 66 Ribbon Road - Sidewalk Highway

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Oklahoma, Ottawa County, near Miami

Completed in 1922 as Federal Highway Project No. 8. Running 15.46 miles from Miami to Afton. The only remaining 9' section of original pavement on the old Route 66 system, taken out of service in 1937. A National Register of Historic Places Site.

[Dedicated] 10-23-12

(Man-Made Features • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Tribute of Love

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New York, Erie County, Amherst

A tribute of love
to the memory of
all Amherst men
and women who
made the supreme
sacrifice and of
gratitude to those
who served our
country and returned.

Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Saint Joseph Church

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Louisiana, Jefferson Parish, Gretna

Father T. Anwander, C.SS.R., with a
group of laymen, organized the mother
church of West Jefferson in 1857.
Previously Redemptorists crossing
the Mississippi from the city of
Lafayette had served the German, Irish,
French and American-born Catholics
of Mechanicks' Village or Mechanikham,
planned by surveyor Benjamin Buisson
with a square ground for a church.
Father (Later Canon) J.B. Bogaerts
served as pastor, 1863-1871, and
organized the St. Joseph Benevolent
Association. MSGR. P.M.H. Wynhoven
opened during his tenure, 1917-1935,
several of the 13 Parishes formed
up to now from the original
St. Joseph Parish.

(Churches, Etc. • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Central Presbyterian Church

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo

Central
Presbyterian Church
Founded
November 14, 1835
Moved to this site
May 7, 1910

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Leonidas Polk

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Louisiana, Lafourche Parish, Thibodaux

Born April 10, 1806
in Raleigh
North Carolina
Died June 14, 1864
at Pine Mountain
Georgia
First Bishop of
Louisiana
1841——1864
Organized Saint
John's Church

(Churches, Etc. • Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cosmopolitan Corner

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Kansas, Cherokee County, Riverton

The people of the Cherokee Nation left a lasting legacy to this corner of the State.

The 1836 Treaty of New Echota forced the removal of the Cherokee Nation from lands east of the Mississippi to the new Indian Territory. In addition to the land reserved in modern-day Oklahoma, a strip of roughly 800,000 acres of future Kansas land was also made available to the Cherokee as "Neutral Lands." Encompassing all of modern-day Cherokee and Crawford Counties, this land was intended to separate the white settlers of the east from the Indians of the west. The ultimate success of this land policy is questionable. In 1866, the Cherokee ceded the Neutral Lands back to the United States government. This ground immediately became a part of the State of Kansas.

William Quantrill and his Rebel forces clashed with Union troops in the Baxter Springs Massacre.

On October 6, 1863, Colonel William Quantrill led approximately 400 rebel guerillas westward out of Missouri toward the site of Fort Blair. This Union garrison was located near the Spring River in the area known as Baxter Springs. Quantrill split his forces into two parties. The smaller of these two groups initially engaged the troops at Fort Blair and were repelled. Meanwhile the larger group, lead by Quantrill himself, chanced upon a Union wagon train just north of the fort. The caravan, travelling south from Fort Scott, included General William [sic - James G.] Blunt and about 100 others. Ambushed, the wagon train was decimated and though Blunt escaped, roughly 90 Union troops were massacred.

The mining industry brought robber barons and ne'er-do-wells alike to Southeast Kansas.

In its hey day, the Tri-State mining industry brought tremendous prosperity to the city of Galena. The popular Sapp Opera House hosted plays, orchestras, boxing matches, and even Harry Houdini. Modern-day Schermerhorn Park is built on 22 acres of land granted to the city by Edgar Schermerhorn, a self-made mining tycoon.

With such wealth came corruption. No sooner was Galena a city than it had its own vice district. "Red Hot Street" became an established row of saloons, gambling joints and bawdy houses by the late 1870's and was reportedly frequented by the likes of Jesse and Frank James.

[Photo captions read]
American Bank Mural

Located on the south side of the American Bank building in Baxter Springs, this sculpture includes 450 separate 8-inch square tiles. Installed in 1995, it depicts the different eras of Baxter Springs' history.

National Plot
Located just two miles west of the Byway in the Baxter Springs City Cemetery, the National Plot was established in 1869 as a burial site for those Union soldiers killed in the Baxter Springs Massacre.

Galena Murder Bordello
This restored home offers tours and even overnight stays devoted to the story of Madame Staffleback. The murderous madam killed and robbed some 50 clients at a house of prostitution in Galena in the 1890's.

(Industry & Commerce • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hero's Tomb

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Louisiana, Saint James Parish, South Vacherie

Veterans Memorial Monument

There have been only two persons
willing to die for you;
one died for your freedoms,
the other died for your soul

For those who fought for it,
freedom has a special taste,
the protected will never know

(War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Crossroads of Kansas

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Kansas, Cherokee County, Riverton

You stand just miles north of one of Kansas' oldest highways: the Black Dog Hunting Trail.

In order to provide a supply route between seasonal hunting grounds, the indigenous people of the Osage Nation blazed a trail in the first decade of the 19th century that ran roughly between present-day Baxter Springs and Arkansas City, Kansas. Named for their chief at that time, the Black Dog Hunting Trail spanned over 120 miles of prairie and is followed today by Kansas Highway 166. Begun in 1803, it is said that the trail was wide enought for thirty horses to travel abreast.

Decades before the advent of Route 66, this region was a hub of interstate multi-modal transit.

Following the efforts of the Osage, the next road built through this region was the Frontier Military Road. Completed in 1845, it connected Fort Leavenworth in the north to Fort Gibson in the south and was the region's primary transit corridor prior to railroads.

Immediately following the Civil War, Baxter Springs became the terminus of the Eastern Shawnee Trail, a cattle trail that brought large herds of Texas longhorns northward to market. The fledgling village became a booming cow town overnight. The first railroad arrived in 1870 when the Missouri River, Ft. Scott & Gulf Railroad extended its line from Fort Scott to Baxter Springs. In 1901, the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad extended a line from Parsons eastward to Galena and on to Joplin.

In 1918, at the height of the mining boom, the Southwest Missouri Electric Railway extended a branch from Galena through Baxter Springs to Picher, Oklahoma. Until the tracks were pulled up in 1937, this tri-state trolley was the primary form of interurban transit in the region.

[Photo captions read]
Chief Black Dog

Black Dog (or Manka-Chonka) was the leader of the western band of the Osage Nation and is credited with engineering the Black Dog Hunting Trail. Shown here in an 1834 portrait by George Catlin, Black Dog was known to stand around 7 feet tall and weigh an estimated 300 pounds.

M-K-T Railroad Depot
The Missouri-Kansas-Texas (M-K-T, or Katy) Railroad first passed through Galena in 1901. The City relocated the original depot to its present site on the Byway in 1984. Today it houses the Galena Historical & Mining Museum.

Kansas Historic Route 66
The famed highway, pictured here near the Marsh Arch "Rainbow" Bridge, was far from the first travelway to cross this part of Kansas

(Industry & Commerce • Native Americans • Railroads & Streetcars • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

"New Territory"

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Oklahoma, Osage County, Hominy

"New Territory" is local artist, Cha' Tullis' depiction of years past as a party of Indians top a hill to find a valley with fresh running water; a perfect place to camp and rest. Made of 1/4" sheet steel, pipe and sucker rods, the sculptured scene is a fitting addition to Hominy, City of Murals. Fifteen figures weighing from 1200 to 2000 lbs each are set in cement. The tallest is 19 1/2 feet; the shortest is 16 feet. Tullis has painted murals on exterior walls of the city and placed sculptured figures on a hill top, thus giving his art as a gift for the world to enjoy.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Environment • Man-Made Features • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Marland Filling Station

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Oklahoma, Osage County, Hominy

This property
has been placed on the
National Register
of Historic Places

by the United States
Department of the Interior

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of the First Osage Agency Building

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Oklahoma, Osage County, Pawhuska

This marks the site of the
First Osage Agency Building
erected by
the Department of the Interior
for
the Osage Indians.

(Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

"Osage in the Enemy Camp"

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Oklahoma, Osage County, Pawhuska

Seeking to attain his tribe's highest
war honor by touching his enemy.

By Pawhuska Sculptor
John D. Free Sr.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Man-Made Features • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

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