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Esquimalt Naval Sites

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British Columbia, Victoria, Esquimalt
The long naval presence here has produced a unique legacy among defence sites in Canada. From its establishment in 1865 until Britain's Royal Navy withdrew in 1906, Esquimalt served as headquarters of the vast Pacific Station. In the Dockyard, the Admiralty built wooden storehouses and repair shops for the Pacific fleet. Well-crafted brick buildings, many still in use, replaced the original structures in the 1890s. A hospital complex was installed at nearby Pilgrim Cove. Sailors who succumbed to disease or to the hazards of life at sea were buried in the Royal Navy Cemetery. Cole Island, isolated at the northern tip of Esquimalt Harbour, housed gunpowder and high explosives. In 1910, the new Royal Canadian Navy took over the base, eventually expanding the Dockyard and hospital sites to provide training and administrative facilities, and the heavy industrial complexes needed to service the modern Canadian fleet. These sites embody more than a century's evolution of naval defence by British and Canadian forces.

La longue présence de la marine a laissé ici un ensemble unique d'une grande richesse patrimoniale. Après son établissement en 1865 et jusqu'au départ de la Marine royale britannique en 1906, la base d'Esquimalt servit de quartier général pour les opérations dans le Pacifique. Au chantier naval, l'Amirauté avait érigé des magasins et des ateliers en bois pour l'entretien de la flotte. Ils furent remplacés dans les années 1890 par des bâtiments élégants et bien construits en brique. L'hôpital fut installé tout près, à l'anse Pilgrim. Les marins qui y décédaient et ceux qui mouraient en mer étaient enterrés dans le cimetière de la base. L'île Cole, isolée à la pointe nord du port d'Esquimalt, abritait le dépôt de munitions. La nouvelle Marine royale du Canada, qui occupa les lieux dès 1910, ajouta au chantier naval et à l'hôpital des bâtiments destinés à la formation et à l'administration, ainsi que les complexes industriels nécessaires à l'entretien d'une flotte moderne. Tous ces sites illustrent l'évolution de la défense navale par les forces britanniques et canadiennes pendant plus d'un siècle.

(Military) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

The Peace Mural

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United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, County Londonderry, Derry-Londonderry


This mural shows a dove and an oak leaf, as symbols of hope for the city’s future. The dove is the name of St Columba, the city’s founder, who is said to have built his monastery in an oak grove. The background mosaic of the colours of the spectrum expresses what the Artists mean by peace.

The colours of the mural say that peace without freedom is no peace at all.

(Churches, Etc. • Civil Rights • Peace • Politics) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Battle of the Bogside

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United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, County Londonderry, Derry-Londonderry


[Side A]
On 12 August 1969, as the Apprentice Boys Parade passed the edge of the Bogside, nationalists clashed with parade followers and police. The police and loyalists followed the nationalists back into the Bogside, where defences had been prepared. For the next three days this community held off a sustained attack from the police, who couldn’t pass the defenders on the roof of Rossville Flats. On 14 August the British army was brought in to replace the defeated and exhausted police.

Cath Thaobh An Bhogaigh
Ar an 12 Lúnasa 1969, mar a chuaigh Paráid na bPrintíseach thar imeall Thaobh an Bhogaigh, chuaigh náisiúnaithe i ngleic le leantóirí na Paráide agus le péas. Lean na peas agus na dílseoirí na náisiúnaithe ar ais isteach i dTaobh an Bhogaigh, mar ar ullmhaíodh cosaintí. Le linn na chéad frí lá eile choinnigh an pobal seo ionsaí marthanach ós na peas nach bhféadfadh dul thar na cosantóiri ar dhíon Árasáin Rossville. Ar an 14 Lúnasa tugadh Arm na Breataine isteach chun na peas cloíte agus traochta a ionadú.

[Front side photo captions read from top to bottom]
RUC office in full riot gear.

Bogside youths on the roof of Rossville Street high flats.

RUC officers use their shields for protection from a hail of missiles.

Hundreds of CS Gas cannisters were fired into the Bogside over the three days. (All photos courtesy of Barney McMonagle.)

[Side B]
Aggro Corner


Aggro Corner was the area between the British army and RUC in Williams Street and the no-go area of the Bogside. It was a regular battle ground between soldiers and youths from Free Derry where clouds of CS gas and a hail of rubber bullets met stones and petrol bombs.

(Civil Rights • Disasters • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mc Nutt, Phelan, and Mc Shane Memorial

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United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, County Londonderry, Derry-Londonderry


In proud and loving memory of

I.N.L.A. Volunteer Colm Mc Nutt
Killed in Action 12th Decembert 1977

Comrade Patrick “Hessy” Phelan
Murdered in New York, 21st January 1996

Comrade Dermot “Tonto” Mc Shane
Murdered by British Army, 13th July 1996

“thig leo an reabhlóideach a mharú,
Ach ní thig leo an réabhlóid a mharú choiche”

(Civil Rights • Patriots & Patriotism • Politics) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Story of the Land

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Minnesota, Renville County, near Morton

Before the Battle
When glaciers receded from this region thousands of years ago, they left behind huge rivers and lakes in a broad valley.

Over time, the valley became filled with tallgrass prairies, small lakes, and the waterway known today as the Minnesota River. When Dakota people came to this region, they lived throughout the valley.

After the Dakota sold much of the area to the U.S. government in 1851, they lived on reservation land along the river. In 1858 a stretch of reservation land—including what became Birch Coulee Battlefield—was ceded to the U.S. and made available to settlers.

Since no one had settled on the area near Birch Coulee by the time of the battle, it was still covered with prairie grass and dotted with wetlands. These natural features—and the coulee itself—were an advantage to Dakota forces.

What's a coulee?
Coulee is a French word for a deep streambed with steep sides that is either dry or filled with water. At the time of the battle, the coulee provided a natural hiding spot for the Dakota fighters.

After the Battle
Soon after 1862, the Birch Coulee battle site became a farm field. In 1898 the Minnesota Valley Historical Society placed four commemorative plaques here, and in 1929 Birch Coulee State Park was established. Although a planned U.S. veterans' cemetery was never completed, one veteran and his wife are buried on the land.

After the Minnesota Historical Society (MHS) acquired the land in 1976, two archaeological investigations were conducted. The site had been plowed by farmers and pillaged by souvenir hunters, so few battle objects remained. But archaeologists did learn how the land looked and what grew on it at the time of the battle.

By combining this information with written memories of battle survivors, MHS was able to restore some features of the battlefield as they looked in 1862. As you follow the walking trail, you'll see elements of the landscape that made a crucial difference to the men who fought here.

Minnesota Historical Society
Birch Coulee Battlefield


(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Park and Shop!

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District of Columbia, Washington
Back in the 1920s, most people walked or rode a streetcar to go shopping. Then cars became affordable, and people drove everywhere. Soon the shopping center, with free parking, was born. In 1937 Brightwood's "Park and Shop" opened on Georgia Avenue across from this sign.

Birghtwood's center included the 1,000 seat Sheridan Theater. The Classical Moderne style hall, by nationally know architect John Eberson, matched local architect Morton Levy's retail shops. Six local businesses shared the space with national chains Kresge's and A&P.

By the 1950s Georgia Avenue enterprises reflected Brightwood's ethnic mix, with many operated by Greek, Italian and Jewish merchants. A few blocks north of here was Silbert's Kosher Meat Market. To your right at 6214 Georgia Avenue was the Waffle shop/John's Lunch, owned by John and Evthokia Deoudes. Their son Logan recalled that they served American food "done with Greek hands...which put better flavor in the food." The Deoudes family, including Greco the dog, is immortalized in George Pelecanos's novel, Hard Revolution. Real estate broker and Greek language radio show host Penelope Apostolides rented the Sheridan Theater to show Greek films. Two generations of the Caludis family ran Arrow Cleaners at 6233 Georgia Avenue.

While the rioting that followed the assassination of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., in 1968 spared this area, it spurred dozens of middle-class families to move to the suburbs. Business soon suffered, and vacant storefronts became common. In the 1970s the Sheridan became a live theater, briefly housing the Black American Theater. Later it became a church. By the end of the 1990s, though, new back-t-the-city investments and community activism brought promise of revitalization.

(African Americans • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 13 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Palace of the Captaincy General

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Guatemala, Sacatepéquez, La Antigua
Palacio de los Capitanes Generales del Reyno de Goathemala Durante 231 años esta ciudad fue la metropoli de Centro America

English translation: Palace of the Captaincy General of the Kingdom of Goathemala During 231 years this city was the metropolis of Central America

(Colonial Era • Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

C. L. Dellums

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California, Alameda County, Oakland
I am the Master of my fate / I am the Captain of my soul

Sculptor: Carol Tarzier

Funded by Federal Transportation Enhancement Activities Grant
Commissioned by City of Oakland Public Works Agency

encircling the base

1923 - Arrives in Oakland
1925 - Organizes Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters on the West Coast
1929 - Vice President of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters until 1958
1941 - Begins Battle for Fair Employment Practices
1948 - Chairman of the West Coast NAACP
1959 - Serves as Fair Employment Practices Commission until 1986

(African Americans • Labor Unions) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mill Town History

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Maryland, Howard County, Ellicott City
You now stand in front of Gary Memorial United Methodist Church, one of the remaining structures built during an era when the mill towns not only produced the commerce of trade, but also developed communities that would shape the lives of generations. This marker is a testament to the history of a small town cradled be the Patapsco River Valley and the people who would come to know its banks as home.

The original settlement of Elysville dates back to 1810 when the family of Thomas Ely came to this part of the country and built a textile mill. The family of James S. Gary purchased the town in 1853 and renamed it Alberton in honor of son Albert Gary. The factory remained in the family until 1940 when the Daniels Company bought the town and changed its name to Daniels.

While most of the town was located on the Howard County side, village residences and churches were also constructed across the Patapsco River in Baltimore County. As a result, four areas of housing emerged: Guilford, Calf Hollow, Lower Brick Row, and Upper Brick Row.

By the late 1960s, approximately 90 families lived in Daniels. In 1968, residents were given notice that the town's owner, the C.R. Daniels Company, would close all housing within a few years. History would prove this decision to be wise. In June, 1972, tropical storm Agnes unleashed its force on the Patapsco River Valley destroying everything in its path. In the wake of the storm, the mill, which had operated for nearly 130 years, would close. Although portions of the town's buildings still remain, the only structure to survive intact would be Gary United Methodist Church - the church on Standfast Hill.

Still standing after tropical storm Agnes, the retaining wall, located along Daniels Road, suffered structural failure in the late 1990s. The board of Gary Memorial UMC appointed Clare Straw as chair of the restoration committee charged with its repair. As initial steps were being taken, he suffered serious illness that would lead to his death before the project's completion in the summer of 2005. This marker not only gives witness to the history of the Patapsco River Valley; it stands as a memorial to our brother, Clare Straw, who rejoined the Father before his work here could be finished.

All history is filled with the paradox of tragedy and human triumph, achievement and goodness. One constant is the reality, power and goodness of God, demonstrated abundantly by this marker. Throughout all the changing scenes here in the Patapsco River Valley, God's faithfulness to his children has remained constant and sure.

It is rewarding to look back across the years and give God thanks for His blessings and for all those whose dedication and faithfulness had helped preserve what we have today. While doing that, our challenge down the road is to rededicate ourselves to God's work in this place for years to come.

Text with upper left photo: Aerial View of Daniels, November 27, 1956 Clearly visible is the mill complex of the C.R. Daniels Company. The distinctive cupola of the bell tower is prominent. The former st. Alban's Church on the green sits to the upper right. The town featured a company store and was encircled by rows of housing. The railroad bridge still remains in use today, although the mill race seen here that used to provide power for the operation was restored to land. Note the swinging pedestrian bridge parallel to the railroad tracks once connecting both sides of the river.

Text with lower left photo: Church on Standfast Hill, c. 1890 This vista of western Alberton shows both the 1879 Gary Memorial Church and the town's public school located uphill. The town's icehouse is seen in the foreground to the bottom right. After suffering a partial collapse, the angled granite retaining wall below the church was restored by the congregation in 2005.

Text with upper center photo: Housing in Daniels, c. 1968 Duplexes like these below Gary Memorial existed throughout town. Notice the carved out steps in the foreground along with the low retaining wall still in place today.

Text with lower middle-left photo: View of Agnes, June 1972 From this viewpoint, flood waters created by tropical storm Agnes have covered the dam located in the middle distance. The result of this disaster would ultimately place the area on the National Register of Historic Places.

Text with lower middle-right photo: A photo of the mill factory and valley swelled with the waters of the Patapsco River following tropical storm Agnes.

Text with upper right photo: Retaining Wall Damage, July 2004 Damage dates back to the Winter of 1999. By the Summer of 2004, only vines remain where a portion of the granite wall once stood for over a century. The construction technique employed a gravity-based system to anchor the structure, eliminating the need to build into the hillside. Evidence of this can be seen in the interlocking material still intact along the top center. Nature also reclaimed much of the wall's facade. Retained storm water over time most likely caused the wall's structural failure.

Text with lower right photo: Wall Restoration, September 2005 The wall facade, now fully intact, resembles past images of the church grounds. Trees were removed and cleared to open views of the church from Daniels Road. Notice the brick classroom and meeting hall addition behind the tree line in the top center. Further enhancement of the grounds will include drainage redirection and landscaping of areas opposite the dam to reinforce this gateway feature.

(Churches, Etc. • Disasters • Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

From June to December, 1917

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District of Columbia, Washington
From June to December 1917 members of the National Woman's Party were imprisoned for picketing the White House to publicize the struggle to win the vote for Women. Those incarcerated in the District of Columbia's workhouse in Occoquan, Virginia suffered horrible conditions and mistreatment, including being given rancid, insect-laden food; to protest some went on hunger strikes and were brutally force-fed. The 72 year campaign for women's suffrage ended in 1920 with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

These Concrete entrance steps are the only two architectural elements remaining from the demolished women's workhouse.

(Civil Rights • Politics) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Paul Robeson (1898 - 1976)

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
A Rutgers athlete and Columbia law graduate, Robeson won renown as a singer and actor. He was a noted interpreter of Negro spirituals. His career suffered because of his political activism, and he lived his last years here in retirement.

(African Americans • Arts, Letters, Music • Entertainment • Politics) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Voorhees State Park

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New Jersey, Hunterdon County, High Bridge
Foster M. Voorhees, born in Clinton in 1856, served as the 37th & 39th governor of NJ from 1898 to 1902. After his death in 1927, his farm here became Voorhees Park

(Notable Places • Politics) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lebanon Township Veterans Monument

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New Jersey, Hunterdon County, Woodglen
Dedicated to the men and women of Lebanon Township who devotedly served their country in time of war.

(War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Port of Entry Marker and Wilson Boat House

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New York, Niagara County, Wilson
This stone commemorates Wilson Harbor as a Port of Entry. The early growth of Wilson Harbor was spearheaded by Luther Wilson (first son of our founder Reuben Wilson). In the late 1800's this area contained many boathouses and storehouses, used to store small rowboats and, in later years, early powered launches used for fishing. These boats were also used to ferry people to and from Sunset Island. Summer resort guests, along with local people, would rent rowboats, canoes, fishing poles and bait, after which they would spend a day on the lake or in the harbor. The structure that is now the current Wilson Boat House was built in the early 1900's as a fresh fish market. A large motor launch was used for fishing and to provide ferry service to Sunset Island. It has been added to and remodeled many times over the years and has even survived a fire in the 1950's. - as told by C. F. Horton. Wilson Boathouse & Fish Market circa 1930's.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

29 West Main Street

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Maryland, Frederick County, Middletown
The original frame house that was constructed on this site appears to have been constructed around 1850. Since about 1885, the first floor of the building was used for a variety of Businesses, including a confectionary, a clothing store, a harness shop & cobbler. The building was used for first floor apartment uses until 1990 when the building was demolished to make way for the addition to the Grangers Mutual Insurance company. The building was later purchased by Burgess and commissioners of Middletown.

(Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Arnett Building

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Maryland, Frederick County, Middletown
In the 1890's Mr. Ezra Minnick, a Well-known county magistrate, operated a little store at this location. In 1917 Mr. Ola E. Fink bought the property and built the present red brick structure where he owned and operated a general store. Sometime in the 1930's, the Gladhill furniture company used the commercial space as their retail showroom. Then in the 1950's the "American Store" (Acme) occupied this site. Later in 1978 Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth Arnett purchased the building and operated a grocery store for many years.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Two Men, One War

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Minnesota, Renville County, near Morton

The story of Birch Coulee is told vividly by the men who fought here.

As you move along this trail, you will follow the stories of two men: Joseph Anderson, a captain in the U.S. Army, and Wamditanka (Big Eagle), a Mdewakanton chief.

Anderson, one of two U.S. commanders at Birch Coulee, led a mounted force called the Cullen Frontier Guards. Wamditanka was one of four Dakota leaders here. Their memories of the battle were published in the St. Paul Pioneer Press in 1894. Anderson wrote a letter to a fellow veteran that was reprinted in the newspaper, and Wamditanka was interviewed through an interpreter.

Combined Forces

The Dakota Indians living in Minnesota in 1862 belonged to four bands: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Sisseton, and Wahpeton. The Dakota leaders who fought at Birch Coulee belonged to two of those bands. Wamditanka, Mankato (Blue Earth), and Zitkadaska (Gray Bird) were Mdewakanton leaders, while Hushasha (Red Legs) was a Wahpekute chief. Wamditanka recalled that the two Dakota men killed during the battle—a Wahpekute and a Sisseton—belonged to Hushasha's band.

Minnesota Historical Society
Birch Coulee Battlefield


(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

South Base Area

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Utah, Tooele County, Wendover
Looking south, there are several bunkers visible which were used to store the munitions used in training. Buildings to the right of the bunkers were used late in the wartime period for the development of the atomic bombs, Little Boy & Fat Man as well as practice bombs called 'Pumpkins'.

The tower to the west of the long buildings is not historic, but was constructed for the filming of 'Independence Day'.

Looking southeast is the 'Gun Butt' structure used to test aircraft machine guns.

(Air & Space • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Place of Refuge

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Virginia, Henrico County, near Glendale
The Crew house and its outbuildings soon became one of the battlefield's most recognizable features. Little is known of the family that lived here during the war other than that they did not remain inside the home during the battle. However, Union soldiers, especially the wounded, sought out its protection. A nearby well proved especially popular, providing cool water to soothe those suffering from thirst. Sadly, many brought here did not survive.

"We proceeded to the small enclosed garden facing James River, which was in front of the house, and we found our progress to the steps of the front porch obstructed by the Federal dead. The wounded had all been moved, but there were a dozen bodies lying in the small enclosure, and in order to open our way it was necessary to remove three dead men before we could reach the porch." — Joseph C. Brent, Confederate staff officer

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Itasca State Park Centennial

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Minnesota, Clearwater County, near Shevlin
The name "Itasca" was coined specifically from the Latin words "Veritas caput" -- literally meaning "true head" -- by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft in 1832. Led by Ozawindib, an Ojibwe guide who knew the upper reaches of the Mississippi River and its headwaters lakes. Schoolcraft was able to document the true source of America's greatest river, a feat that had eluded many previous explorers, including Zebulon Pike, Lewis Cass, and Giacomo Beltrami.

More than a half century passed before surveyor Jacob V. Brower, known today as the "father of Itasca," began his efforts to establish the area as a state park. At a time when most of Minnesota was not yet homesteaded and logging was the state's major industry, Brower struggled against tremendous odds and opposition to preserve this special place for future generations. Finally, in 1891, the legislature passed by one vote an act establishing 20,000 acres around Lake Itasca as Minnesota's first state park. Brower was named the first park commissioner, a position from which he staunchly fought poachers, politicians, and lumbermen. While he only partially succeeded in stopping logging before his death in 1905, he predicted that Itasca "will become easily accessible and of great value as a public resort," a remarkably accurate vision.

On the centennial of this park, 32,000 acres are now protected and enjoyed by over a half million visitors each year. Efforts are underway to begin a major pine restoration program to ensure the existence of giant pines and a diverse northwoods ecosystem for the next century and beyond.

(Environment • Exploration • Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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