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Barcroft Community House

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Virginia, Arlington County, Arlington
The Barcroft Community house was constructed in 1908 as a branch chapel of the Methodist church. It was sold in 1914 to the neighborhood civic association, the Barcroft School and Civic League. The building served as the Barcroft neighborhood public school from 1908 until 1925. It was a one-room schoolhouse until the 1913 rear addition allowed for a second schoolroom. The front porch, indoor stage and plumbing were added after 1925. The Barcroft School and Civic League continues to own and use the Community House for neighborhood activities and meetings. In 1995, the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

(Churches, Etc. • Education) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Southwest No. 6 Boundary Marker

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Virginia, Arlington County, Arlington
The U.S. Government erected 40 sandstone markers on the boundaries of the District of Columbia in 1791 and 1792. The boundary survey was initiated by President George Washington and executed by Andrew Ellicott, who became Surveyor General of the United States, and black freeman astronomer Benjamin Banneker. The donation of land from Virginia and Maryland fulfilled Article I, Section 8, Clause 12 of the U.S. Constitution, which set aside 10 square miles for the nation’s capital. This stone marked the jurisdiction of the U.S. and that of Virginia. In 1846, Congress returned the land Virginia had donated.

(African Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Carl Dewey Perkins

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Kentucky, Knott County, Hindman

Carl D. Perkins was born, reared, and educated in Knott County and never called another place on Earth his home. He served as chairman of the House Committee on Education and Labor for 17 years. His leadership and influence were etched into virtually every piece of social legislation enacted by the Congress during his years there.

Perkins worked tirelessly for the landmark Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965; the Vocation Education Act; the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969; the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970; school lunch and nutrition programs for children and the elderly; decent housing for all; special programs for senior citizens; flood control; conservation of human and natural resources; and community development.

Carl Perkins' dream of a better life for the underprivileged of his native Eastern Kentucky and the entire nation does not end here. Those who loved him and those inspired by his dedication and his boundless energy carry on his work. The dream will never die.

(Politics) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

County Named, 1884

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Kentucky, Knott County, Hindman
For J. Proctor Knott during term as Governor of Kentucky, 1883-87. Knott born Marion Co., Ky., 1830. Missouri Legislature, 1851-59. Att. Gen., 1859-60. Returned Ky., 1863. U.S. Congress six terms. Famous as humorous and satirical orator. In the 1891 Const. Conv. took lead in keeping capitol at Frankfort. First Law Dean, Centre College, 1891-1901. Died in 1911.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dr. Josiah H. Combs, 1886-1960 / Folk Music Scholar

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Kentucky, Knott County, Hindman

(Side 1)
Dr. Josiah H. Combs, 1886-1960
Dr. Combs received Ph.D. degree from the Sorbonne in Paris, 1925. Married Charlotte Benard of France. He was a professor of foreign languages in many universities and a pioneer in research and the preservation of folklore, folk songs, and U.S. dialects. Combs had great affected for his fellow mountaineers. His father, John W. Combs, was state senator, 1904-06.

(Side 2)
Folk Music Scholar
Dr. Josiah H. Combs, born in Hazard, 1886, lived here from 1893-1920s. He distinguished himself as an educator and collector of American folk music. Began his study of folklore at Hindman Settlement School; one of two students in first graduating class, 1904. Combs collected mountain ballads and gave recitals from New York to Texas with his 3-string dulcimer.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Education) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pioneer Educator

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Kentucky, Knott County, Hindman
In 1889, George Clarke came to Hindman, licensed to practice law. Seeing the need of education, he established a subscription school with the help of the students and citizens. Educator, State School Inspector, member State Board of Examiners. Died, 1940. His epitaph reads: "Let God be praised and let Eastern Kentucky rejoice that so great a man once graced its soil."

(Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Granite Acroterion

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Virginia, Arlington County, Arlington
This acroterion originally decorated the pediment over the main entrance of the Abbey Mausoleum, which overlooked Arlington National Cemetery. Built in 1926 by the United States Mausoleum Company, the Romanesque-style building featured an impressive granite exterior and marble interior and drew comparisons to a cathedral. The mausoleum's thirteen stained glass windows, four of which are on view inside the library, are attributed to Louis C. Tiffany and Tiffany Studios, but it is not known who designed or carved the acroterion.

Once the favored final resting place for Arlington's and Washington's elite, the Abbey Mausoleum went bankrupt in 1957 and then fell into disrepair. Before the Mausoleum's demolition, Arlington County rescued the acroterion and the windows.

Now easily visible at eye-level rather than high above, the acroterion visually anchors the intersection of Washington Boulevard and McKinley Avenue and exists as an independent landmark, rather than one of many architectural ornaments.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Eagle City, Minnesota

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Minnesota, Sibley County, Winthrop
This is the approximate site of Eagle City which was settled in 1858 at the halfway point on the Henderson to Fort Ridgely Trail. This was the same year Minnesota became a state. A. (Michael) Cummings built a tavern/hotel which also became a United States Post Office. This post office is on display in the Sibley County Historical Museum in Henderson. Eagle City became a rest stop with food and drink for both stagecoach passengers and horses. The Cummings Hotel was destroyed by fire in 1862 during the Indian Wars. After the Civil War, Mr. Cummings rebuilt the tavern/hotel and again served as postmaster from his home located a short distance west of the hotel. From the 1870's to 1881, Ole Olson was the postmaster at his home located 2 miles north of Eagle City. It was in 1880 that the news came that a railroad would be built leading westerly through Sibley County. Settlers in the area immediately moved to assure that the railroad pass through the Eagle City vicinity. Erick and Brita Olson, who had homesteaded the land on which the city was platted, deeded 45 acres for the town site. The railroad bed was completed in the late fall of 1881, and the first train arrived on Christmas Eve in 1881. A railroad man, E.A. Campbell, named the rail station—Winthrop.

This sign placed by the Winthrop Community Historical Society in year 2006.

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars • Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Appomattox River Heritage Trail

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Virginia, Petersburg

Trail Sites

1. Pocahontas: In 1784, four small towns at the convergence of three counties (Pocahontas in Chesterfield, Blandford in Prince George, and Petersburg and Ravenscroft in Dinwiddie) were combined and incorporated as Petersburg, soon home to a large free black population, and Pocahontas was one of their principal communities.

2. AtIantic Coast Line Railroad Bridge (site): Only the piers remain from the 1909 ACL railroad bridge, which replaced the Richmond & Petersburg railroad causeway of 1838.

3. Pocahontas Bridge (site): A storied bridge was constructed here in 1752, the year the town of Pocahontas was established. It was abandoned soon after the construction of the diversion channel in 1909.

4. Appomattox Point: During the 18th century the community in this vicinity was called Appomattox, or Bolling’s Point.

5. Union Station (1909): Originally serving north-south and east-west rail traffic, Union Station still accommodated east-west passenger traffic until the late 1970s.

6. South Side Depot (1851-54): The oldest railroad station remaining in the Confederate South. By late 1864 the South Side Railroad was Lee’s last remaining supply line.

7. Flea Island: Three major bridges have crossed Flea Island: Browder’s (late 1750s), Hector McNeill’s (1803), and the South Side Railroad bridge (late 1850s).

8. Peter Jones Trading Post: Only ruins from one of Petersburg’s earliest stone buildings, known as “Peter Jones Trading Post,” remain.

9. Sturgeon Dam: Virginia’s largest and most intact weir fish dam, the Sturgeon Dam was used by Native Americans who taught early colonists how to operate it.

10. Harvell Dam: Located at the Great Falls and successor to a series of stone dams, Harvell Dam produced electric power into the late 20th century.

11. Campbell’s Bridge: In 1791, the first of a succession of bridges was constructed here at Narrow Falls to connect to north-bank mills.

12. Canal Mill Ruins: A) Water-powered mills have been located on the south side of the river since 1745, when William Pride built the south canal. B) For more than a century mills were also powered by the north canal, constructed in 1791.

13. Street of Mills: A series of mills along Canal Street utilized water flowing from the Upper Appomattox Canal Basin to the Appomattox River.

14. Canal Basin (site): Abandoned early in the 20th century, the basin of the Upper Appomattox Canal was once full of batteaux.

15. Merchant’s Mill Dam: Successor to Pride’s Mill Dam (1745), Merchant’s MIII Dam now drives water into both the north and south canals.

16. The Arches of Battersea Cotton Mill: The Battersea Cotton Mill, one of the largest along the river, discharged water from two water wheels here. These arches were an integral component of the mill foundations serving as the outfall for the canal waters that drove the mill.

17. Battersea: Col. John Banister constructed this fine Palladian villa in 1768 as a leisurely retreat on the outskirts of the burgeoning town of Petersburg.

18. Battersea Dam (Spike Dam): Built circa 1840, Battersea Dam was a “crib” dam made by stacking interlocking logs, spiking them to each other at the corners and to boulders at each end, and filling the crib with rocks. Canoeists call it Spike Dam because of the spikes they seek to avoid. Some of the spikes can still be seen embedded in the boulders when the river is low.

19. Battersea and Ettrick High Canals: A) From the south side of Battersea Dam, the Battersea Canal courses a mile down river to end at the Battersea Cotton Mill. B) The Ettrick High Canal begins at the north edge of Battersea Dam and runs 1.1 miles downriver to the Ettrick Manufacturing Company Cotton Mill.

20. The Quarry: This is an abandoned granite quarry from which stones to construct the canals were taken.

21. Indian Town Creek: In 1646, the Appomattox Indian5 were, by treaty, relocated to land along this stream, now called Rohoic Creek.

22. Aqueduct (1826): The Upper Appomattox Canal crossed high above the creek on a stone aqueduct south of the railroad. The canal allowed batteaux to bypass the rapids of the seven-mile fall line. To the west lie four abandoned staircase locks that carried batteaux down 29.32 feet to the level of the aqueduct.

23. The March to Fort Gregg: Here, on April 2, 1865, 300 Confederate soldiers crossed the Appomattox on a pontoon bridge en route to Fort Gregg (aka the Confederate Alamo), where they held off 5,000 Union forces in hand-to-hand combat, while Lee’s army established new positions behind Indian Town Creek. After two hours, all Confederates were dead or wounded.

24. Ferndale Park (Appomattox Riverside Park): The park’s pond system was part of the Upper Appomattox Canal completed between 1807 and 1810. Benjamin H. Latrobe, often called “America’s first architect,” was hired to undertake a survey for the canal’s construction. Ferndale Park was the major area amusement park from 1910 to 1928.

The Realization of a Vision

The Appomattox River is a major tributary of the James River flowing east through central Virginia’s Piedmont coastal plain. It is an important regional resource that is unique and irreplaceable.

The Appomattox River Heritage Trail is a dynamic, growing trail system. It was created through the support of public and private partners working together to preserve, protect and interpret the river as the cultural and natural resource that is the heart of our regional identity. The trail offers a unique opportunity to experience the beauty and power of the Appomattox River. At several locations the trail connects to Petersburg’s historic downtown neighborhoods.

The rectangle in the key map to the right outlines the area shown on this map.

Thanks to the Historic Petersburg Foundation for the funding to produce this sign.

The Appomattox River Heritage Trail exists due to hard work, commitment and funding of the following: USDOT and VDOT Enhancement Funds; City of Petersburg; Friends of the Lower Appomattox; Crater Planning District Commission; Boy Scouts of America Petersburg troop 180; StudioAmmons, Inc.

This sign is on of a series of Appomattox River Heritage Trail signs funded in part by a grant from Philip Morris U.S.A.

(Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Canal Junction

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Indiana, Dearborn County, West Harrison

(Side 1)
The Whitewater Canal and the Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal joined in Harrison to provide better access to Cincinnati markets and Ohio River. Indiana Internal Improvement Act 1836 authorized Whitewater Canal; completed from Brookville to Lawrenceburg 1839. Nearby Dam No. 1 on Whitewater River created a pool for canal boats to cross the river.

(Side 2)
Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal incorporated by Ohio General Assembly 1837. Completed seven miles from Harrison (now West Harrison), Indiana to Dry Fork Creek, Ohio 1840. Twenty-five mile canal opened 1843 when 1, 782 foot tunnel completed at Cleves, Ohio. Traffic diverted to Cincinnati on this interstate transportation link diminished Lawrenceburg's importance as a market.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

1935

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Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Chelsea
Erected by the City of Chelsea to commemorate the service of her citizens in the World War and to hereby inscribe forever the names of these, her honored dead

(War, World I) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Iuka Normal

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Mississippi, Tishomingo County, Iuka
H.A. Dean & John Newhardt continuing work begun in 1857, opened Iuka Normal Institute in 1882. Their reputations brought students from throughout the South. Graduates won distinctions.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

When the Civil War Came to Indiana

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Indiana, Dearborn County, West Harrison

By July 1863, the American Civil War had entered its third brutal summer. In the East, Confederate forces commanded by Robert E. Lee successfully turned back repeated Union attempts to capture the Southern capital at Richmond. General Lee even managed to carry the war northward to the banks of Antietam Creek, Maryland — a battle famous today as the single "bloodiest" day of the entire war.

Ferocious battles had been fought in Virginia at places like Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, but slowly the stalemate was sapping the South of its vital manpower. In a bold campaign to take the war again onto Northern soil, Lee advanced his army into Pennsylvania. The three-day battle at Gettysburg would result in a decisive Confederate loss.

In the West, Union armies experienced numerous successes. They had repulsed a surprise Confederate attack at Shiloh, Tennessee, and stopped Confederate Braxton Bragg's Kentucky invasion at Perryville. Almost all of the Mississippi River was in Union hands, and Vicksburg, Mississippi, was on the verge of surrendering to the Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant. In middle Tennessee, Union General William Rosecrans was driving General Bragg back toward Chattanooga.

A bold Confederate strategy was needed — one that would dampen the North's desire to reinforce General Rosecrans' forces. In executing his portion of the strategy, General Bragg called on the special talents of Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan, the "Thunderbolt of the Confederacy." Morgan was a daring Confederate cavalry commander whose reputation was popularized in both the North and the South. He was directed to ride through the interior of Kentucky with his horsemen and disrupt Union activity wherever possible. To Morgan, the Ohio River was not to be a stopping point, but an opportunity to create even more chaos. At Brandenburg, Kentucky on July 8, 1863, Morgan disobeyed orders and crossed the Ohio. On July 13, Morgan crossed the Whitewater River at Harrison. The Raiders had swept through southern Indiana in six days. The pursuit would continue in Ohio until July 26 when Morgan was captured.


Note: You are reading the last of a series of 27 signs that have been placed on John Hunt Morgan's historic trail through southern Indiana.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Morgan's Great Raid

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Indiana, Dearborn County, West Harrison

July 8, 1863. Confederate General John Hunt Morgan and 2,000 cavalrymen crossed the Ohio River into Indiana. They were transported from Brandenburg, Kentucky, on two captured steamboats. For six days, the Raiders rode through Southern Indiana. Morgan and his men had conducted earlier raids, but this would be remembered as his Great Raid of 1863. It also was the only major military activity in Indiana during the Civil War.

July 9, 1863. The Battle of Corydon occurred as Morgan's men outflanked 450 men of the Indiana Legion (local Home Guards). It was written that the men, after entering Corydon, plundered to their "hearts' content."

July 10, 1863. The Raiders entered Salem where they looted the businesses and burned the railroad depot—no town in Indiana would suffer more. A Union cavalry force of 4,000, led by General Edward H. Hobson, was in pursuit. At Indianapolis, Governor Oliver P. Morton asked General Lew Wallace to command 13 regiments of "Minutemen." The Raiders passed through Vienna, advancing into Lexington, Indiana, at dusk.

July 11, 1863. At Vernon, the Raiders were turned back. This was the first and only time that they were forced to fall back while in Indiana. Morgan camped that night in Dupont.

July 12, 1863. The Raiders arrived in Versailles. Union General Hobson's cavalry was four hours behind. The Raiders left Versailles at 4 p.m. and headed east. The exhausted cavalrymen camped for the night in an area now known as St. Paul. Two miles to the north were 1,800 Union soldiers sleeping in railroad boxcars.

July 13, 1863. Morgan and the Raiders resumed their eastward course. Although tired from the rigorous travel and the lack of sleep, the Raiders continued to devastate the countryside. During the afternoon, Morgan's cavalrymen crossed the bridge into Harrison, Ohio. So ended the Indiana segment of Morgan's 1,000-mile Great Raid.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Copenhagen Civil War Memorial

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New York, Lewis County, Copenhagen
They need no monument those who fought and died for their country, but their country ever needs the memory and inspiration of their example. In honor of the boys in blue.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Morgan's Raiders Enter Ohio

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Indiana, Dearborn County, near West Harrison

During the afternoon of July 13, 1863, General John Hunt Morgan crossed the Whitewater River a few hundred yards north of this point. His exhausted men were strung out behind him, but managed to burn the wooden bridge once the straggling ranks were closed. They moved through West Harrison, Indiana, and into Ohio. Just as in Indiana, the Harrison, Ohio, stores were pillaged.

The advanced units of the Union cavalry reached this point one hour later, but were too exhausted to pursue further.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Patriot William Gray

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Mississippi, Tishomingo County, Iuka
Revolutionary War soldier who enlisted at Laurens County, SC, in 1778. Served three years. Fought at Kings Mountain, SC, the turning point battle of the Revolutionary War in the South. Patriot William Gray lies at rest with his family in old Gray Town Cemetery, approximately 15 miles NW of Iuka, MS, off Tishomingo Co. Road 388. Erected by The William Gray Chapters, Sons of the American Revolution, Tupelo, MS, in honor of Patriot William Gray's service in securing America's freedom.

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Martin's Tavern or Center House

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Pennsylvania, West Bradford Township, Chester County, near West Chester

For over 250 years, a building has stood on this site. First a house, probably built in 1750 for William and Abigail Clayton. In 1764, Joseph Martin built an addition and opened the Center House, or Martin's Tavern. For 200 years it functioned as a Tavern, hotel, Post Office, service station, and boarding house. Abandoned and gutted in the 1970's, it sat neglected and deteriorating for 30 years. By 2005, it was on the verge of collapse. The Friend of Martin's Tavern, a non-profit group of local volunteers, was formed to stabilize and preserve what remained of this historic structure to create a community park.
The Tavern Keepers
1764 – 1776: Joseph Martin • 1768: William Clayton • 1776 – 1786: Abraham Marshall, Owner • 1776: Robert Peoples, Keeper • 1778: Joseph Martin, James Porter, Keepers • 1779: James Bruce, Keeper • 1780 – 1783: Thomas Carpenter, Keeper • 1786 – 1804: Abraham Marshall • 1802: William Marshall • 1805 – 1808: James and Joseph Miller • 1809 – 1811; 1815 – 1816: Joseph Chamberlain • 1818 – 1833: Isaac Carpenter • 1834: John Worrall • 1835 – 1838: Thomas Carpenter •1839 – 1841: Milton Keech • 1842 – 1845: Israel Lamborn • 1846: Hanson Thornbury • 1847: Israel Lamborn • 1848: Richard Milleson • 1851 – 1858: Thomas and Richard Speakman • 1858 – 1866: John Steele • 1867: Elizabeth Milleson • 1868 – 1873: Robert B. Lilley • 1875 – 1876: William Steele • 1877: Benton Pierce French

“Remember what was; enjoy what is”

(Colonial Era • Industry & Commerce • Notable Buildings • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 16 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Martins Tavern and The Battle of Brandywine

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Pennsylvania, Marshallton, Chester County, near West Chester

Major General John Sullivan sent a message to George Washington, stating that reports of a British attempt to cross the Brandywine north of the Continental Army were false. Sullivan met “Major Joseph Spear of the Militia who came (last night) This morning from a Tavern called Martin’s on the forks of the Brandywine.” Spear rode from Martin’s Tavern to what is today Longwood Gardens without spotting the roughly 9,000 British who would soon pass to the south of Marshallton. This mistaken report led Washington to recall orders that may have changed the course of the battle.

Joseph Galloway’s spy map and presence at the Battle of Brandywine provided British General Sir William Howe with the information needed to defeat Washington. Galloway was a former speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly and leader of Pennsylvania’s Loyalists. His knowledge of the region around Martin’s Tavern, most importantly key fords crossing each branch of the Brandywine, gave Howe the opportunity to nearly surround the Continental Army. The Americans were not without local intelligence. Washington had at his disposal militia commander, John Hannum, and was eventually warned of Howe’s plan by Squire Thomas Cheyney, both of whom are mentioned as having spent the previous night at Martin’s Tavern. This map is the first drawing to record the exact location of Martin’s Tavern along the Strasburg Road.

(Colonial Era • Notable Events • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tavern Fare

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Pennsylvania, Chester County, near West Chester

Tavern Fare...
What sort of food was served at the Center House?


To date, no specific food has been linked to this particular tavern, but Joseph Martin would probably have provided 18th century Anglo-Welsh American “country food,” best described as plain and hearty.
Salted or smoked pork and beef products such as hams, bacon, dried ‘chipped’ beef and corned beef were often available year round. Baked goods included breads, biscuits, and pies. Breakfasts were usually cold meat “leftovers.” Dinner was available all afternoon, with seasoned vegetables, often broiled. Supper was soup, gruel, porridge, or ‘suppawn,’ corn meal mush. Flavorings were limited to salt and herbs, with black pepper and other spices in very limited amounts. Butter and cheese were locally available; fresh milk simply did not keep.

Potables

In 1798, Chester County had six malthouses and nine distilleries. The most common drinks were hard cider and “cider royal,” fortified with apple brandy. Rye whiskey often came from the west, while rum and gin occasionally appeared from the West Indies and Holland. Tavern keepers bartered food and lodging for groceries and liquors from wagoners passing to and from Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Lancaster.
Locally-distilled specialties included ‘Apple Jack’ made from apples, ‘peachy’ made from peaches, and ‘perry’ made from pears. ‘Cherry bounce’ was a potent mix of crushed fresh cherries soaked in rye whiskey. Most taverns, including Martin’s had abundant orchards near them, producing the fruit beverages mentioned.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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