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Caudill’s Army

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Kentucky, Letcher County, Pound Gap
Company F of the 5th Kentucky Infantry was formed on October 22, 1861 from the men of Letcher County and was commanded by Captain Benjamin E. Caudill. The company called themselves “Caudill’s Army" and was nicknamed “The Yahoos.” They disbanded at Hazel Green, Kentucky, on October 20, 1862. Most of the men joined the 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles raised by Colonel Benjamin E. Caudill on November 1862. In March of 1865, the regiment was reorganized and named the 13th Kentucky Cavalry. They disbanded at Christianburg, Virginia, on April 12, 1865, but surrendered on April 30, 1865, at Mt. Sterling, Kentucky.
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Dedicated to the souls of the 13th Ky Confederate soldiers who fought & died during the Civil War: Pvt. John D. Adams • Cpl. Andrew Allen • Pvt. Emory Allen • Pvt. Franklin Allen •   Sgt. Ira Allen • Sgt. Irvin Allen •   Pvt. James Allen • Pvt. John A. Allen •   Pvt. Humphrey Amburgey •   Pvt. John Anderson •   Pvt. Hillard J. Ashley •   Pvt. Jesse Ashley •   Pvt. Larkin S. Ashley •   Sgt. Andrew J. Austin •   Pvt. David J. Back •   Pvt. William Barnes •   Pvt. Lafayette Bentley •   Pvt. John Blakenship • Pvt. Caleb Boiling • Cpl. John Bolling • Pvt. Leonard Branson •   Sgt. Richard Branson • Pvt. Ezekiel Brashear •  Pvt. John L Brashear • Pvt. Joseph E. Brashear •   Pvt. Sampson Brashear •   Pvt. Abner Caudill •  Sgt. Ephraim Caudill • Sgt. Abraham Childers • Cpl. James L. Childers • Pvt, Daniel Cockerham • Lt. Isom W. Childers • Pvt. John B. Childers • Pvt. Marshall Collins • Capt. Henderson Combs • Pvt. Isaac Combs • Pvt. James Combs • Cpl. James M. Combs • Pvt. Jesse Combs • Sgt. Jesse Combs • Pvt. J. Peter Combs • Pvt. Kendrick Combs • Pvt. Joseph E. Cornett • Lt. James T. Crutchfield • Pvt. Thomas M. Dotson • Pvt. William N. Evans •
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Dedicated to the souls of the 13th Ky Confederate soldiers who fought & died during the Civil War: Pvt. Thomas Everidge • Pvt. John W. Francis • Pvt. Preston Francis • Pvt. Simeon Francis • Pvt. Wesley Francis • Cpl. Daniel Fugate • Pvt. William N. Fugate •   Pvt. Zachariah Fugate • Pvt. Levitacus Fuller • Sgt. Joseph Gearhart • Pvt. Alexander Gearhart • Cpl. Elijah Gibson • Pvt. Clinton Godsey • Pvt. James Godsey • Lt. Edward Grisby • Sgt. Wesley Grisby • Pvt. Drewry Guinn • Pvt. William Halcomb • Cpl. Alfred Hall • Pvt. Fielding Hall • Sgt. Lee Hall • Pvt. Marshall Hall • Pvt. William Hart • Pvt. Wesley Harvey • Pvt. John Helms • Pvt. Paul Henson • Sgt. Hiram W. Hogg • Pvt. Morgan Howard • Pvt. James A. Huff • Pvt. Elisha Ison • Pvt. Robert Jackson •  Pvt. Preston Johnson • Pvt. Joel Jones • Pvt. Andrew J. Madden • Pvt. George W. Madden • Sgt. William D. Madden • Pvt. Tandy Martin • Pvt. Thomas Martin • Pvt. Fugate McIntosh • Pvt. Verdamon McIntosh • Pvt. William T. McIntosh • Pvt. Riley Meade • Pvt. Harrison Mitchell • Pvt. John A. Mullins • Sgt. Daniel Napier •
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Dedicated to the souls of the 13th Ky. Confederate soldiers who fought & died during the Civil War: Capt. Alexander Noble • Pvt. Elias Noble • Pvt. George W. Noble • Pvt. Simpson Noble • Pvt. William Noble • Lt. William M. Noble • Pvt. Christopher Patton • Cpl. William H Patton • Pvt. Reuben Potter • Pvt. David Richardson • Pvt. Franklin Shular • Pvt. Ephriam Sizemore • Pvt. Hiram Sizemore • Pvt. Henry F. Slone • Pvt. John Slusher • Pvt. Sampson Smallwood • Pvt. Andrew B. Smith • Sgt. Elias Smith • Lt. Isaac Smith • Pvt. Samuel Smith • Cpl. William S. Smith • Pvt. Richard Sparkman • Pvt. Wesley Sumner • Pvt. John W. Teeters • Pvt. Thomas Terry • Pvt. William Terry • Pvt. Joseph Thomas • Pvt. John W. Tyree • Pvt. Madison Tyree • Pvt. Richard Wallace • Pvt. George W. Watts • Pvt. John C. Watts • Pvt. Benjamin Wright • Lt. Solomon Wright • Pvt. Elijah Yonts • Pvt. Nelson Mosley

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

June 3, 1864 — 18th Corps: A Disastrous Attack

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Virginia, Hanover County, Mechanicsville
General John H. Martindale’s division of the 18th Corps deployed on this ground prior to its participation in the Federal attack on the morning of June 3, 1864. At 4:30 a.m., the roughly 3,400 men of the division advanced toward strong Confederate earthworks, approximately 1,000 yards in front of you. Charging into concentrated rifle and artillery fire, Benjamin Hett of the 12th New Hampshire recalled, “The men went down in rows, just as they marched in the ranks….” Martindale’s division absorbed perhaps the most complete defeat of the day and suffered 1,043 casualties.

“Everything is quiet…such occasions as this…try men’s nerves. Every face was more or less pale, but all had a determined look. Thus we stood, all ready for the charge…it seemed a long time to me, for at such a time with men’s nerves strained to their utmost tension, a minute seems an hour.”
George Place, 12th New Hampshire Infantry

(captions)
General Martindale led a brigade when the Union army fought around Richmond in 1862. Just two years later, he commanded a division at Cold Harbor.

This aerial photograph shows the ground that Martindale’s two brigades had to cross on June 3, 1864. The Union soldiers advanced into fire that converged from three directions. The green lines indicate preserved battlefield land.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Keitt’s Attack — Morning, June 1, 1864

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Virginia, Hanover County, Mechanicsville
On the morning of June 1, General Lee was anxious to regain control of the Old Cold Harbor Crossroads and ordered two Confederate infantry divisions to attack the outnumbered Union cavalry troopers defending the intersection.

Colonel Laurence M. Keitt, a signer of the South Carolina Ordinance of Secession, played a critical role in the attack. His regiment, the 20th South Carolina Infantry, had joined Lee’s army just the previous day and was placed in Col. John W. Henagan’s Brigade. Though inexperienced at handling troops in the field, Keitt outranked Henagan and assumed command of the brigade. Leading the attack on June 1, Keitt moved his men from right to left across this ground, toward the dismounted Union troopers, many of whom were armed with repeating carbines and fighting behind breastworks. Captain Theophilus F. Rodenbough of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry noted, “the whole thing was over in less than five minutes.” The attack failed miserably, with Keitt mortally wounded. Federal infantry soon arrived to relieve the cavalrymen. The next move was up to Grant.

“Every man in ranks knew that he was being led by one of the most gifted and gallant men in the South, but every old soldier felt and saw at a glance his inexperience and want of self-control. ”
Captain D. Augustus Dickert, 3rd South Carolina Infantry, describing Keitt

(captions)
The Old Cold Harbor crossroads, objective of Keitt’s attack on the morning of June 1, received its name from the tavern that sat at the southeastern corner of the intersection. This sketch by combat artist Edwin Forbes shows the Old Cold Harbor Tavern flying a Union 2nd Corps flag just two days after Keitt’s failed offensive.

Colonel Laurence M. Keitt, Photo courtesy: Museum of the Confederacy

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Famine-Genocide in Ukraine

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District of Columbia, Northwest, Washington

In memory of the millions of innocent victims of a man-made famine in Ukraine engineered and implemented by Stalin's totalitarian regime

Text in Ukrainian script ...


(Churches, Etc. • Politics • Disasters) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Juniata Iron

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Pennsylvania, Huntingdon County, Alexandria
Along the streams of this region are ruins of many charcoal iron furnaces and forges built between 1790-1850. Juniata iron was the best in America. Its reign ended with the rise of coal and coke iron making.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Standing Stone

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Pennsylvania, Huntingdon County, Huntingdon
Built to protect the settlers against Indian raids. In July, 1778, Continental troops and Militia were ordered here as part of plan of defense against Indian attacks. Old Fort stood 200 yds. south, at Stone Creek and the Juniata.

(Native Americans • Forts, Castles • War, US Revolutionary • War, French and Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Old Mill

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New York, Cayuga County, Midlake
Partly built by Charles Kellog in 1823. Sold to Horace Rounds in 1851, to his son Eugene Rounds in 1865, to W.E. Rounds & A Ryan, 1919

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ford Building

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Michigan, Wayne County, Detroit
Among Detroit’s first skyscrapers, the nineteen-story Ford Building was built between 1907 and 1909. The Chicago architectural firm Daniel H. Burnham and Company designed it and two other Detroit buildings, the Majestic and the Dime. One of the first buildings in Detroit to utilize a steel frame, the edifice is sheathed in terra cotta and accented with Italian marble. The 250-foot-tall structure was the tallest building in Detroit for several years. Named after Toledo based glass manufacturer Edward Ford (1843-1920), it served Detroit’s Financial District and housed several of the city’s leading legal firms. During the 1926 Ossian Sweet trials, Clarence Darrow led the defense from offices on the seventeenth floor.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ipswich Memorial Arch

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South Dakota, Edmunds County, Ipswich
Plaque South Post East Side. This pillar of the Memorial Arch of Ipswich is erected in honor of the valiant men of the Community of Ipswich who answered our country's call to arms in the World War 1917-1918 and as an everlasting monument to those who so nobly made the supreme sacrifice. William C. Dickerson Clarence W. Elstad Clifford Evans Einer Jorgenson William Keppler Adolph Forkel Carl Neis Benjamin J. Picton Walter L. Stanard Harry A. Stroup Andrew Schaurer Matt Kirzinger Plaque North Post West Side. This pillar of the Memorial Arch of Ipswich is erected as a lasting tribute to the Vision, Foresight and Tireless Energy of Joseph W. Parmley and his co-workers who in 1912 founded the greatest of our trans-continental highways, the Yellowstone Trail. The first portion of the Yellowstone Trail was built from Ipswich its home, east to Aberdeen. From that beginning this great highway grew to span our nation from Plymouth Rock to Puget Sound. Sign on North Post East Side and South Post West Side Home of the Yellowstone Trail Organized 1912 Highway U.S. 12 Park Marker Charles Collier Memorial Roadside Park

(War, World I • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

228 Penn Street

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Pennsylvania, Huntingdon County, Huntingdon
This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior-Circa 1909

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

222 Penn Street

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Pennsylvania, Huntingdon County, Huntingdon
This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior-Circa 1850

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Martin G. Brumbaugh

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Pennsylvania, Huntingdon County, Marklesburg
Governor of the State, 1915-19, outstanding educator, was born near here April 14, 1862. Superintendent county schools, 1884-90. Juniata College president, 1895-1906; 1924-30. Died Mar. 14, 1930. Buried in Valley View Cemetery

(Politics) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Daniel Webster Dotson

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Virginia, Wise County, near Pound
Entering the town of Lieutenant Daniel Webster Dotson, born Sept 25, 1920; died May 2, 1953. A veteran of the Korean War and World War II. Virginia’s second-highest decorated soldier and Wise County’s most decorated soldier in the Korean War.

(War, World II • War, Korean) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Juan José de la Garza

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Mexico, Distrito Federal, Ciudad de Mexico

Juan Jose de la Garza
Republicano
Nacio en Tamaulipas en el año de 1826
Defendio a al patria contra la intervención extranjera
Fue abogado
Gobernador
y Diplomatico
Murio en Mexico en el año de 1893

English translation:
Juan José de la Garza
Republican
Born in Tamaulipas in 1826. Defended the nation against foreign invasion. He was a lawyer, Governor and diplomat. Died in Mexico in 1893.

(Politics • Wars, Non-US) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Francis Gary Powers — U2 Pilot

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Virginia, Wise County, Pound
Francis Gary Powers (1929-1977) was raised here in Pound and graduated from Grundy High School. Powers enlisted in the U. S. Air Force in 1950 after graduating from Milligan College in Tennessee. In 1956, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) recruited him to fly espionage missions over the Soviet Union. On 1 May 1960 the Soviets shot down his U-2 spy plane. Parachuting to safety, he was captured, tried, and sentenced to ten years in prison for espionage. Powers was exchanged in 1962 for a Soviet spy. The CIA and the military decorated him for his efforts. He died l Aug. 1977 in a helicopter crash and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

(War, Cold) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wise

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Virginia, Wise County, Wise
The town of Wise was known as Big Glades when a post office was established here in 1850, Before being incorporated as Wise in 1926 it was also called Gladeville and Wise Court House. Since the creation in 1856 of Wise County, named for Henry Alexander Wise, governor of Virginia (1856-1860), the town has served as the county seat. During the Civil War, a skirmish was fought here between Union and Confederate troops on 7 July 1863. After the Civil War the town grew because of the expansion of the railroads and the increased mining of coal in the region. The current county courthouse was completed in 1896.

(Political Subdivisions) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cowles Bog

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Indiana, Porter County, Chesterton
has been designated a
Registered
Natural Landmark


under the provisions of the
Historic Sites Act of August 21, 1935
This site possesses exceptional value
in illustrating the natural history
of the United States

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The McAuley Cutoff

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Idaho, Bear Lake County, near Montpelier
On April 7, 1852, seventeen-year-old Eliza Ann McAuley, with her older brother Thomas and sister Margaret, left Mount Pleasant, Iowa, to travel overland to California. For a time they were accompanied by the "Eddyville Company," led by William Buck and Ezra Meeker.
Eliza Ann left a notable diary account of the journey west and here on July 15 she wrote:
Traveled ten miles today and camped on Bear River. Just before coming to the river we had the hardest mountain to cross on the whole route. It was very steep and difficult to climb, and we had to double teams going up and at the summit we had to unhitch the teams and let the wagons down over a steep, smooth sliding rock by ropes would around trees by the side of the road. Some trees are nearly cut through by ropes. The boys fished awhile then took a ramble around the country and discovered a pass, by which the mountain can be avoided by doing a little road building.
On July 17 the Meekers went on toward Oregon, but William Buck remained behind with the McAuleys. Here they stayed for fourteen days building a road around Big Hill. On July 24 Eliza wrote: "We have 8 or 9 hands today to work on the road. The boys want to get it finished to save people from having to cross that dreadful mountain."
One hired hand, William H. Hampton of Galesburg, Illinois, wrote on July 24: "Still laying over and working we get $2 per day. Hot and sultry working at the foot of the mountain."
The road was completed by July 29 and the McAuleys continued west leaving Thomas McAuley and William Buck to "remain on the road a week or two to collect Toll and pay the expenses of making it."
On present-day maps the cutoff begins on private ranch land on Sheep Creek, about five miles east of here. From there Highway 30 follows the approximate route of the cutoff around the south base of Big Hill, some seven and one-half miles farther west.
On August 7, 1852, John McAllister took the cutoff: "by going it you avoid a long ascent, a long steep & rough & dangerous descent."
On August 13 Cecelia Adams wrote: "the new road is two miles farther but saves some very high mountains."
No references can be found of the use of the cutoff in subsequent years. Rising waters of the Bear River may have washed the road away or perhaps nature, unchecked, took control again with a new growth of thickets and brush.
The McAuley or "Eliza Ann" Cutoff will never rank among the great shortcuts of the Oregon-California Trail, but it does reflect the initiative and thought of a group of young Americans in the year 1852.
The McAuleys reached California September 18. To years later Eliza Ann married Robert Seeley Egbert. She died in Berkeley, California, November 16, 1919, at the age of eighty-three.

(Settlements & Settlers • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Big Hill

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Idaho, Bear Lake County, near Montpelier
"... the greatest impediment on the whole route from the United States to Fort Hall." - Theodore Talbot, 1843

Near the Wyoming/Idaho border the pioneers face Big Hill, on of the most challenging obstacles of their journey. The dusty Oregon/California Trail climbed the Eastern Sheep Creek Hills and descended into the Bear River Valley. It was a strenuous day-long effort to negotiate Big Hill without harm to wagons, emigrants, or livestock.

Five hour crossing
"We started at six o'clock, forded Thomas Fork, and turning to the west, came to a high spur we were compelled to climb. The distance is seven miles, and we were five hours in crossing. Part of the way I rode on horseback, the rest I walked. The descent was very long and steep. All the wheels of the wagon were tied fast, and it slid along the ground. At one place the men held it back with ropes and let it down slowly." -- Margaret A. Frink, July 1850

Clover Creek Encampment
After completing the difficult crossing of Big Hill, Clover Creek Encampment awaited the pioneers. This was one of the favorite camping sites along the trail and located near The National Oregon/California Trail Center in Montpelier. Emigrants remarked on the abundant flowers, berry bushes, and mosquitoes in contrast to the dry and wind sagebrush plains of Wyoming.

Peg-Leg Smith, a friend to the emigrants
Near Big Hill, Peg-Leg Smith established an early trading post in 1842 which supplied food, supplies and horses to the emigrants. Thomas Smith acquired the nickname "Peg-Leg' in 1827 following a skirmish with Indians. According to accounts, Smith was shot in the leg which he amputated with a butcher knife and then following his recovery, he whittled his own wooden leg.
In 1849, Amos Batchelder, an emigrant recorded an assessment of Peg-Leg Smith and his friends, the local Native Americans:
"After crossing the valley and stream, we encamped near a trading post occupied by a mountaineer named Smith... Smith is a fleshy, shrewd looking man, about 50 years old and as rough as the tawny customers with which he is surrounded. He has for a wife one of the ladies, or squaws, from a neighboring tribe of Indians, This country is claimed and occupied by the Shoshones, or Snake Indians, who are a peaceable, harmless tribe, and generally friendly to the whites."

(Settlements & Settlers • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

One Continual Stream

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Idaho, Bear Lake County, near Montpelier
"One continual stream of honest looking open harted people going west" - James Cayman, mountain man, captured this sentiment in his diary as he watched pioneers heading west in 1846.

Between 1841 and 1869 nearly 300,000 farmers, merchants, miners and adventurers bid farewell to friends and relatives before beginning the daunting 2,000-mile Oregon/California Trail to the fertile farmland of Oregon's Willamette Valley or to California's warmth - and even gold. Still others were traveling to Utah to join the new Mormon settlements in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah.

From Sea to Shining Sea....Manifest Destiny
Many in the United States believed that it was the obligation of Americans to expand the young country from sea to sea.

Allure of the West
An eagerness to see the West began when the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Pacific Northwest (1804-1806) returned with tantalizing tales of fertile land, bountiful water, and open spaces. Later, fur trappers, traders, mountain men, and explorers returning from the West confirming the tales.
Naturally, these accounts caught the attention of farmers and business people eking out livelihoods and suffering from the economic Panic of 1837 and, later, the Civil War. With little awareness of the trials and tribulations that lay ahead, thousands of brave men, women, and children, abandoned all they knew and headed westward on the Oregon/California Trail. Hand-pulled carts and small covered wagons drawn by horses or oxen transported the emigrants' furniture, supplies, food, and family treasures. Many would never see their relatives again, and many would die before completing their great journey.

(Settlements & Settlers • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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