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Sullivan Expedition Against the Iroquois Indians 1779

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Pennsylvania, Bradford County, Wyalusing
10 1/2 miles from Vanderlip's farm. Fifth encampment of Sullivan's Army on the march from Wyoming to Teaoga, August 6-7, 1779, was on site just west of this road marked by the Moravian Indian town monument

(Native Americans • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sullivan's March

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Pennsylvania, Bradford County, Wyalusing
Gen. John Sullivan's army camped just west Aug. 5-7, 1779, en route to attack the New York Iroquois. A major campaign, destroying 40 villages and ending the Indian-Tory frontier menace.

(Native Americans • War, US Revolutionary • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sullivan's March

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Pennsylvania, Wyoming County, Black Walnut
Gen. John Sullivan's army camped on the lowland here Aug. 4, 1779. The fourth encampment between Fort Wyoming and Tioga Point.

(Native Americans • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sullivan Expedition Against the Iroquois Indians, 1779

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Pennsylvania, Wyoming County, Black Walnut
Fourteen miles from Tunkhannock, Fourth Encampment of Sullivan's Army, on the march from Wyoming to Teaoga August 4-5, 1779, lay on this lowland known as blade Walnut Flats.

(Native Americans • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Atkinson

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Iowa, Winneshiek County, Fort Atkinson
Fort Atkinson was founded in 1840 as a temporary post to keep the Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) Indians west of the Mississippi River on the land known as the Neutral Ground after their removal from Wisconsin. The Neutral Ground was intended for exclusive use by Indians and as a buffer zone between the Sioux to the north and the Sauk and Meskwaki Indians to the south. When the Winnebago were moved into the area, it was the duty of the Fort Atkinson troops to maintain peace among these tribes who were sometimes hostile to one another. Patrols were routinely sent out from the fort to prevent Euro-American traders and settlers from illegally entering this region. The post also reinforced the authority of the Indian Sub-agent, a U.S. government official who operated a school and model farm and provided supplies for the Winnebago at the Turkey River Sub-agency located about four miles downstream.

The design for Fort Atkinson was typical of most U.S. Army frontier post: a rectangular layout enclosed by a wooden picket-stockade, the parade ground was at its center, surrounded by four main barrack buildings. There were cannon houses in the northeast and southwest corners, a powder house to the southeast, and commissary to the northwest. Outside the picket-stockade were 14 additional buildings including the post's stables, granary, bakery, laundresses' huts, and blacksmith shops. Each was constructed of limestone or hewn logs with cut-pine shingle roofs. Three of the six years regular troops were garrisoned at Fort Atkinson were spent constructing the fort.

When the regular troops were called to the Mexican War in 1846, Iowa volunteer militia staffed the fort until the Winnebago were removed from Iowa in 1848. The last of the militia abandoned Fort Atkinson in early 1849.

In 1855, the fort was sold at public auction. The new owners had the property surveyed and platted as the town of Fort Atkinson. The State of Iowa acquired a portion of the military fort in 1921 and dedicated it as a State Preserve in 1968.

Most of the fort's buildings were constructed of stone quarried from the adjacent hillside. In 1906, while conducting geological studies of Winneshiek County, Professor Samuel Calvin named this stone the Fort Atkinson Limestone Member of the Maquoketa Formation and designated the quarry at the southwest corner of the old fort as the geological type section. The limestone seen here originated in a shallow tropical sea 440 million years ago.

Fort Atkinson State Preserve is managed by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources under the guidance of the State Preserves Advisory Board.

(Native Americans • Forts, Castles • Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

F.W. Sallet and the Dakota Freie Presse

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South Dakota, Brown County, Aberdeen
Two German language newspapers, Dakota Freie Press (DFP) and Neue Deutsche Presse (NDP), were located a short distance from here at 324 South Main St. Owner and editor, Friedrich Wilheim Sallet, emigrated from East Prussia and published DFP for Germans from Russia with NDP for Reich Germans. Aberdeen was a hub for both groups. Begun in 1874 in Yankton, the DFP was purchased by Sallet in 1905 and moved to Aberdeen in 1909.

The DFP was "the oldest and most widely distributed newspaper for Germans from Russia in the world." It claimed to have subscribers in 1,500 communities on four continents. Sallet used the DFP as headquarters for a relief department which sent packages to famished Soviet villages in 1921 and four shiploads of dairy cows to supply milk to German orphanages. The DPF carried columns for people seeking addresses of "lost" individuals, operated as a clearing house on land and immigration, and in 1924 became the first U.S. paper allowed re-entry into the Soviet Union.

Wrongly suspected of being pro-German, Sallet and his NDP editor, J.F. Paul Gross, were arrested in 1918 and charged for not filing English translations of two articles with the post office. Following the trial, Gross was interned in Georgia while Sallet paid a fine and legal costs. Sallet was defended by Dorothy Rehfeld, the first female attorney to practice in S.D. The NDP ceased publication in January 1918. In 1920, the DFP moved to Minnesota and continued until 1954. After Sallet's death in 1932 his nephew (Dr. Richard Sallet) became editor.

Aberdeen Chapter, GRHS Dr. Harry A. Delker, President Board of Directors Jacob Binfet.........Mike Heier Erwin Eichelberg.........T.J. "Bud" Schaffer Ben Feickert.........Cathy Schatz Marvin Warns.......... Contributors Father William Sherman..........Ann Roesch Larson Dr. La Vern J. Rippley..........Fred Roesch Aberdeen American News..........The Kesslers Lust Chevrolet - Buick.......... Text by Text by Dr. La Vern J. Rippley St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN.

(Settlements & Settlers • Communications) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sullivan's March

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Pennsylvania, Wyoming County, Tunkhannock
Gen. John Sullivan's army camped on the lowland on the opposite side of the river Aug. 1-2, 1779. It was the second camp from Fort Wyoming at Wilkes-Barre en route to Tioga.

(Native Americans • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Walter B. Tewksbury

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Pennsylvania, Wyoming County, Tunkhannock
Winner of five medals in track & field, 1900 Olympic Games in Paris (two gold, two silver, one bronze). Co-holder, world record, 100 - meter dash, 1900. Member, National Track & Field Hall of Fame and Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame. At the University of Pennsylvania, intercollegiate champion, 100 & 220- yard dashes, 1898 & 1899; graduated, D.D.S., 1899. Practiced dentistry, coached track & field, and was active in the Tunkhannock community.

(Science & Medicine • Sports) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sullivan Expedition Against the Iroquois Indians, 1779

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Pennsylvania, Wyoming County, Tunkhannock
Twelve miles from Quialutimack on the march from Wyoming to Teaoga August 3, 1779 Lay on lowlands between this point and the river

(Native Americans • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War Monument

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Pennsylvania, Wyoming County, Tunkhannock
Erected in memory of the Soldiers and Sailors from Wyoming County, who fought for the preservation of the Union from 1861 to 1865,

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bridger's Stockade

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Wyoming, Uinta County, Fort Bridger
These log buildings and corrals are a reconstruction of the trading post operated by mountain men Jim Bridger and Louis Vasquez in 1846. The post was originally built in 1843 when the fur trade was rapidly dying due to a change in Eastern fashions and depletion of beaver from Rocky Mountain streams. The establishment of this trading post, known as Fort Bridger, marked the end of the era of free roaming trappers and the beginning of the westward movement of civilization. Thousands of emigrants stopped here for supplies, smith-work, or fresh animals on their way west to find land, gold, religious freedom, or a fresh start in a new land.
Jim Bridger's original fort consisted of two pole stockades. One measured 100' x 100' and contained two log cabins at right angles to one another. Each cabin was divided into two rooms. The proprietors and their families split one cabin and the other housed the blacksmith/carpenter shop and the trade room. The other enclosure measured 100' x 80' and was used to corral the livestock at night to guard them against theft.
Fort Bridger was briefly occupied by the Mormons in the early 1850's. This reconstruction was based on diary accounts and made possible by a donation by former local resident and his wife, George V. and Phila Caldwell. It was built during 1985-6 and, according to archaelogical (sic) evidence, sits about 60 yard northwest of the original.

(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Bridger: A Trading Post

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Wyoming, Uinta County, Fort Bridger
At the close of the fur trade era, western America history began to take on a more permanent shape. The motivation of people coming west shifted away from exploration and hunting. Families were seeking land to clear and farm; men were hoping to find fortunes in the gold fields; and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were seeking a place to practice their religion and build there own communities.
The establishment of Fort Bridger played a major role in defining this transition. It has been credited with being the first fort west of the Mississippi River that was built specifically to provide services to the emigrants. Even though the first two locations Jim Bridger tried were not successful, this one was destined to flourish. In fact, this location has been steadily occupied and re-occupied from Bridger's time to the present.

The Sill Log
The present log segments that you can see just inside the Mormon Wall foundation are all that remains of the trading post operated by Jim Bridger and his partner Louis Vasquez. The fort was built of logs and daubed with mud and was described by some emigrants as "a shabby concern."

"I have established a small fort with a blacksmith shop and a supply of iron in the road of the emigrants on Black Fork of Green River, which promises fairly. In coming out here they are generally well supplied with money, but by the time they get here they are in need of all kinds of supplies, horses, provisions, smith work, etc." -- From a letter dictated by Jim Bridger to Pierre Choteau Jr., December 1843

(Forts, Castles • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Mormon Wall

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Wyoming, Uinta County, Fort Bridger
On August 3, 1855 the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints concluded arrangements for the purchase of Fort Bridge from Louis Vasquez, partner of James Bridger, for $3,000. Final payment was made October 18, 1858. A cobblestone wall was erected in the Fall of 1855, replacing Bridger's stockade. A few additional log house were built within the fort. The place was evacuated and burned on approach of Johnston's army September 27, 1857. A portion of the wall is here preserved. In 1855 Fort Supply was established by Brigham Young six miles south where crops were raised for the emigrants .

(Forts, Castles • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Women at the Trading Post

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Wyoming, Uinta County, Fort Bridger
This archaeological excavation has helped to document the prominent roll Native American women played in the day-to-dat activities of the trading post. They traded with travelers, provided food for guests, and at times, actually ran the post.
Needles, pins, and stone tools were recovered from the floor of one of the structures. Along side these tools, beads and buttons from women's clothing and a solitary women's wedding band were found on the dirt floor of the trading post. Women living here between 1843 and 1853 labored to tan hides, manufacture and repair clothes, and grind wild seeds and newly introduced wheat. The contributions women to the economy of the trading post cannot be overlooked.

"Here are about twenty-five Indians, or rather white trapper lodges occupied by their Indian wives. They have a good supply of robes, dressed deer, elk and antelope skins, coats, pants, moccasins, and other Indian fixing, which they trade..." -- Joel Palmer, 1845

(Native Americans • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mormon Occupation

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Wyoming, Uinta County, Fort Bridger
The neat row of mortared cobblestones (#1) is a remnant of the west wall of the Mormon fort, which was completed in late summer of 1857. It is the largest and most impressive feature uncovered in recent excavations at Fort Bridger. The lighter colored stone foundation (#4) ties into the cobblestones, indicating that it was constructed during the same period.
Upon the approach of the U.S. Army, in the fall of 1857, Mormon forces deliberately set fire to Fort Bridger and retreated. A thick layer of ash from this burn was discovered during the first year of excavation. The darker stone foundation (#3) was built by the military some time between 1858 and 1867.

" In May last the Mormons built a wall around it (Bridger's fort) with the following dimensions, wall 100 feet square inside, 5 at the base and runs up to 15 feet... These walls are built of small round stone laid in mortar. It is a strong wall and well built of the kind... All the buildings are burned." -- Captain Jesse A. Grover, Tenth Infantry, November 21, 1857

(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bank of Eureka Springs

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Arkansas, Carroll County, Eureka Springs

Bank of Eureka Springs was established in May, 1912, in the Klock and Clark Building at 75 Spring Street. In 1946 it was relocated to 40 Spring Street.

In 1966, the bank purchased the McGinnis property at 70 South Main Street. The old livery barn and store building were torn down. A spacious brick building was constructed and opened for business November 25, 1967, with the first free parking, drive-up window and community room of any bank in the county.

The George M. McGinnis and Son Livery Stable was established in the 1890's, just one of many stables and blacksmith shops along South Main Street. Otis McGinnis carried on the livery business until about 1930 when automobiles had replaced horses for transportation, then operated the feed store until advanced old age. His heirs sold the property to the Bank of Eureka Springs in 1966.

In 1978 the bank building was enlarged and remodeled by local contractor, Wayne Johnson. The building was to be made in the style of earlier Eureka Springs' bank architecture, using brick and limestone quarried near Elk Ranch, the same quarry which supplied the stone to build much of historic Eureka Springs. The interior was also of late 19th century Eureka Springs' bank architecture and fixtures. The dedication was held June 23, 1979, as one of the key events of the Eureka Springs centennial.

By December, 1993, further enlargement of the facility was needed and the board determined to build a two-story addition at the south end of the structure. The theme of Victorian architecture was continued inside and out. Tom Crews Johnson of Eureka Springs was the architect. Herman Pinkley, local contractor, carried out construction completed in 1995.

(Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hiram Mott

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Nevada, Douglas County, Gardnerville
Buried here are Hiram Mott and family, emigrants from Canada. Isreal Mott, son of Hiram built this house a few yards east of the spot in July 1852. Eliza his wife was the first white women settler in Nevada. Their child Louisa was the first white child born in Nevada in this building. Nevada’s first school 1854, and first court held in this building in the Utah Territory or Carson Valley. Pioneers, ranchers, millers and first settlers.

Men and women who plant civilization in the desert who organize emigrants into communities and throw around them the protection of the law should not be forgotten.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tazewell

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Virginia, Tazewell County, Tazewell
The town was laid off as the county seat, in 1800, when Tazewell County was formed, on land given by William Peery and Samuel Ferguson. First known as Jeffersonville, the name was changed to Tazewell, for Senator Henry Tazewell. Averell was here in May, 1864, and the town was occupied in other raids. It was incorporated in 1866.

(War, US Civil • Political Subdivisions) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

William Wynne’s Fort

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Virginia, Tazewell County, Tazewell
On the hillside to the north stood Wynne’s Fort. A settlement was made here as early as 1752. Some years later William Wynne obtained land here and built a neighborhood fort. After 1776 the state government built a fort and garrisoned it.

(Forts, Castles • Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

General Stephen Fuller Austin

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Texas, Brazoria County, Jones Creek


The State of Texas October 18, 1910,
removed the remains of
General Stephen Fuller Austin,
to the capital city of Austin,
where they were reinterred in the
State Cemetery,
and a statue erected over the grave.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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