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Van Wyck Family

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New York, Dutchess County, Hopewell Junction
came to Dutchess County
from Long Island in 1733.
Buried their dead in this
vault during 19th century,
monuments bear 36 names.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hotel Tiziano

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Italy, Lazio, Rome Province, Rome

The building hosting the Hotel Tiziano was reconstructed in Corso Vittorio Emanuele II between the years 1886 and 1888 by an architect native of the Ticino region but Roman of birth and culture, Gaetano Koch (1849-1910). The elegant building was once property of the marchese Francesco Lavaggi of the noble Sicilian family, subsequently related with the Pacelli, to whom it belonged during the 19th century reconstruction. The palazzetto overlooks Corso Vittorio Emanuele, i.e. the main road of the Umbertine-style Rome, opened after the proclamation of Rome as Capital city and running along part of the ancient via Papalis: the road that went through piazza di Ponte, Via del Governo Vecchio and Campo de' Fiori, which was crossed by the pope in the day of the solemn "Possesso" (after becoming Pope, the new bishop of Rome departed from S. Pietro to reach S. Giovanni, where the ceremony of the "presa di Possesso" of the Lateranensis Basilica was performed).

The building of the Hotel Tiziano is adjacent to the noble palace Caffarelli Vidoni, projected at the beginning of 16th century by Lorenzo Lotto, also property of the Lavaggi family and deeply modified after the opening of Corso Vittorio Emanuele. The edifice has an elegant architectural simplicity, with balanced and harmonic proportions and is evidence for Koch's propensity to the neo 16th century style. The Roman architect, one of the new affirmed representatives of the end of the century eclecticism, was the real protagonist of the Roman architecture of the second half of the 19th century (he is also the author of the buildings in piazza Vittorio; of the palazzo Margherita, today seat of the American Embassy and of the buildings decorated with beautiful porticoes in Piazza Esedra: only a few of his significant performances). He projected both official works and various commissions from the high middle class, of which he was the main representative. Inside Palazzo Lavaggi Pacelli is evident the choice of clear forms and surfaces, taking inspiration from the great works of the Roman and Florentine Renaissance, particularly to the Sangallo style.

The slightly bent façade is [a] peculiar element of the building that follows the course of the road, projected to the outside by means of simple string-course cornices and ashlared corners. The entrance framed by pilaster strips with Doric capitals and ashlared cornices overhung by a balustrade recalls the most classical 16th century typology "ashlars-balcony-columns", derived from the noble Roman buildings (one of the best examples is the entry of the nearby Palazzo Farnese). The window frames belong to the same architectural style, particularly those of the stories dedicated to the nobility with an arched tympanum on brackets. At both sides of the central window, two elegant noble coats of arms with a lion protome stand; one has the symbol of a dove on the mountain; the other has the symbol of the monogram Lavaggi Pacelli. Along the line of the crowning, there is a beautiful cornice putting in evidence the bas-relief frieze, overhung by a jutting out fascia dotted with lion's heads. Despite the 19th century architectural style typical of the patrician buildings and of the refined environment enriched with precious marbles and granite columns, the hotel has recently been restored and endowed with exclusive apartments and very modern rooms.
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Il palazzo che ospita l'albergo Tiziano fu ricostruito su corso Vittorio Emanuele II fra il 1886 e il 1888 dall'architetto di origini ticinesi, ma romano per nascita e formazione culturale, Gaetano Koch (1849-1910). L'elegante fabbricato è legato al nome della nobile famiglia di origini siciliane dei Lavaggi (poi unitasi ai Pacelli), ai quali apparteneva ancora all'epoca della riconstruzione tardo-ottocentesca, nella persona del marchese Francesco Lavaggi. Il palazzetto si affaccia su corso Vittorio Emanuele, coiè sulla principale arteria della Roma umbertina, aperta all'indomani della proclamazione di Roma Capitale lungo parte del tracciato dell'antica via Papalis: la strade che, passando per la piazza di Ponte, via del Governo Vecchio e Campo de' Fiori, era percorsa dal papa nel giorno del solenne "Possesso" (dopo l'elezione al soglio papale, il nuovo vescovo di Roma partiva da S. Pietro per giungere a S. Giovanni, dove si celebrava la cerimonia della presa di Possesso della basilica lateranense).

L'edificio in cui ha sede il Tiziano è contiguo al nobile palazzo Caffarelli Vidoni, progettato ai primi del Cinquecento da Lorenzo Lotto, anch'esso incluso nelle proprietà dei Lavaggi ed anch'esso profondamente modificato dopo l'apertura di corso Vittorio. Il palazzo dell'albergo, nella sua elegante semplicità architettonica, equilibrato ed armonico nelle proporzioni, mostra in sintesi la propensione neo-cinquecentista del Koch, che qui impiegò tutta la sua produzione corrente. L'architetto romano, uno dei più affermati rappresentanti dell'eclettismo di fine secolo, fu il vero protagonista dell'architettura romana del secondo Ottocento (suoi sono gli edifici sui lati lunghi di piazza Vittorio, il palazzo Margherita oggi sede, dell'Ambasciata Americana e gli edifici porticati di piazza Esedra, per citare solo alcune delle sue realizzazioni più importanti), progettista sia di opere ufficiali che di molteplici commissioni da parte dell'alta borghesia, di cui fu l'interprete principale. Nel palazzo Lavaggi Pacelli, come nelle sue opere in genere, è evidente la predilezione per le forme chiare e per le superfici nitide, ispirata alle grandi opere del Rinascimento fiorentino e romano, in particolare alla tradizione sangallesca.

Elemento peculiare dello stabile è la facciata lievemente incurvata a seguire l'andamento della strada, proiettata all'esterno mediante le semplici cornici marcapiano ed i cantonali a bugnato rustico. L'ingresso-compreso fra paraste con capitelli dorici ed inquadrato da una cornice a bugne con sovrastante balaustra- è un'evidente citazione della più classica tipologia cinquecentesca "bugnato-balcone-colonne", derivata dai palazzi nobiliari romani (una delle espressioni migliori di questo tipo d'impostazione è l'ingresso del vicino palazzo Farnese). Alla medesima compagine culturale rimandano le cornici delle finestre, fra cui spiccano quelle del piano nobile con timpano arcuato su mensole. Ai lati della finestra centrale campeggiano due eleganti stemmi nobiliari con protome leonina: uno reca come simbolo una colomba sul monte, l'altro è invece centrato dal monogramma dei Lavaggi Pacelli. Il coronamento è percorso da un bel cornicione evidenziato da un fregio a bassorilievo, sovrastato a sua volta[?] da una fascia aggettante scandita da teste di leone. Pur nel rispetto delle forme architetton[?] ottocentesche del palazzo patrizio e della raffinata atmosfera originale, l'albergo Tiziano, a cui si accede da un atrio rivestito di pregiati marmi e definito da colonne in granito, è stato recentemente restaurato ed arricchito di esclusivi appartamenti e modernissime camere.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sevier Station

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Tennessee, Montgomery County, Clarksville
The site of this historic stone structure, in addition to nearby Fort Defiance and a large portion of present-day New Providence, encompasses a 640-acre Revolutionary land grant purchased by early Tennessee settler Valentine Sevier. Sevier founded a small frontier outpost on these bluffs, above the confluence of the Cumberland and Red Rivers, in c.1792. Structures in the settlement included living quarters as well as a blacksmith shop.

The site is further significant in Clarksville history as the location of the Atkinson house. Thomas Atkinson was a farmer, successful merchant, and developer of the short-lived town of Cumberland (present-day New Providence). In c. 1819, Atkinson built a two-story home, possibly utilizing this structure as a detached kitchen. The Atkinson house was demolished in 1988.

(Settlements & Settlers • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Storm – Adriance - Brinckerhoff

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New York, Dutchess County, East Fishkill
House built 1759
Home of Thomas Storm
Speaker of NY Assembly
Captain George Brinckerhoff
Site of Washington’s address

(War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Kellas Hall

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New York, Saint Lawrence County, Potsdam
Kellas Hall
Eliza Kellas class of 1899, 1864-1943
Katherine Kellas class of 1892, 1869-1941
Elixa became first President of Russel Sage
College. Katherine became Preceptress at
Potsdam Normal School and later first
Dean at Russell Sage College.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pioneer Newspaper

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Tennessee, Montgomery County, Clarksville

  First launched as a weekly under the name of The Chronicle by Francis Richardson in 1808, it merged with its younger rival, The Tobacco Leaf, at an unknown later date. It is believed to be middle Tennessee's oldest newspaper.

(Arts, Letters, Music) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Home of Capt. George Brinckerhoff

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New York, Dutchess County, East Fishkill
Home of
Capt. George Brinckerhoff.
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On march to Connecticut in 1776
General Washington
spent the night here.
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The Indian grindstone was found
on this farm.

Erected by
Melzingah Chapter, D.A.R.
and the State of New York
1929

(War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Erected to the Memory

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New York, Niagara County, Porter

Erected to the memory of unknown soldiers
and sailors of the United States, killed
in action, or dying of wounds, in this vicinity
during the War of 1812.

(War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

To the Memory

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New York, Niagara County, Porter
To the memory of unknown
officers and enlisted men who
participated in the early Indian
wars in this frontier and in the
Revolutionary War, whose remains
are interred in this cemetery.

(War, French and Indian • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Montgomery County Colleges

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Tennessee, Montgomery County, Clarksville

1848
Montgomery Masonic College

First Institution for Higher Learning
in Montgomery Co.
1855
Stewart College



(Education) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Griffin’s Tavern

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New York, Dutchess County, Hopewell Junction
This house owned by
Col. Jacob Griffin
during the Revolution was known as
“Griffin’s Tavern”
or “The Rendez-vous”
The Committee of Observation for Rombout Precinct held famous meeting here Aug. 15, 1775
Frequented by Washington, La Fayette, Putnam,
Steuben, Continental and French soldiers.

Erected by
Melzingah Chapter, D.A.R.
and the State of New York
June 6, 1928

(War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hopewell Hamlet

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New York, Dutchess County, Hopewell Junction
Formerly Adriance Post
Office. Isaac Adriance a
settler about 1740, after
whom post office was
originally named.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Oklahoma City Bombing Memorial

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Kentucky, Christian County, near Oak Grove

"But the child's sob in the silence curses deeper
than the strong man in his wrath"
–Elizabeth Barrett Browning
The Cry of the Children
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Dedicated to the victims of the
April 19, 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

(Disasters • Notable Events) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Reformed Church

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New York, Dutchess County, Hopewell Junction
Church Society of Hopewell
organized by 19 members in
1757. The original church
built 1764. Present
structure started 1833.
225th Anniversary, 1982

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wilkes Expedition

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California, Siskiyou County, near Hornbook
On September 29 and 30, 1841, a detachment of the Wilkes expedition numbering 33 persons under the command of lt. George Emmons camped near this site. The party was in route from Fort Vancouver, Washington to Yerba Buena, California, and spent two days here because of illness in the party.
Documented by the Siskiyou County Historical Society

(Exploration) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Scott Bar

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California, Siskiyou County, Scott Bar
This monument overlooking the spot where gold was first discovered in Siskiyou County in the summer of 1850 is dedicated to the memory of
John Scott

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Boulder Piles in Sara Totten Campground

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California, Siskiyou County, near Scott Bar
The piles of boulders you see before you were made around 1850.
The miners used both windlass and water powered derricks to lift and pile these rocks in their search for placer gold in the underlying sands.
Water power for the derricks was developed by the use of wing dams and water wheels in the Klamath River.
The power was converted by belts and pulleys to a gear box. Here the operator could control the boom and use it to raise and move the boulders.
Once the large rocks were removed, the gravel and sand could be put in a sluice box, washed and the gold extracted.
Nuggets weighing up to 16 ounces were found in the Klamath River.

(Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pioneer Stage Drivers

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California, Siskiyou County, near Yreka
Dedicated to the
Memory of Pioneer Stage Drivers
1854 • "Knights of the Whip" • 1887
To the pioneers of stage and team • Who blazed this trail and crossed this stream • To you whose courage led you on through trials and hardships fought and won • To whose faith in god and man Inspired the work of this great span • With pride and homage ever true • "This Bridge" we dedicate to you.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Great Chain

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New York, Orange County, Constitution Island

Background
The Americans and British both knew that passage on the Hudson River was strategically important. The Americans planned to block ship passage on the river and attack enemy ships with cannons and mortar located at defensive forts, and built obstacles across the Hudson at several locations: at northern Manhattan, a chevaux-de-frise (submerged sharpened logs) between Fort Washington and Fort Lee in 1776; another chevaux-de-frise and iron chain at the newly constructed Fort Montgomery on the West Bank, just south of West Point in 1776-1777; a partially completed barrier at Pollepel Island (Bannerman’s Island) in 1776-1777 north of West Point; and finally, the Great Chain (1778-1783) from West Point to Constitution Island.

Fort Montgomery Chain (1776-1777)
The British captured Fort Washington on November 16, 1776, rendering the first barrier useless. The first chain and boom were stretched across the river from Fort Montgomery to Anthony’s Nose on the East Bank, just north of the modern-day Bear Mountain Bridge. Fort Clinton had also just been built south of Popolopen Creek on the West Bank. Captain Thomas Machin, an Artillery Officer and Engineer of the Continental Army, led this effort. In November 1776, the chain broke under tidal stress, highlighting the difficulty of chaining the Hudson, but was repaired and reset. The British stormed and captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6, 1777. They dismantled this chain and raided upriver as far as Kingston.

The Great Chain at Constitution Island (1778-1783)
Governor George Clinton, one of the committee assigned by the New York Convention to devise means of defending the Hudson, was encouraged that the British never attempted to run warships through the first chain. He concluded that the idea of obstructing the river was basically sound. After Captain Machin recovered from his wounds, he began work on a stronger Great Chain at West Point, which was constructed in 1778. The Great Chain was stretched across the river from this point on Constitution Island to West Point until the end of the war.

The Hudson River’s narrow width and sharp turns at West Point created naturally adverse sailing conditions and the Continental Army took advantage of this natural obstacle. The distinctive “S-Curve” and narrowness of the Hudson here would force any large ship to tack in order to navigate it. The chain would block any ship that attempted to turn into the east-west channel against the strong current and frequently unfavorable winds. As part of the Lower Hudson River Estuary, this area is also subject to significant tides, only adding to the difficulty of navigating it. Cannons were placed in forts and artillery batteries on both sides of the river to destroy ships when they slowed to a halt against the obstacle.

The chain sections were constructed at the Stirling Iron Works, in Warwick, Orange County, from individual chain links made there and at the Long Pond Iron Works in Ringwood, New Jersey. Each link was two feet in length and weighed one hundred and fourteen pounds. The chain sections were floated down the river on logs to West Point. For buoyancy, forty-foot logs were cut into sixteen-foot sections, waterproofed, and joined by fours into rafts fastened with twelve-foot timbers. Short sections of chain were stapled across each raft and later, in the river, the chain sections were united. When completed, the chain was six hundred yards long and including its swivels, clevises, and anchors, weighed sixty-five tons.

The West Point side was protected by Chain Battery and the Constitution Island side by Marine Battery. Both ends were anchored to log cribs filled with rocks. A system of pulleys, rollers, ropes, and anchors adjusted the chain’s tension to compensate for the current and tides. The chain was removed each winter and reinstalled each spring to avoid ice damage. A log “boom” (resembling a ladder) was built across the river about one hundred yards downstream to absorb the impact of any ship that attempted to penetrate the barrier. Benedict Arnold wrote to the British and claimed that a well-loaded ship could break the chain. However, the Royal Navy never attempted to run the barrier.

A section of the original wooden boom was recovered from the river in 1855, and is on display at Washington’s Headquarters in Newburgh, NY. Immediately after the war, most of the Great Chain was melted down for other uses. A thirteen-link section of the Great Chain survives, one link for each of the original thirteen states, and is on display at West Point.

Further Reading:
“Chaining the Hudson: The Fight for the River in the American Revolution”
  by Lincoln Diamant.

“Key to the Northern Country: The Hudson River Valley in the American Revolution”
   by James M. Johnson, Christopher Pryslopski and Andrew Villani

“The Other New York: The American Revolution Beyond New York City, 17763-1787”
     by Joseph S. Tiedeman

(War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Augusta Stone Church

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Virginia, Augusta County, Fort Defiance
The Augusta Stone Church, Virginia's oldest Presbyterian church in continuous use west of the Blue Ridge Mountains, opened on 22 January 1749. It replaced a log meetinghouse build shortly after the congregation's founding in 1740. At the outbreak of the Seve Years' War, Pastor John Craig and members of the church fortified the structure with log palisades and watchtowers to defend against Indian attack. This defensive position inspired the name Fort Defiance adopted by the community that grew around the church. The building was enlarged and remodeled in 1921-22, and a new wing was added in 1956.

(Churches, Etc. • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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