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John V. Atanasoff

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Iowa, Page County, Shenandoah

Invented the computer

(Communications • Man-Made Features • Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Francis Bellamy Memorial Park

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New York, Livingston County, Mount Morris

Francis Bellamy
Memorial Park
Named in honor of Francis
Bellamy, 1855 - 1931, author
of "The Pledge of
Allegiance to the Flag"

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Nurseries of Shenandoah

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Iowa, Page County, Shenandoah

Fertile soil and abundant water made Shenandoah the ideal place to start a nursery.

The early pioneers found that fruit trees from other parts of the United States grew well beside the native wild plum and crab apple trees.

D.S. Lake, father of the nursery industry in southwest Iowa, founded Lake's Shenandoah Nursery in 1870 with stock he had brought from Illinois.

T.E.B. Mason established Mount Arbor Nurseries in 1875. E. S. Welch bought the nursery in 1892, and developed it into one of the largest wholesale nurseries in the nation. Welch supplied retailers such as Burpees [sic], Montgomery Ward, and Earl May.

Henry Field began his nursery career at age five with fifty cents worth of homegrown flower seed. In 1899, he sent out his first catalog, a four page folder he printed himself. In 1902, he built his first seed house, and business mushroomed. Field built an enormous mail-order company even before the advent of radio.

Earl May, who learned the nursery business from E. S. Welch, his father-in-law, started his own retail and catalog business in 1919. May's ingenious use of radio advertising quickly put his fledgling company on par with the giant Field enterprise. By 2000, the company was still operated by a branch of the May family and maintained 54 retail stores offering nursery and landscaping products.

Shenandoah became known as the Seed and Nursery Capital of the World. Other local nurseries included Ratekin's Seed House, J. C. Welch Nursery, Iowana Nursery Jackson Nursery, Farmers' City Nursery, and Armstrong Seed Company.

[Bottom right photo caption reads]
Giants of Shenandoah's nursery industry. From left to right: Ralph Lake, Earl May, Bert Lake, E.S. Welch, and Henry Field.

(Horticulture & Forestry • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Rough Going

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Nebraska, Garden County, Lewellen

The Way West -- The Oregon Trail
For the wagon-traveler, the road from Independence, Missouri, to the Far West was “2,000 miles, one step at a time.”

Wagon Brakes
The most common wagon brake was the rough-lock. It slowed the wagon by making the wheels drag on the ground.

Uphill travel could be still more difficult. Sometimes wagon drivers lightened their loads and made double trips on difficult grades.

The Legend of Windlass HillMany stories are built around the idea that wagons were let down this grade with a windlass. Others say a “snubbing post” was used.

No evidence, historical or archeological, found to date tells of any such device here. Historians class the legend of “Windlass Hill” as an interesting folktale created during later years.

Covered wagon emigrants were often skilled in taking wagons through rough terrain such as this. Some of their methods are shown in an adjacent exhibit.

Wagon breaks were inadequate for hills such as this, and for the many steeper grades further west. Faced with such slopes, wagon drivers locked the wheels with various devices and sometimes had all available hands hold back on ropes attached to the wagon.

Stream crossings posed the worst hazard for the wagon traveler. Further upstream the North Platte had to be crossed several places. Along the trails, crude ferries and log-rafts served the traveler until a few bridges were built by traders.

Far more emigrants, freighters and soldiers were drowned attempting river crossings than were killed by hostile Indians.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

89th Illinois Inantry

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Georgia, Catoosa County, Fort Oglethorpe
Illinois

89th Infantry.
Willich's Brigade.
9 a.m. September 20, 1863.


(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Leicester Civil War Memorial

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New York, Livingston County, Leicester

Erected
1910
by the citizens of
Leicester
in honor of their
soldiers
who fought for the
Union
1861 - 1865

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wagons in the West

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Nebraska, Garden County, Lewellen

Under a picture of a large covered wagon:
The Conestoga was a heavy freight wagon. Very few passed over the Oregon Trail because of the rough terrain.

Under a picture of a travelers in a Prairie Schooner:
Thousands of emigrants passed over this trail from 1841-1859 in wagons similar to this.

Under a picture of a Six Mule U.S. Army Wagon:
The army, too, relied on wagon transport. Hundreds of six mule wagons like these moved the supplies for combat units in the field. Commercial freighters supplied the forts and base camps.

Under a picture of the front view of a Freighter Wagon:
Freighters used still larger and heavier wagons to haul the food, hardware, and machinery needed in the western settlements. Freight moved about fifteen miles a day at as much as 25¢ per pound to the Rockies.

On the hillside before you are tracks left by the wagons that passed here over a century ago. If you wish to climb the hill, please use the walkway to your right.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

94th Ohio Infantry

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Georgia, Catoosa County, Fort Oglethorpe
Text on the Front Side of the Monument:

94th Ohio Infantry,
1st Brigade, 1st Division,
14th Army Corps.

Text on the Back Side of the Monument:

This Regiment, Major Rue P. Hutchins commanding, engaged the enemy, with General Baird's Division, Saturday morning, September 19th, 1863, advancing three-fourths of a mile East from the Kelly House. A counter-attack of superior numbers caused the Division to retire on the line of Reed's Bridge Road. The Regiment advanced again that evening, with Scribner's and Starkweather's Brigades, in support of General Johnson's Division, and became engaged with the enemy upon the ground occupied in the morning.

During the battle of Sunday, September 20th, 1863, the Regiment fought upon the ground marked by this monument, until ordered to retire with the Division to Rossville.

Present for duty September 18th, 1863, ... 309. Killed, Wounded, and Captured September 19-20, 1863, ... 46.

Organized at Piqua, Ohio, August 23-24, 1862. Term three years.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

White-Davis Mercantile Story

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Colorado, Boulder County, Boulder
This building was the site of a continuously operated dry goods store from 1874 until the closing of Brooks-Fauber in 1986. It is one of the oldest commercial structures in the downtown historic district.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

38th Indiana Infantry

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Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Text on the Front Side of the Monument:

38th Regiment Indiana Infantry
1st Brigade - Scribner
1st Division - Baird
14th Corps - Thomas

Text on the Back Side of the Monument:

Indiana's Tribute
To Her
Thirty-Eighth Regiment Infantry.
Lieutenant Colonel Daniel F. Griffin.
First Brigade (Scribner).
First Division (Baird).
Fourteenth Corps (Thomas).

This regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Daniel F. Griffin commanding, was one of the first in Baird's Division to engage the enemy Saturday morning, September 19th, 1863. It also assisted in withstanding the attack of Cleburne's Division at night.

This monument marks the position held by the regiment from daylight Sunday morning, September 20th, 1863, until ordered to retire at 5:30 p.m. During the day several assaults of the enemy were repulsed.

Killed 13; Wounded 57; Missing 39.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

In Honor of the Mount Morris Veterans

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New York, Livingston County, Mount Morris

In honor of the
veterans of all
wars and those
who made the
supreme sacrifice
for God and
our country

(Military) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

General Motors Technical Center

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Michigan, Macomb County, Warren
An American icon of modern architecture, the General Motors (GM) Technical Center stands as a model corporate research and development park. Thirty-one buildings were constructed between 1949 and 1985. Conceived in 1944 by Board of Directors Chairman Alfred P. Sloan, the center centralized GM's research, design and engineering efforts. Vice President for Styling Harley Earl chose Eliel and Eero Saarinen to design the campus. Eero Saarinen's International Style buildings complemented by the grounds he planned with landscape architect Thomas Church. Saarinen also worked with GM's Argonaut Division, which designed many of the structures. The center is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Governor Alex J. Groesbeck

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Michigan, Macomb County, Warren
Son of a pioneer Dutch-French family, Groesbeck was born in Warren Township near the corner of Mound and Twelve Mile Roads in 1872. His father's election as sheriff in 1880 caused the family to move to Mount Clemens. In 1893 Alex graduated from the University of Michigan and began a long and distinguished legal career in Detroit. After serving as state attorney general from 1917 to 1920 he became governor for the first of three successive terms in 1921. His Republican administrations were noted for governmental reorganization, prison reform, and expansion of state highways. Highway M-97 was, subsequently, named after him. In 1927 he returned to Detroit, retaining active interest in public affairs until his death in 1953.

(Politics) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

In Memory of Those Men and Women

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New York, Livingston County, Leicester

In memory of
those men and women
from the towm of
Leicaster New York
who served
and those who made
the supreme sacrifice
in the service of
our country

(Military) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hurricane Creek Mine Disaster

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Kentucky, Leslie County, near Hyden
On December 30, 1970 an explosion caused by coal dust that was ignited by explosives occurred in mine shafts 15 and 16. The blast resulted in the deaths of 38 men. A lone survivor was blown out of the mine. The disaster occurred exactly one year after the passage of the Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969.

(Disasters • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Janesville

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California, Lassen County, Janesville
built in 1859 during the Piute War

(Forts, Castles • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

American Indian Leaders

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North Dakota, Billings County, Medora

Three prominent leaders among the Lakota and Dakota Sioux who called this region home and resisted encroachment by white Americans were Tatanka Iyotake (Sitting Bull), Pizi (Gall), and Inkpaduta (Red Point).

Sitting Bull, born in 1831, became an international figure when his coalition of native tribes defeated Lt. Col. George Custer and his Seventh Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana in 1876. Sitting Bull retreated to Canada in 1877. Facing starvation in 1991, Sitting Bull and the last of his followers returned and surrendered.

Sitting Bull toured with Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show in 1885 and was killed in 1890 on the Standing Rock Reservation in South Dakota during an arrest attempt.

Gall was born in 1840. He followed Sitting Bull to Canada but returned in 1880 to surrender. He settled on the Standing Rock Reservation, where he became a tribal judge. Gall died in 1894.

Red Point was a Dakota from Iowa and Minnesota. Born about 1810, he fled that area in 1857 after leading his small band in an uprising against white settlers near Spirit Lake. Red Point moved west of the Missouri River and allied himself with Sitting Bull and Gall. Red Point retreated to Canada, where he died about 1879.

These men and other equally influential leaders are recognized today for their courage and leadership in the tragic collision of cultures.

(Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Milford

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California, Lassen County, Milford
First settled by Robert J. Scott on May 10, 1856, Milford is one of the oldest settlements in the Honey Lake Valley. In 1861 the first important flour mill in northeastern California was built here. In recognition of this, and of a sawmill, the village was named by Joseph C. Wemple. By 1882, the town boasted a sawmill, grist mill, hotel, store, blacksmith shop, butcher shop, post office, and school house.
California Registered Point of Historical Interest No. LAS-001

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The People

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New York, Erie County, Tonawanda

Life on the Canal Boat
The average canal boat owner was a family man, and often his family traveled the canal with him. Living quarters were the cabin under the stern deck and in the small space a woman did her washing and ironing in addition to cooking for family and crew.
Those on board had to duck through a four-foot high opening in order to get from the cabin to the stateroom whose floor was two feet lower. Within were two built-in double bunks, one on either side. A draw curtain ran fore and aft in the center of the stateroom for privacy.

Giving Assistance at Tonawanda Limits circa 1895.
The canal animals were quartered in the stable located at the forward end of the boat. An inside bridge (or cleated ramp) allowed for the animal to come up from their quarters and an oak "horse bridge" led down from the boat to the towpath.
Views showing interior accommodations for animals up front and people in the rear.

Those Who Worked the Canal.
The average canal boatman usually had two boats and six head of stock, either mules or horses. He hired a steersman with whom to alternate shifts and two drivers who cared for and guided the animals along the towpath, also in shifts, six hours on and six hours off. The so-called graveyard shift, running form 1:00 to 7:00 am., was lonely and monotonous and downright spooky outside of populated areas. The mules were on the towline 150 feet ahead of the boats, and on dark nights the steersman knew they were out there but could not see them. Usually single, carefree men, the drivers sported a variety of nicknames, just a few of which were Oswego Dutch, Rhode Island Red, Sam Dime and Mule Evans.
South Canal Street at Seymour Street, Village of Tonawanda, 1860s.

Changing Mules on the Erie 1911.
At the beginning of a new shift, a canal boatman's children take a dip while a fresh span of mules is guided to the head of the tow.

(Animals • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Susanville Railroad Depot

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California, Lassen County, Susanville
has been placed on the
National Register
of Historical Places

by the United States
Department of the Interior
1927

(Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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