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Protecting the Travelers or the Garrison?

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Banner

The mission of the Fort Phil Kearny garrison was to guard travelers on the Bozeman Trail, but it soon became apparent that the guards would also need protection. Therefore, on July 13, 1866, Captain Tenador Ten Eyck began building a fort which had been designed by Colonel Henry Carrington before they left Fort Stephen Kearny. The fort’s 800 by 600 foot long walls were made of 11” by 12” logs buried three feet in the ground. There were firing notches cut along the banquet at every fifth log, and blockhouses or gun-bastions on two opposite corners to provide enfilading fire along the walls. The main gate was located on the east wall, and smaller five foot wide officer’s gates were originally located on each of the other walls. Each gate was provided with a locking mechanism. Five guard stands were located to provide 24 hour surveillance of the grounds both inside and outside the post.

Before you is a reproduction of the stockade, guard stand, officer’s gate and artillery bastion as originally built at Fort Phil Kearny. From this position we know Col. Carrington fired artillery at the Native Americans who opposed the fort.

At the time of construction few military forts in the West had stockades. Would it have been better to train the raw recruits to protect the travelers? Was the time used to build the 2,800 feet of stockade wasted?

(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Fort Phil Kearny

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Banner
Site of
Fort
Phil Kearny

July 13, 1866
August 1868
Marked by the
State of Wyoming

(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Untitled Tennessee Williams Marker

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis
In the spring of 1935 while visiting the Rev. and Mrs. Walter Dakin, at 1917 Snowden, Tennessee Williams first encountered Chekhov in Southwestern's library and wrote his first produced play. "Cairo, Shanghai, Bombay." It was produced by the Garden Players July 12, 1935, at Rose Arbor, 1780 Glenview. Later, Williams wrote: "The laughter...enchanted me. Then and there the theatre and I found each other for better or worse. I know it's the only thing that's saved my life." Thus did the career of one of America's greatest playwrights begin.

(Arts, Letters, Music) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Rhodes College

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis
Its progenitor was Montgomery Masonic College, founded at Clarksville in 1848. Named Stewart College in 1855, it became a college of the Presbyterian church in 1861 and was incorporated as Southwestern Presbyterian University in 1875. It moved here in 1925 as Southwestern. Renamed Rhodes college in 1984 in honor of Dr. P.N. Rhodes, President Emeritus.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fetterman Monument

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Banner

On July 3, 1908, Henry B. Carrington, Frances Grummond Carrington and veterans of the Fort Phil Kearny garrison attended a memorial ceremony to dedicate this monument. Colonel Carrington and others recounted the events surrounding the battle of December 21, 1866, and their experiences at the fort.

To honor the battlefield dead, the monument had been constructed during the previous two years by local stonemasons. There are, however, several inaccuracies in the legend and some of the language reflects the racial feelings of the times. Historical records show that only two civilians were killed, not the four mentioned in the legend. Current scholars also question whether Red Cloud led or was even at the battle. Native American oral histories do not mention his presence, but do mention numerous other Sioux and Cheyenne leaders. Finally, the plaque states “there were no survivors.” But it obviously refers only to U.S. military casualties since approximately 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne did in fact survive.

Today, this monument still honors the battlefield dead, but it should be remembered that members of two cultures died here, both fighting for their nations.

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Rixford World War I Memorial

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Pennsylvania, McKean County, Rixford
Rixford Service Roll
In honor of those who served in the World War 1914-1918

Lowell L. Andrus
Lee Frank Baker
Kenneth Burdic
George Burdic
Bertram P. Brown
Lawrence C. Cotton
Lawrence N. Goodell
Ray W. Hunt
Robert E. Hungiville
Clarence M. Hulse
Lyman G. Lockwood
Edward E. Miller
Floyd L. Potter
Roy W. Potter
Victor H. Parker
Clarence Parsons
Fred R. Rixford
Lee M. Straight
Sidney A. Tyler
Gregory E. Tyler
Raymond A. Walker
Lloyd G. Wells

(War, World I) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Woodmen of the World Veterans Monument

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Georgia, Columbia County, Appling
In Sacred Memory of the Men of Columbia County Who Made the Supreme Sacrifice

World War I
Barney Bivins, John Burnett, Doughty Jansen, Selwyn Williamson

World War II Daniel W. Cason, John B. Crawford, Thomas W. Smith, Robert Bryan, Fred Malone, George R. Vaughn, Walter J. Fullbright, Jr., Emmel W. Mundy, Charlie C. Snellings, Clyde Pardue, Jr., Frank Kauffman, Willie S. Sweatman, Harold E. Reid, Perry L. Crapps

Korean Corydon W. Benton, Delman McNeal

"Time Shall Not Dim the Glory of Their Deeds."

(War, Korean • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

War Memorial

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Iowa, Page County, Clarinda

Page County Roll of Honor

This monument is dedicated to the veterans and service members who have served this country so faithfully in war and peace from the Revolution to the present time to protect our freedom.

Page County Roll of Honor
These Gave Their Lives

World War I • World War II
Korea • Vietnam

[Rolls of Honored Dead]

(War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Northern Plains Indian Wars

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Banner

Marker #1 : >
By 1866, Twenty Years of Confrontation . . .

. . . had occurred on the Northern Plains. Indian tribes clashed over the vast resources of food, water and grass. European Americans pressured all the tribes on the quest of mineral wealth and settlement lands.

The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 attempted to curtail these confrontations. It established territorial boundaries for many of the Plains Indians and the United States Government was allowed to build roads and forts. All signators were allowed to cross on another’s territory unmolested and unhindered. But the diminishing buffalo herds and discoveries of gold led to continuing and escalating confrontation.

The discovery of gold in southwest Montana led to the establishment of the Bozeman Trail in 1863. By the fall of 1865 numerous fights with the European Americans had allied the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho. The Crow Indians supported the military against these tribes. The high cost of military campaigns and the need for new roads with safe travel impressed upon the United States Government the need for new negotiations with the Northern Plains Indians. These negotiations began at Fort Laramie in June, 1866.

While the intent of the Treaty of 1866 was to allow the construction of the forts and roads in exchange for bi-annual annuities, government officials failed to recognize the complexity of tribal policies. Some Indian leaders did not sign the treaty and government officials assumed they had a treaty with all members of the tribes. When Carrington’s command arrived under orders to establish three forts on the Bozeman Trail, Red Cloud and other Indian leaders walked out of the talks declaring that war would occur if the trail was used and the forts constructed. Carrington followed orders regarrisoning Fort Reno and established Forts Phil Kearny and C.F. Smith. The Indian leaders who refused to sign the treaty prepared for war.

Marker #2 : >
Red Cloud

An Oglala Sioux leader of the Plains Indians opposed to forts on the Bozeman Trail. He was instrumental in putting together the coalition of tribes that defeated Fetterman’s command and fought the battles of “Red Cloud’s War.” Upon seeing the strength of the U.S. Government during later trips to the east, Red Cloud saw the futility of continued warfare.

Colonel Henry B. Carrington
The 41 year old commander of the garrison at Fort Phil Kearny. Because of his lack of Civil War combat experience, Carrington’s officers felt him unsuited for command. Limited experience on the plains and the skirmish of December 6, 1866, increased his concern for the command’s ability to take offensive actions against the tribes.

The Fetteran Fight . . . December 21, 1866
During the fall of 1866, Red Cloud gathered Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors. As the Indians’ strength grew to the north on the Tongue River, they increased their raids on the Bozeman Trail forts. Colonel Henry B. Carrington received orders from the Department Commander to be more aggressive and carry out “punitive strikes against the raiding Indians.” Carrington requested more troops, better arms and more ammunition. Captain William J. Fetterman, a recent arrival to the fort, said that he could ride through the Sioux nation with 80 men. The stage was set for the Fetterman Fight.

December 21, 1866 was a clear day, with snow drifted on the north slopes of the hill and ridges from earlier storms. That morning Captain Fetterman requested command of a force to relieve a wood train under attack by Indians. His command included Lieutenant George Grummond , Captain Frederick Brown, 49 infantry, 27 cavalry and civilians James Wheatley and Issac Fisher, totaling 81 men.

Earlier in the day 800 to 1200 Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors had arrived in the Peno Creek Valley. Some were sent to attack the wood train, others to decoy the Army’s relief party and the rest took up positions for the planned ambush. The decoys lured Fetterman’s command over Lodge Trail Ridge. As the soldiers approached Peno Creek, the ambush was sprung. In the ensuing battle, as the troops retreated south toward Lodge Trail Ridge, they were surrounded and defeated.

In approximately one hour the battle was over. Captain Tenodor Ten Eyck’s relief column arrived to find the bodies of Fetterman’s command in three separate groups along what is now known as Massacre Hill. Fort Phil Kearny had lost 81 men. Indian oral history indicates that their casualties were 20 or more.

Marker #3 : >
The Interpretive Trail

For an in-depth understanding of the Fetterman Fight, you are invited to walk the interpretive trail. Approximately one mile in length, it consists of two separate but overlapping trails traversing more than half of the actual battlefield.

The first trail provides specific information about the battle and its participants and is accessible for the physically impaired. The second trail requires you to use your imagination, to visualize the battlefield as it was in 1866 from the Indian and soldier perspectives, at positions occupied during the battle.

Archeological studies have been conducted on the battlefield. Since artifact collecting began soon after the fighting, few artifacts remain, but you are reminded that their removal is UNLAWFUL. Please report any findings to the visitor center immediately.

Marker #4 : >
With the Arrival of . . .

. . . reinforcements, supplies and two successive commanders, Fort Phil Kearny was reorganized and the training of the soldiers increased. Skirmishes between the soldiers and the Indians continued through the spring and summer of 1867. Better arms and ammunition resulted in successful defenses at the Hay Field Fight and Wagon Box Fight on August 1 and 2.

News of the Fetterman Fight intensified the debate in the East between U.S. citizens with differing philosophies about the Indians. Some people advocated peaceful resolution of hostilities on the Western Plains.

The nation had survived four years of Civil War but the toll had been tremendous. Fighting Indians on the frontier was expensive and unpopular to those who wanted peace. Conflict in the West had created severe equipment and logistics problems for the post-war military.

In 1867, the military established Fort Fetterman, but the Treaty of 1868 closed the Bozeman Trail and Forts Phil Kearny, Reno and C.F. Smith. The treaty established reservations for the Sioux much like those set up for the Cheyenne and Arapaho in 1866. The Interior Department became responsible for care and control of the tribes. It was hoped that the Indians would adopt Christian ways, become farmers and cease hostilities on the frontier.

For six years, until gold was discovered in the Black Hills in 1874, an uneasy peace existed in the Powder River country. Soon thereafter, the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho were at war on the Little Big Horn River.

(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sister Cities

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Iowa, Page County, Clarinda

We wish to promote peace and harmony like the music of Glenn Miller which brought our communities together. May this tree and this stone symbolize growth and stability of our Sister City relationship.

Frank Snyder, Mayor of Clarinda

Toranosuke Matsumoto, Mayor of Tamana

April 3, 1996

(Peace) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hunt's General Store & Millinery Shop

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Maryland, Howard County, Ellicott City
Three homes, built in simple cut stone and frame style, on lots purchased in the 1834 lottery. In the 1840's the Hunt siblings used the lower sections as a millinery shop and dry goods/grocery story, using the large display window. Later uses: a bar, pool hall, taxi stand. Cacao Lane Restaurant opened in 1974 after Hurricane Agnes Flood.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ben's Cave

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Bahamas, Grand Bahama, near Freeport
The entrance to Ben's Cave was created when a portion of the roof collapsed. The clear pool that you see is fresh water, which floats on top of the lower salt water. Under-water passages spread out horizontally from Ben's Cave for thousands of yards making the Lucayan cavern system one of the longest surveyed in the world. Large colonies of harmless bats use the ceiling of Ben's Cave as a nursery in the summer. Orchids and bromeliads can be seen growing on trees around the entrance.

(Natural Features) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Burial Mound Cave

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Bahamas, Grand Bahama, near Freeport
The remains of several Lucayan Indians were found in a water-filled cavern near this cave entrance. The bones were perfectly preserved under a mound of rocks in about 6 feet of fresh water. This cave is a home of a rare member of a new class of crustacean, Speleonectes lucayensis which resembles a swimming centipede.

(Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

LSU Former Campus

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Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge
In 1885, Louisiana State University moved from Mid-State city of Alexandria to this site, taking over the decommissioned Baton Rouge Arsenal. Nicknamed the "Old War Skule" on these grounds LSU saw its first intercollegiate football game, regular student newspaper, tiger mascot and female student. LSU moved to its present campus in 1926 to make way for the state capitol.

(Education) Includes location, directions, GPS coordinates, map.

King's Brigade

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Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
King's Brigade.
Baird's Division - Thomas' Corps.
Brigadier General John H. King.

September 20, 1863 - 1st Position.
15th U.S. Infantry, 1st Battalion - Captain Albert B. Dod.
16th U.S. Infantry, 1st Battalion - Captain R.E.A. Crofton.
18th U.S. Infantry, 1st Battalion - Captain George W. Smith
18th U.S. Infantry, 2d Battalion - Captain Henry Haymond.
19th U.S. Infantry, 1st Battalion - Captain Edmund L. Smith.

This Brigade held the left of General Baird's Division on this ground throughout the second day's battle, until the withdrawal near sundown. The formation was in four lines, there being a breastwork of logs two feet high along the front. Between 7 and 8 a.m. the 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry, was sent across the glade to the crest on the east side, taking the logs in its front with it. There it remained until forced back by the advance of Helm's Brigade of Breckinridge's Division. It then rejoined the main line. Dodge's Brigade of Johnson's Division was on the left of King, and Scribner's Brigade of Baird's Division on its right. King was heavily engaged from 10 a.m. till about 1 o'clock, and again shortly before sundown, when it withdrew while under heavy attack from which it suffered severe loss, but was reorganized west of the Kelly field and proceeded to Rossville. The Battery of the Brigade, H 5th U.S., was sent about noon to Rossville, and was not engaged. Strength in action 1513.
Loss, killed 61; wounded 255; captured or missing 523; total 839. Percentage of loss 55.45.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

48th Tennessee Infantry

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Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Tennessee
48th Regt. Infty.
Polk's Brigade
Cleburne's Division

Before sundown
September 20, 1863


(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

35th Tennessee

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Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Tennessee
35th Regt. Infty.
Polk's Brigade
Cleburne's Division

Before sundown
September 20, 1863


(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

19th U.S. Infantry

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Georgia, Catoosa County, Fort Oglethorpe
Text on Front Side of the Monument:

19th U.S. Infantry, 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 14th Corps
Regular
........September 19-20, 1863........ Brigade

Text on Left Side of the Monument:

Companies A, B, E, F, G, H, of the 1st Battalion and Company A of the 2nd Battalion, went into action towards Jay's Mill, on the left of the Brigade, at about 9 a.m. of September 19th, 1863. With a strength of 14 officers and 190 men. Company C, 1st Battalion, was detached at division head-quarters.
Text on Right Side of the Monument:

The regiment was engaged throughout the 20th of September, 1863, on and near this spot, until nearly 6 p.m., when it was withdrawn westward across the Lafayette Road to Rossville via McFarland's Gap.


(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Bloody First Day Ends

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Georgia, Catoosa County, Fort Oglethorpe

Fighting in the Chickamauga Woods continued into the night

Throughout the day on September 19, 1863, men were thrown into the fighting as soon as they arrived on the field. Neither side could control the battle which expanded in a southerly direction (behind you) as the day wore on. In the thick woods soldiers fought hand to hand and sometimes became confused and fired on their friends. Casualties were heavy.

At sunset Gen. Braxton Bragg, Confederate commander, tried one more assault on the Union line. He ordered Cleburne´s and Cheatham´s Divisions to attack near this point. In the growing darkness, the battle raged to your left and right along the Brotherton Road. Both sides became confused and fired at any rifle musket flashes they saw.

Brig. Gen. Preston Smith, a Confederate brigade commander, got lost in the dark woods and stumbled into an enemy position. He was killed by a point blank Union volley about 220 yards southeast of here (behind you).

(captions)
(center) Confederate infantry in the Chickamauga woods. Drawing by wartime artist A.R. Waud.

(top right) Gen. Braxton Bragg controversial commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee, hoped to prevent the Union army from reaching the fortified city of Chattanooga by blocking the LaFayette Road.

Confederate Brig. Gen. Preston Smith of Cheatham's Division was killed not far from here on the night of the first day of battle. Confused by the darkness, Smith discovered too late that he had ridden between the opposing lines.

(bottom right)On the night of September 19, Confederate divisions under Generals Cleburne and Cheatham attacked the Union line near this point, but made no decisive gain.


(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Cost of Chickamauga

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Georgia, Catoosa County, Fort Oglethorpe

More than 4,000 soldiers lost their lives at Chickamauga

The short path ahead leads to the grave of a loan Confederate. Pvt. John Andrew Ingraham was a local man, one of many who join the Confederate Army. He was killed at midday on Sept. 19 in heavy fighting that claimed the lives of more than 2,600 other Confederates. After the battle, friends searched for him, down his body, and buried it here.

Chickamauga was by far the bloodiest battle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Of the 124,000 men engaged, 30% were listed as casualties,. The number killed, wounded, or reported missing in actions exceeded 37,000. The scope of the tragedy is difficult to comprehend.

Confederate dead were buried in mass graves on the battlefield, but were later moved. Many of the Union dead lay on the ground for three months until Union troops recaptured the area and remove the bodies to what would later become a National Cemetery in Chattanooga.

Casualties at Chickamauga

Union
Of 58,000 engaged
Killed 1,656
Wounded 9,749
Missing 4,774
Total 16,179

Confederate
Of 66,000 engaged
Killed 2,673
Wounded 16,274
Missing 2,003
Total 20,950

(caption)
(top right) Pvt. John Ingraham; a local Confederate volunteer, was killed near here on the first day of battle. Unlike many who died far from home, Ingraham died in his own community and was buried by friends.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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