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Fort William and the Fur Trade

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Wyoming, Goshen County, Fort Laramie

In 1834, Robert Campbell and William Sublette established the first fort at the confluence of the North Platte and Laramie Rivers. Christened Fort William, the post was rectangular, measuring only 100 by 80 feet. Hewn cottonwood logs 15 feet high formed the palisade. At diagonal corners were log blockhouses. A third blockhouse with a cannon mounted in it was located over the front gate. Against the inside of the stockade were a series of cabins, workshops, and storehouses whose flat roofs reached to within three feet of the top of the fort’s wall.

The “beaver trade” was already in decline at the time of the post’s founding. Campbell and Sublette recognized that the future of the fur trade lay not in trapping beaver but in trading with Native Americans for buffalo robes. Each spring, caravans arrived with trade goods at the fort. In the fall, tons of buffalo hides and other furs were shipped east.

Fort William’s exact location is not known. Certainly, it was within a mile of this site and perhaps even occupying the same ground that you are standing on. Efforts to find what remains of Fort William continue.
The TrapperIn the early part of the 19th century, a colorful, eccentric group of bold adventurers emerged on the American frontier. This was the time of the legendary “mountain man,” an adventurer, explorer, and part-time diplomat. Their heyday would last less than 30 years, yet these rugged individualists would leave a lasting mark on the history of the west.

Trappers lived hard lives, spending months wading in cold mountain streams trapping beaver and other fur-bearing mammals. Beginning in 1825 and continuing for the next 16 years trappers met at an annual “rendezvous” to exchange their year’s catch of furs for supplies and trade goods and celebrate a successful trapping season.

The river below, once abundant with beaver, was named for French-Canadian trapper Jacques LaRamee. Reportedly killed in the early 1820s on the stream that now bears his name, LaRamee remains an enigma. Little else is known about the man who has no less than seven geographic features in Wyoming named after him.

(Forts, Castles • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort John – The ‘Second Fort Laramie’

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Wyoming, Goshen County, Fort Laramie

. . . the articles of trade consist, on the one side, almost entirely of buffalo robes; and, on the other, of blankets, calicoes, guns, powder, and lead, [and] . . . cheap ornaments such as glass beads, looking-glasses, rings, vermillion for painting, tobacco, and . . . spirits, brought into the country in the form of alcohol, and diluted with water before sold . . .John C. Frémont, July 1842
Pierre Chouteau and Company, then owners of Fort William, constructed a new fort on this site in 1841 to better compete with nearby rival trading posts. Built of adobe by Mexican craftsmen, Fort John cost $10,000 to complete.

Fifteen-foot-high walls, measuring 121 by 167 feet, protected living quarters, shops for blacksmiths, and warehouses. Towers – called bastions – positioned at opposite corners of the fort and large double main doors gave the fort an impressive appearance.

Indian tribes, especially the Lakota, traded tanned buffalo robes at Fort John for a variety of manufactured goods. Throughout the 1840s the take of buffalo robes declined and Fort John’s role soon changed.

In 1841, the first of many westward-bound emigrants arrived at Fort John. Thousands of emigrants bound for Oregon, California, and the Salt Lake Valley would eventually stop at the adobe fort. Traders at Fort John did a brisk seasonal business catering to the needs of the emigrants.

A few busy weeks of summer emigrant trade, however, did not make up for poor returns in the fur business. When the U.S. Army offered to purchase Fort John in 1849, the owners jumped at the opportunity and sold it for $4,000 on June 26. The army used the “old” fort largely as a corral and warehouse until its demolition in 1862.

(Exploration • Forts, Castles • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Spence and William Grayson

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Virginia, Prince William County, Woodbridge
Left marker: Chaplain Spence Grayson
1734-1798
Grayson's Additional Continental Rgt
Right marker: Colonel William Grayson
1736-1790
Grayson's Additional Continental Rgt

(Notable Persons • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Revolutionary Soldiers Spence and William Grayson

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Virginia, Prince William County, Woodbridge
Upper left marker: Revolutionary Soldier
Spence Grayson

1734-1798
Upper right marker: Revolutionary Soldier
William Grayson

1736-1790


(Notable Persons • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

La Cité des Peintres / La Côte de Grâce

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France, Basse-Normandie, Calvados Département, Honfleur
La Cité des Peintres Aujourd'hui Honfleur reçoit plus de 3,5 millions de visiteurs chaque année. C'est la 13ème ville française la plus visitée.

Ell a toujours attiré les artistes, et tout particulièrement les peintres, sensibles à la lumière de l'estuaire qui dès la fin du XVIIIème siècle se promènent à Honfleur. Mais c'est au début du XIXème qu'ils s'y rendent plus nombreux. C'est en Normandie et surtout le long de la Seine que va naître l'Impressionnisme. A Honfleur, c'est alors un important foyer de création qui se développe et une succession d'artistes qui y posent leur chevalet: Turner, Corot, Isabey, Boudin, Jongkind, Cals, Monet…

Honfleur welcomes 3,5 millions visitors every year. It's the 13th most visited town in France. Attracted by the special quality of the light by the estuary, painters started coming to Honfleur in the 18th century. But it's really in the early 19th century, that they came here in numbers. Normandy is the birthplace of Impressionism specially along the river Seine.

In Honfleur, an important artistic center came up and a serie of painters put their easel here: Turner, Corot, Boudin, Jongkind, Monet…


Notre conseil
Visitez le Musée Eugène Boudin pour y admirere les œuvres des artistes du XIXème siècle et des peintres de l'Estuaire.
Visit the Eugène Boudin Museum to admire works of art of the 19th century artists and of the Estuary painters.

La Côte de Grâce Honfleur est entourée de deux collines, La Côte Vassale et la Côte de Grâce. Cette dernière surplombe la vieille ville et offre un site natural constitué de paysages de campagne boisée mêlés à l'estuaire de la Seine. Sur le plateau de Grâce se trouve l'un des plus anciens sanctuaires de la région, la Chapelle Notre Dame de Grâce. Chaque année à la Pentecôte a lieu la traditionnelle Fêtes de Marins durant laquelle une procession part du centre ville pour arriver jusqu'à la chappelle.

Honfleur is surrounded by two hills, the Côte Vassale and the Côte de Grâce which overlook the old town. It's a natural site with a beautiful wooded landscape on one side and the Estuary on the other side. On the top of one hill is located the Notre Dame de Grâce Chapel, one of the oldest sanctuary of the region. Every year on Whit Monday, during the Sailor's festival, there is a pilgramage to the Chapel.

Le saviez-vous.?
Au fil de siècle, plusieurs personnages célèbres sont venus prier à la chappells: Samuel de Champlain, Napoléon Bonaparte, Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux…
Throughout history, several famous figures prayed in the Chapel: Samuel de Champlain…

(Arts, Letters, Music • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Major James Morrow Walsh

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Ontario, Leeds and Grenville (United Counties), Prescott

Born and educated in Prescott, Walsh was trained at military schools at Kingston and by 1873 had attained the rank of Major in the militia. In that year he was commissioned in the newly formed North-West Mounted Police. While in charge at Fort Walsh, in present-day Saskatchewan, he became known for his influence and friendship with Sitting Bull, chief of the approximately 5,000 Sioux who sought refuge in Canada 1876-77, and for his role in the negotiations for their return to the United States. Walsh retired in 1883 but fourteen years later, at the height of the Klondike gold rush, he was appointed first Commissioner of the Yukon and Superintendent of the North-West Mounted Police there. In 1898 he retired to his home in Brockville.

(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Rev. Johann Samuel Schwerdtfeger

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Ontario, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry counties, Morrisburg

The first Lutheran minister to settle in this province, Schwerdtfeger was born in Burgbernheim, Bavaria, and studied theology at the University of Erlangen. Emigrating to America in 1753, he served as pastor of congregations in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New York. Much persecuted for his allegiance to the Crown during the American Revolution, Schwerdtfeger moved to Canada in 1791. He settled here in Williamsburg Township and became pastor of a congregation of German Loyalists, which had been established in 1784, and by 1790 had constructed the first Lutheran church in what is now Ontario. Its site now lies beneath Lake St. Lawrence. Within a few years he had organized Lutheran congregations in neighbouring townships. He died in 1803 and was buried in the old church cemetery.

(Churches, Etc. • Settlements & Settlers • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Goodman

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Wisconsin, Marinette County, Goodman
The lumber companies which created many of the communities in northern Wisconsin have passed from the scene, but the villages remain, monuments to the hardihood and persistence of the residents who worked and lived in these communities. Goodman was a company town founded in 1908 by the Goodman Lumber Company which owned 100,000 acres of woods surrounding the village. Unlike other company towns now gone, Goodman continues to flourish. Many wood and brick buildings were erected. The first building, a hotel, was built in 1908. A large steam driven sawmill was completed in 1909. In subsequent years, the company built a department store, office, clubhouse with bowling alley and movie theater, back, high school, grade school, and over 100 homes. Unlike some former sawmill towns, now ghost towns, Goodman survived by adapting to change. Selective cutting replaced clear cutting. The company sawmill still exists. A veneer plant was built in later years. The original stand of trees and the people who cut them are gone, but the town, mill and surrounding woods remain.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Chair Factory History

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Wisconsin, Ozaukee County, Ozaukee County, Grafton
The area around Falls Road and Twelfth Avenue was originally known as Milwaukee Falls. The location of the dam and millrace, which were removed in 2000, attracted several manufacturers through the years. A chair factory was built in 1848, the same year Wisconsin became a state. It continued to operate as a furniture manufacturer until 1873. In 1893, the Sheboygan Knitting Co. began producing yarn in the plant for its parent firm, the Wisconsin Chair Co. of Port Washington, which was established in 1888.

The factory was known by a variety of names during its existence, including the Milwaukee Chair Co. and the Northern Chair Co. By the early 1900s, the plant was turning out more than 40 dozen chairs daily. Several large boarding houses on Falls Road provided living quarters for the workers.

The Great Depression forced the company to discontinue leasing recording studios in New York and Chicago. Instead, it operated its own Grafton studio from 1929 to 1932. Hundreds of Wisconsin and out-of-state musicians recorded here. Among them were blues legends such as Charlie Patton, Skip James, Blind Blake, Son House, Willie Brown, and Big Bill Broonzy.

The last record was made in July 1932 by the Mississippi Sheiks. The building was demolished in 1938.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Entertainment • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Eastern Ontario's First Court House and Gaol

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Ontario, Leeds and Grenville (United Counties), Johnstown

Eastern Ontario's first Court House and Gaol was constructed on the waterfront south of this site between 1795 and 1797. The complex included a chamber for the District Court on the upper floor as well as cells and a room for the jailer on the lower level. Later a pillory and stocks were erected next to the Court House. The entire area was enclosed with a picket fence constructed with cedar posts eight feet high. In 1810 the Court and Gaol were moved to new facilities in Brockville, despite the vehement protest of the Johnstown citizens. The structure later served as a place of public worship and as a barracks and gaol during the War of 1812. It fell into a state of disrepair and eventually burned to the ground in 1875.

(Government • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Forwarding Trade at Prescott

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Ontario, Leeds and Grenville (United Counties), Prescott

Before the completion of the canals between here and Montreal in 1847, Prescott was the eastern terminus of Great Lakes navigation. Established at the head of Galops Rapids in 1810, it soon became a centre for the forwarding, or shipping, trade and an important centre in Montreal's commercial system. One of the earliest forwarders at Prescott was Captain William Gilkison, who began operations on this property about 1811. As the population of Upper Canada increased rapidly after 1820, the trade expanded and forwarding firms, including Henderson & Hooker and Macpherson, Crane & Co., established shipbuilding yards, wharfs, and warehouses along this waterfront. Prescott's position in the forwarding trade began to decline in 1847 when uninterrupted navigation from Montreal to Lake Ontario became possible.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Williamsburg Canals

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Ontario, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry counties, Morrisburg

The canals at Farran's Point, Rapide Plat and Galops were known collectively as the Williamsburg Canals. All three were built in the period 1844-56 on the north side of the St. Lawrence to form part of the Great Lakes navigation system. Farran's Point Canal was three-quarters of a mile long with a single lock; the Rapide Plat was four miles long and had two locks; the Galops and Iroquois canals, together known as the Galops Canal, covered seven and five-eights miles and had three locks. Ascending vessels used all three canals, while those desending used only the Galops. These canals disappeared with construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Founding of Cardinal

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Ontario, Leeds and Grenville (united counties), Cardinal

The grist-mill built at Point Cardinal by Hugh Munro about 1796 fostered the development here of a small settlement. A sawmill and store were later erected, and in 1837 a post-office, "Edwardsburgh", was established. In 1858, attracted by abundant water-power and the operation of the Galops shipping canal (1846) and the Grand Trunk Railway (1855), William T. Benson and Thomas Aspden founded the Canada Starch Works. Its prosperity stimulated the growth of Elgin, as Edwardsburgh was also known, and in 1864 the hamlet, with 300 inhabitants, contained several other prominent businesses, notably the James McLatchie foundry. The community was incorporated as the Village of Cardinal, with a population of 800, by a by-law which became effective in 1880.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Crossroads of a Nation Moving West

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Wyoming, Goshen County, Fort Laramie

Crossed the Laramie ford this morning and passed through the fort registering our names and found that . . . 16,913 men, Women 235, Children 242, Wagons 4,672, Horses 14,974, Mules, 4,641, Oxen 7,427, Cows 465, passed, besides nearly as many more had probably gone without registering.Alfred Davis, June 12, 1850
Between 1841 and 1866 at least 350,000 people crossed the Missouri westbound for new homes in Oregon, California, and Utah. Fort Laramie provided a welcome respite from the tedium of the trail, a place where travelers could rest, resupply, mail letters, exchange worn draft animals, and avail themselves of medical, wheelwright, and blacksmith services.

Emigrants, camped on the opposite side of the Laramie River, often spent evening hours relaxing as Lucy Bailey White describes:
      . . . someone with a fiddle would strike up a dance and the long weary miles were forgotten and they joined in a dance around their camp fire that lasted until ten o’clock when all merriment ceased and the entire company . . . retired to their beds for they must be up early on the morrow to continue their journey.

The Prairie Schooner

The wagons that transported emigrants over the plains were much smaller than those depicted in Hollywood films. These “prairie wagons” or “prairie schooners” were narrow with flat bodies and lower sides than traditional freight wagons. Most importantly they were also much lighter. Oxen, slower than horses or mules but with greater stamina, were the preferred draft animal for pulling the wagons.

Prairie schooners were generally made of hardwoods, with wheels and axles reinforced with metal fittings. Hickory bows positioned along the frame held a cloth canopy in place. Toolboxes and a drinking-water barrel were attached to the wagon box, and a bucket for grease dangled from underneath the back.
Wagons carried food, cooking utensils, bedding, a minimal amount of clothing, firearms, medicine, bandages, lanterns, and sewing supplies. Furniture and other household “luxury” items were often left behind or eventually abandoned along the trail. Most of the emigrants walked alongside the wagon, with only the elderly, sick, or very young riding inside.

Leaving Fort Laramie
Leaving Fort Laramie was bittersweet. Most were eager to get on with their journey, but leaving behind civilization once again was hard. The trail became more difficult west of Fort Laramie as it climbed in elevation. In 1849, Charles Ben Darwin described the scene 12 miles west of the fort:
      . . . now comes the time for destroying and abandoning property each on realizing that the difficulty of the Black Hills required as light a load as possible . . . . goods of all kinds were thrown out. Boxes-trunks-pots-barrels-bags-tents-pants-coats and indeed all kind of wearing apparel could be found on the camping ground . . . In truth it was a sight to make one grieve to see so much brought so far and then thrown to the winds and grass.

(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Johnstown 1789

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Ontario, Leeds and Grenville (united counties), Johnstown

In 1789-90 a town plot of one mile square was laid out in this vicinity. Many Loyalists, including Sir John Johnson, obtained lots in the settlement. A sawmill and grist-mill were constructed, and in 1793 it was made the administrative centre of the Eastern District. A courthouse and gaol were erected and the court of quarter sessions, which administered the district's local government, met alternately here and in Cornwall. Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe stayed in Johnstown in 1792 and 1795. In 1808 the courts were moved to Elizabethtown (Brockville) and despite its favourable location as a port, Johnstown's further development was retarded by its shallow harbour.

(Politics • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Christ The King Catholic Church

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Texas, Ward County, Monahans
Area Catholics held religious services in their homes beginning in the mid-1920s until a donation of money and two lots here in 1938 enabled the congregation to construct this modestly detailed structure known as Christ the King Catholic Church. Although the building was expanded in 1954 the congregation relocated in 1961. In 1965 the building became the Sands Art Center for art workshops, exhibits, craft shows, and occasional community theatre.

Recorded Texas Historic Landmark – 1992

(Arts, Letters, Music • Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ward County

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Texas, Ward County, near Pyote
Formed from Tom Green County
created February 26, 1887
organized March 29, 1892

Named in honor of
Thomas William Ward
1807-1872
At the storming of Bexar
December, 1835
Commissioner of the
General Land Office, 1841-1848
United States consul at
Panama, 1853-1856

Monahans, County Seat


(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Toyah

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Texas, Reeves County, Toyah
Began as division point, 1881, on T. & P. Railway, with shops, roundhouse, hotel, cafe. Water was hauled from Monahans and sold by the barrel. Stage took passengers and mail to Brogado. 1882. Cattle shipping brought cowboy-detective Charles Siringo here to look for rustlers.

(Railroads & Streetcars • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Handcarts – The New Plan

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Wyoming, Goshen County, Fort Laramie

We cannot afford to purchase wagons and teams as in times past. I am consequently thrown back upon my old plan – to make hand-carts, and let the emigration foot it . . .       Brigham Young, 1855

Between 1856 and 1860, nearly 3,000 members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, pulled their earthly possessions in two-wheeled handcarts from Iowa to Utah. Most “Handcart Pioneers” were poor immigrant converts from northern Europe.

A typical fully loaded handcart weighed between 300 and 500 pounds. Costing as little as $10 apiece to build, the handcart was considerably cheaper than the $300 to $500 for a wagon and ox team. Only the better-made handcarts had iron-rimmed wheels, causing at least one elder to question their sturdiness. Church President Brigham Young, however, expressed confidence in the venture’s success, observing that the emigrants “can come just as quick, if not quicker and much cheaper – can start earlier and escape the prevailing sickness which annually lays so many of our brethren in the dust.”
Tragedy on the PlainsOf the 10 handcart companies attempting the journey, all but two completed the trip successfully. Plagued by a late departure, a shortage of provisions, and an early severe winter storm, the Martin and Willie companies were destined for tragedy. In October 1856, near present-day Casper, Wyoming, over 200 members of these ill-fated companies died. One survivor poignantly described the scene, “Death had taken a heavy toll and the Ravine was like an overcrowded tomb. No mortal tongue could describe the suffering.” The handcart era ended after 1860, when church leaders decided to use only wagons and ox teams to haul emigrants and freight west.

(Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Embassy on the Northern Plains

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Wyoming, Goshen County, Fort Laramie

As the main outpost of the U.S. Government on the Northern Plains, Fort Laramie served as an official meeting ground between the United States of America and the sovereign tribes of the Northern Plains.

The first great treaty negotiation, the Treaty of 1851, proved to be too big for Fort Laramie and quickly moved to Horse Creek in western Nebraska. With over 10,000 participants, it was the largest gathering of Plains Indians in the 19th century. For the next 17 years Fort Laramie served as an unofficial U.S. embassy to the Northern Plains. U.S. Peace Commissioners and prominent tribal leaders such as Smoke, Red Cloud, Man Afraid of His Horses, and Spotted Tail came to Fort Laramie to conduct affairs of state. Preparations for meetings and negotiations held at the fort were as much a part of military routine as wood cutting parties and guard duty. As the Bozeman Trail crossed lands protected by the 1851 treaty and the Transcontinental Railroad progressed west, hostilities increased in the 1860s and negotiations held at Fort Laramie grew in importance. Several peace councils met between 1866 and 1868.

These gatherings culminated in three treaties signed at Fort Laramie in the spring of 1868 between the Federal Government and the Cheyenne and Arapaho, the Crow, and 10 Sioux bands. The treaties established the reservation system on the Northern Plains and continue to act as foundational legal documents. The treaties soon separated Fort Laramie from the various tribes and ended the post’s role as a council site.

Open Ground with Easy Access
In good weather, treaty negotiations were held on the open ground on the east side of the Laramie River, a gathering place and campground for emigrants, soldier, and peace councils. These open fields provided ample space and fodder for livestock, were close to the post headquarters, and kept the parade grounds clear. In bad weather negotiations moved to the large post commissary and quartermaster warehouses on the northeast end of the post.

(Forts, Castles • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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