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Antonine Wall Rough Castle

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United Kingdom, Scotland, Stirlingshire, Falkirk

The Antonine Wall was built by the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius AD 142-143.

It ran for 37 miles from Bridgeness on the Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the Clyde and consisted of a ditch with a turf rampart behind it.

The material from the ditch was thrown on to the north side to form a mound. Forts, fortlets, and beacon platforms were placed along the wall.

The Fort of Rough Castle lies 300 yards to the east.

Cared For By Historic Scotland

(Forts, Castles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Peace Through Unity

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Montana, Big Horn County, Crow Agency

Indian descendants of participants in the Battle of the Little Bighorn helped form the vision of the Indian Memorial. The “Peace Through Unity” theme was conceived by the late Enos Poor Bear, Sr. and Austin Two Moons. Together, they were an inspiration for others and instrumental in providing their wisdom, guidance, and prayers toward the important goal of an Indian Memorial at Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument.

The seeds for peace and reconciliation were sewn earlier in 1926, during the Semi-Centennial observance of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, when former adversaries, including General Edward S. Godfrey, 7th Cavalry, and White Bull, nephew of Sitting Bull, both veterans of the battle, gathered on the battlefield, shook hands, exchanged gifts, and symbolically buried the hatchet.

On June 25, 1985, Austin Two Moons started the annual Prayer for World Peace event. Over the years the sacred ceremony (which is open to the public) has become an important tradition at the battlefield. After Austin’s death in 1994, the ceremony was passed to Donlin Many Bad Horses, Northern Cheyenne elder, who now carries on the important prayer ceremony annually on June 25.
Before me Peaceful
Behind me Peaceful
Over me Peaceful
Under me Peaceful
All around me Peaceful

American Indian Prayer

We want peace on earth, and that’s what I have strived for . . . I’ve prayed here every June 25th; every summer for the future of our young . . . I don’t want no war here again in the United States. I need your help . . . . to get your minds and your hearts together. Pray together. Ask the creator for peace throughout the country and throughout the world.”- Austin Two Moons, Northern Cheyenne Elder, November 11, 1993
Forty years ago I fought Custer . . . until all were dead . . . . I was then the enemy of the whiteman. Now I am the friend and brother, living under the flag of our country.”- Chief Two Moons, Northern Cheyenne, June 25, 1916
The hatchet has been with the Red race, the symbol of war. We now unite in the ceremony of burying the hatchet, holding it a covenant of our common citizenship and everlasting peace.”- General Edward S. Godfrey, 7th Cavalry ret., June 26, 1926
If this memorial is to serve its purpose, it must not only be a tribute to the dead; it must contain a message for the living . . . . power through unity . . . . ”- Enos Poor Bear, Oglala Lakota Elder
Give them now the flowering stick that they may flourish, and the sacred pipe that they may know the power that is peace.”- Black Elk, Oglala Lakota


(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

1984 Archeological Survey

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Montana, Big Horn County, Crow Agency

On August 10, 1983 a prairie fire swept over the battlefield, burning nearly 600 acres of dense, thick vegetation. In May and June of 1984 the National Park Service began an unprecedented systematic archeological survey of the Custer Battlefield. Led by archeologists Dr. Douglas D. Scott, NPS, and Dr. Richard A. Fox, Jr., formerly of the University of Calgary, archeologists and volunteers surveyed the battlefield for five weeks locating historical evidence from the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Among the 1,159 artifacts recovered were iron arrow heads, bullets, cartridges, buttons, coins, soldier skeletal remains, boots, military and horse equipment, and personal items of soldiers and warriors. Analysis of the artifacts and remains are important links to the past and provide important clues on the various weapons, tactics, equipment, and movements during the battle. Forensic examination of 7th Cavalry skeletal remains help to humanize the cavalrymen who until now, were just mere statistics and reveals important clues for their identification, height, age, health, and how they died.

Archeological evidence, used in conjunction with accounts of battle participants, placement of soldier bodies, and 7th Cavalry and warrior markers, helps us to reconstruct the battle. Additional archeological surveys were conducted here and on adjacent lands in 1985, 1989, 1991, 1994 & 1999, and will likely continue in the future.

(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Keogh – Crazy Horse Fight

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Montana, Big Horn County, Crow Agency

The Indian charge shatters the Calhoun defense and crashes through the soldier position at right, held by Capt. Myles Keogh’s Company I, Crazy Horse and White Bull cut down the retreating soldiers who flee northwest along this ridge in an effort to join the remnants of Custer’s command on Last Stand Hill. Members of Company C and L were also found here.

It looked to me as if Keogh must have attempted to make a stand on foot to enable Custer to get away because he and his company died in one compact mass, whereas from here on the graves are scattered irregular clumps and at intervals about like those in the slaughter of buffaloes . . . ”- - - Lt. John Bourke, 3rd Cavalry, 1877.
The soldiers were on one side of the hill, and the Indians on the other side, a slight rise between the two parties. At this point Crazy Horse came up and rode between the two parties. The soldiers fired at once, but missed him.”- - - Red Feather, Oglala Lakota.


(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Parker Family

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Texas, Ector County, Odessa
In 1907 James Early “Jim” Parker, Jr. (1876-1954) acquired his first land: two sections divided by the Andrews and Ector County line. He and Bessie Ola Lindley (1887-1974) married in 1908 and had six children: Jackson, Ray, James Walter, Alvin, Bessie Lou (Doelling) and Mollie. Their land holdings expanded to over 100 sections in four ranches. They raised Hereford cattle, featuring registered pure-line breeding bulls. In 1935 they moved to this country house located on 1290 acres. The Parkers began a family legacy of responsible land stewardship and community service. Jim helped organize Andrews County (1910), the Sandhills Rodeo (1932) and banking in Andrews.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Indian Encampment

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Montana, Big Horn County, Crow Agency

On June 25, 1876, approximately 7,000 Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho, including 1,500 – 2,000 warriors, encamped below on the Greasy Grass River (Little Bighorn). Under the political and spiritual leadership of Tatanka-Iyotanka (Sitting Bull), they refused to be restricted to their reservation and sought to follow their traditional nomadic way of life.

We camped in the valley along the south side of the Greasy Grass. It was a very big village and you could hardly count the tipis. Along the side toward the east was the Greasy Grass, with some timber along it, and it was running from the melting of the snow in the Bighorn Mountains.”- Black Elk, Oglala Lakota
We went over the divide and we camped in the valley of the Little Bighorn. Everybody thought: Now we are out of the white man’s country. He can live there, we will live here.”- Two Moons, Northern Cheyenne


(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Quay-Wardlaw House

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South Carolina, Abbeville County, Abbeville

Front:
This house, built ca. 1786, is thought to be the oldest house in Abbeville. It was built as a two-story log building by John Quay, who also ran a tavern here. He sold it ca. 1798 to James Wardlaw (1767-1842) and his wife, Quay's stepdaughter Hannah Clarke (1778-1825). James Wardlaw was the Abbeville postmaster and Abbeville District deputy clerk of court 1796-1800, then clerk of court 1800-1838. Ten of the Wardlaws' eleven children were born in this house.

Reverse:
Two sons were delegates to the Secession Convention: David L. Wardlaw (1799-1873), state representative and Speaker of the S.C. House, and later a judge; and Francis H. Wardlaw (1800-1861), newspaper editor, state chancellor, and state representative, from Edgefield. This house was later owned by Col. Thomas Thomson (1813-1881), state representative, delegate to the Secession Convention, Confederate officer, state senator, and judge.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Deep Ravine

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Montana, Big Horn County, Crow Agency

Custer’s command deploys in the current national cemetery area and advances into the basin across the road to your left before withdrawing to Last Stand Hill. Toward the conclusion of the battle, soldiers from Company E moved toward the Deep Ravine.

Overwhelmed by warriors, including White Bull and He Dog, these soldiers sought refuge in Deep Ravine, but were killed there. Lame White Man, Southern Cheyenne war leader, fell near here.

. . . Riding along the edge of the deep gully about 2,000 feet from where the monument now stands, I counted 28 bodies in this gulch.”- - - Sgt. Daniel Kanipe, Co. c, 7th Cavalry).
We saw soldiers start running down hill toward us. Nearly all of them were afoot, and I think they were so scared they didn’t know what they were doing. They were making their arms go as though they were running very fast, but they were only walking. Some of them shot their guns in the air. ”- - - Iron Hawk, Hunkpapa Lakota.


(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

John Brown Gordon

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Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta

John Brown Gordon, son of the Rev. Zachariah Herndon Gordon and Mrs. Malinda Cox Gordon, was born in Upson County Feb. 6, 1832. He attended a rural school in Walker County, Pleasant Green Academy in Lafayette, and the University of Georgia. He left the University in his senior year to study law under the noted Logan E. Bleckley, but soon gave up the practice of law to join his father in coal mine operations in Northwest Georgia.

At the beginning of the War Between the States, John B. Gordon organized a company of mountaineers who wore coon-skin caps and called themselves "The Racoon Roughs." When his company was merged with the 6th Alabama Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army, Captain Gordon was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment. Early in 1862 he became a Colonel and later that year had fought up to the rank of Brigadier General. On May 14, 1864, he was promoted to Major General and had been recommended for the rank of Lieutenant General when the war ended, at which time he was in command of half of the Army of Northern Virginia.

Douglas Southall Freeman, in "Lee's Lieutenants," wrote: "If the final order of march had been arranged to honor those who had fought hardest and with highest distinction during the last days of the war, Gordon rightly would have been put first." In 1873 General Gordon was elected to the United States Senate. He was re-elected in 1878, but resigned in 1880 to develop mining and railroad interests. In 1886 he was elected Governor of Georgia and re-elected in 1888. At the end of his second term he was sent to the United States Senate for the third time, serving from 1891 to 1897. He died on January 9, 1904, while visiting his son, Hugh Haralson Gordon, in Miami.

(Politics • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Soldiers Monument

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Pennsylvania, Carbon County, Summit Hill
To all the defenders of the Union
from Summit Hill and Panther Valley
and to their parents and wives.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

African American Soldiers from Montgomery County

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Maryland, Montgomery County, Beallesville

Black men — both free and enslaved — were called upon to fight in the Civil War which ultimately led to the dismantlement of slavery, that ‘peculiar institution.’

As the Civil War dragged on, the state newspapers exaggerated that the percentage of able bodied men in Maryland produced conscriptions (or drafts) where “the proportion of colored persons drawn in [sic] largely excess of whites.” Of the 1,913 local men who faced draft in 1863, only 329 were African American. Just like their free black counterparts, enslaved men were given name recognition in the published draft lists.

Some enslaved men did not wait to be drafted and dictated their own fate. Court records reveal that a few were manumitted or freed by their owners to enlist in the U.S. Army. Freedom papers identified enslaved men such as Robert Oliver Scott of Brookeville as being released from bondage with “freedom to commence” military duty. Scott ultimately joined the 30th Regiment of the U.S. Colored Troops, where he saw combat in Virginia and North Carolina. While serving in the South, black soldiers faced racial tension and were referred to as “smoked Yankees” by local residents.

I remember when the Yankee and Confederate soldiers both came to Poolesville. Capn Sam White he join the Confederate in Virginia. He come home and say he goin' to take me along back with him for to serve him. But the Yankees came and he left very sudden and leave me behind I was glad I didn't have to go with him.” Reverend Phillip Johnson, formerly enslaved in Poolesville. September 14,1937 Oral Interview. Federal Writers Project of WPA. Library of Congress
On July 17, 1862, Congress passed the Second Confiscation and Militia Act, which allowed the use of African Americans in federal service. They could not serve in combat, however, until the Emancipation Proclamation as issued on January 1, 1863.

(African Americans • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Old City Hall

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Louisiana, Iberville Parish, Plaquemine
Iberville Parish Courthouse, 1848-1906; Plaquemine City Hall, 1906-85. Built by George and Thomas Weldon of Mississippi. One of Louisiana's oldest public buildings. Listed on National Register of Historic Places.

(Notable Buildings • Politics) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bicentennial Jazz Plaza

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Louisiana, Ascension Parish, Donaldsonville
Jazz developed at the turn of the 20th century in south Louisiana and was born from a combination of musical traditions: work songs, spirituals, blues, and ragtime. From the early days of vaudeville and minstrel shows to the formidable first years of jazz, Donaldsonville was a hotbed of musical activity. Many of the early musicians developed an interest and talent while living on or near the plantations in the rural communities of Ascension Parish. This bicentennial monument serves as a site of enduring significance that documents, preserves and celebrates the rural musicians, famous and unsung, from this region. It also stands as a monument in recognition of the people and neighborhoods that nourished these musicians and laid the foundation for jazz that carved a uniquely prominent position on the world stage. Donaldsonville and Ascension Parish are fortunate to have these notable musicians as native sons: Claiborne Williams, Joseph "King" Oliver, Willie Foster, Richard Myknee Jones, George "Pops" Foster, Davidson C. Nelson and Emanuel Sayles.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Memorial Markers

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Montana, Big Horn County, Crow Agency

Following the battle, the Lakota and Cheyenne removed their dead and buried them in lodges, scaffolds, and the hillsides. Surviving members of the 7th Cavalry hastily buried the soldiers, Indian Scouts, and civilians on June 28, 1876.

In 1877, most officers’ remains were exhumed and reinterred in eastern cemeteries. Lt. Col. Custer’s partial remains were reburied at West Point, New York. In 1881, Lt. Charles Roe erected a granite memorial shaft and reburied the remaining 7th Cavalry dead in a mass grave around its base.

In 1890, the army placed 249 headstone markers across the battlefield in an attempt to show where Custer’s men had fallen.

Total 7th Cavalry Casualties:
• Custer Battalion: 210
• Reno-Benteen Battalions: 53

Lakota and Cheyenne Casualties:
• 40-100 (estimated losses)

“ . . . A trench was dug, into which were gathered all remains of those who fell in that fight, including those who were with Reno . . . and deeply buried at the foot of the monument . . . It’s center is within six feet of the spot upon which were found Gen. Custer’s remains.”- - - Lt. Charles Roe, 2nd Cavalry, 1881


(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Here We Remember the Fallen

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Montana, Big Horn County, Crow Agency

Custer National Cemetery, like Arlington National Cemetery, provides a final resting place for many generations of those who faithfully served in the United States armed forces. Here, Americans of many races and beliefs rest side by side.

Relive America’s coming of age as you pass among the graves of known and unknown veterans of our nation’s wars, women and children from isolated frontier posts, Indians, scouts, and Medal of Honor recipients. Veterans of 20th-century wars rest here too.

Please pass through these grounds with respect. Honor those who served and sacrificed for our nation.

The War Department established this cemetery in 1879, three years after the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Remains from 25 cemeteries were transferred here when frontier forts closed at the end of the Indian Wars. The fallen from many famous battles now rest here: Fetterman, Wagon Box, Hayfield, Big Hole, and Bear Paw.

Until reaching capacity in 1978, this cemetery accepted burial reservations for veterans and their spouses. Here lie soldiers who fought in the
      • Indian Wars
      • Spanish American War
      • World War I
      • World War II
      • Korean War
      • Vietnam War

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Old Presbyterian Cemetery

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Pennsylvania, Carbon County, Summit Hill
Deeded to the Presbyterian Church in 1850 by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, this is the last resting-place for many of Panther Valley’s earliest settlers. Originally lined with individual tombstones, graves were enclosed with iron fences and a stone wall which remains intact. Community members rallied for the site’s improvement and rededicated it in 1974 as the “Summit Hill Community Memorial Park.”

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Philip Ginter

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Pennsylvania, Carbon County, Summit Hill
While hunting, Ginter discovered anthracite on Sharp Mountain here in 1791. He showed it to Col. Jacob Weiss, a prominent area settler. In 1792 Weiss and others formed the Lehigh Coal Mine Co., the first Anthracite company and a forerunner of Lehigh Coal & Navigation.

(Exploration • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Philip Ginder

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Pennsylvania, Carbon County, Summit Hill
Discovered coal near here in 1791

(Exploration • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

World War I Memorial

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Pennsylvania, Carbon County, Summit Hill
To the veterans of
the World War.
Upon right, reliant
Against wrong, defiant.

(War, World I) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Switchback Railroad

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Pennsylvania, Carbon County, Summit Hill
A gravity railroad was built along this mountain in 1827 to carry coal from the mines near Summit Hill to the Lehigh Canal at Mauch Chunk. A back-track and two planes were added in 1844 for the return trip by gravity. Railroad crossed the highway here.

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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