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George Nakashima

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Pennsylvania, Bucks County, New Hope
Internationally acclaimed woodworker, architect, and leader of the American craft movement, his unique furniture style celebrated the inherent beauty of wood. Here, he created an environment integrating landscape, architecture, and interior design.

(Arts, Letters, Music) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Delaware Canal

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Pennsylvania, Bucks County, New Hope
Opened from Bristol to this place in 1831; and completed to Easton in 1852. Outlet lock to the river built here in 1834. The near-by River House, built 1794, was a popular barge stop on the canal.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Honey Hollow Watershed

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Pennsylvania, Bucks County, New Hope
A 700-acre watershed, managed for agriculture; first in the nation to show that cooperative action, with federal technical assistance, can shape land use. Conservation area here was formed in 1939 by six farms on Honey Hollow Creek, supported by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, to protect soil, water, and wildlife. A prototype for thousands of watersheds across the nation; named a National Historic Landmark in 1969.

(Agriculture • Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Davenport Birthplace

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Vermont, Orange County, Williamstown

Thomas Davenport was born on the West Hill in 1802 and worked in a blacksmith shop by the village stream. Later, in Brandon, invented the first commutator, and, in 1837, patented the first electric motor.

(Industry & Commerce • Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Thomas Davenport

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Vermont, Orange County, Williamstown

Born on the West Hill July 9, 1802.
Died at the age of 49, July 6 1851, in Salisbury, VT.
Buried in Brandon.

Near this tablet stood the blacksmith shop where he learned his trade.

He invented and made the first
ELECTRIC MOTOR
in Brandon, Vermont in 1834.

He had a "VISION" of the
great future of electricity,
and devoted his life to its development.

(Industry & Commerce • Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Honey Hollow Watershed

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Pennsylvania, Bucks County, New Hope
Happy Hollow Watershed has been designated a Registered National Historic Landmark. Under the provisions of the Historic Sites Act of August 21,1935, this site possesses exceptional value in commemorating or illustrating the history of the United States.

(Education • Environment) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wagon Box Fight

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Story

          This monument is erected to perpetuate the memory of one of the famous battles of history. It is dedicated to the courage and bravery of twenty-eight soldiers in Company C, 27th United States Infantry, and four civilians, who held their improvised fort made of fourteen ordinary wagon-boxes, against three thousand Sioux warriors under the leadership or Red Cloud, for a period of six or seven hours under continuous fire. The number of Indians killed has been variously estimated from three hundred to eleven hundred.
The following participated in this engagement:
Capt. Jas Powell           1st Lt. John G. Jenness
1st Sgt. John M. Hoover           Corp. Max Littman
1st Sgt. John H. McQuiery           Corp. Francis Robertson

Privates
Wm. A. Baker • Ashton P. Barton • Wm. Black • Chas. Brooks • Alexander Brown • Denis Brown • John Buzzard • Fredrick Clads • James Condon • Thomas Doyle • Nolan V. Deming • John Grady • John M. Garrett • Henry Gross • Samuel Gibson • Henry Haggerty • Mark Haller • Phillip C. Jones • Freeland Phillips • John L. Somers • Chas. A. Stevens • Julius Strange • 4 Unknown Civilians       KILLED

Erected April, 1936 by U.S. Civil Conservation Corps.
under the direction of the Sheridan Chamber of Commerce

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Connor Battlefield

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Ranchester

      At this site on Tongue River, August 29, 1865, Brigadier General Patrick E. Connor. 125 cavalrymen, and 90 Indian scouts attacked an Arapaho village of several hundred lodges. After a swift night march, Connor’s men surprised and stormed the village. As women and children fled, the men held off the troopers before withdrawing. Connor galloped in pursuit while Pawnee scouts rounded up the Arapaho horse herd and soldiers destroyed the village. When the Arapahos launched an aggressive counterattack, the army command retreated down the Tongue. Only their howitzers prevented the outnumbered soldiers from suffering serious casualties. Although Connor claimed his troops killed 35 Arapahos, the actual number of killed and wounded among the Indians is unknown. Seven army men were injured. The Battle of Tongue River ended with Connor’s withdrawal from the field under fire – hardly a victory although it inflicted serious damage upon, and outraged, the Arapaho. It resolved nothing.

      In April 1865 the Civil War ended at Appomattox. The nation’s focus turned to the Far West. Responding to Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho resistance to white travel through Indian hunting lands and traffic on the Bozeman Trail, Connor launched an expedition of three separate columns into Powder River country. They struggled in an inhospitable land, far from supply bases. The expensive campaign failed, emboldening rather than discouraging Indians. Nevertheless, fighting this battle, establishing Fort Connor (later renamed Reno) on the Powder River, and focusing attention on the Bozeman Trail, the expedition encouraged emigrant traffic. This sparked twelve more years of warfare that ended only with the campaigns following Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer’s 1876 defeat on the Little Bighorn, when the army ultimately won control of these lands for the United States.

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Battle of Tongue River

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Ranchester

      On this site during the early morning hours of August 29, 1865, General Patrick Edward Connor led over 200 troops in an attack on Chief Black Bear’s Arapaho village. Connor had departed from Fort Laramie on July 30th with 184 wagons, a contingent of Pawnee scouts, nearly 500 cavalrymen and the aging Jim Bridger as guide. His column was one of three comprising the Powder River Indian Expedition sent to secure the Bozeman and other emigrant trails leading to the Montana mining fields.

      During the Battle of Tongue River, Connor was able to inflict serious damage on the Arapahos, but an aggressive counter attack forced him to retreat back to the newly established Fort Connor (later renamed Reno) on the banks of the Powder River. There he received word that he had been reassigned to his old command in the District of Utah.

      The Powder River Expedition, one of the most comprehensive campaigns against the Plains Indians, never completely succeeded. Connor had planned a complex operation only to be defeated by bad weather, inhospitable terrain and hostile Indians. Long term effects of the Expedition proved detrimental to the interests of the Powder River tribes. The Army, with the establishment of Fort Connor (Reno), increased public awareness on this area which in turn caused more emigrants to use the Bozeman Trail. This led to public demands for government protection of travelers on their way to Montana gold fields.

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wagon Box Fight

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Story

      In August 1867, a war party of hundreds of Sioux and Cheyenne warriors, led by Ogallala chief Red Cloud, left their camp on the Big Horn River, hoping to destroy military posts along the Bozeman trail. Some of the warriors rode toward Fort C. F. Smith, while others approached Fort Phil Kearny.

      Soldiers under the command of Captain James W. Powell, Company C, 27th Infantry, had been assigned to guard civilian woodcutters on Piney Island, approximately six miles west of Fort Phil Kearny. The firm of Proctor and Gilmore, which supplied Fort Phil Kearny with timber and fuel, hauled wood from Piney Island to the fort on the chassis of wagons from which the wagon boxes had been removed. The woodcutters had used the wagon boxes, made of one-inch thick pine, to build a corral for the protection of their livestock and for the storage of their supplies.

      On the morning of August 2, 1867, Red Cloud’s warriors launched a two-pronged assault on the wagon box corral and on a woodcutters’ camp a short distance away. Vastly outnumbered, Captain Powell’s force of 32 men took cover in the wagon box corral and prepared to defend their position. Armed with new breech-loading Springfield-Allin and Spencer rifles, Captain Powell and his men repelled repeated charges by the war party. After hours of intense fighting, a relief force under the command of Major Benjamin Smith arrived on the scene. The Indians abandoned the field after Major Smith’s troops fired on them with howitzers. The battle left three soldiers and three civilians dead and two wounded. Indian losses are uncertain, but were estimated by Captain Powell at about sixty dead and 120 wounded. The army abandoned its Bozeman Trail forts in the summer of 1868, and they were subsequently burned to the ground by Red Cloud and his warriors.

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Portugee Phillips

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Banner
In honor of
John (Portugee) Phillips
who Dec. 22-24, 1866, rode 236 miles
in sub-zero weather through
Indian infested country to Fort
Laramie to summon aid for the
garrison of Fort Phil Kearny
beleaguered by Indians following
the Fetterman Massacre.

Erected by
The Historical Landmark Commission of Wyoming
1936

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Pike

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New York, Jefferson County, Sackets Harbor
Fort Pike
Behind These Breastworks
Was Blockhouse Erected by
Americans for Defense
Against British - War of 1812

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Israel Baptist School

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Louisiana, Assumption Parish, Belle Rose
In 1872, Reverend Osborne Dickerson and the First Israel B. C. congregation organized the Baptist Church School on this site to provide formal education for African American children. In 1877, Assumption Parish School Board's minutes showed that the directors appointed Felix Gillet as the principal, Buchanan Ewell as the assistant principal and two teachers.

(African Americans • Churches, Etc. • Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Our Lady of Fatima Statue Park

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Ohio, Logan County, Russell's Point
Our Lady of Fatima Statue Park and Meditation Garden was built by the late George B. Quatman in 1964 as part of his “San Juan Amusement Park” entertainment site.

During it’s twenty years of operation, the San Juan Amusement Park, encouraged wholesome family entertainment. All proceeds were donated to charitable and children’s causes.

Our Lady of Fatima Statue and Gardens featured dancing fountains, music, picnic grounds and a light show at night. A train ride around the entire San Juan Amusement Park stopped at our Lady of Fatima Statue, where guests could visit, pray and learn the history of the Miracle of Fatima where Our Lady appeared to three children in Fatima, Portugal, in 1917.

Although Mr. Quatman died one month after it’s opening, Our Lady of Fatima Statue has continued to be a source of Blessing and reflection on Blessed Mother Mary, her Son Jesus, and for all children, like the three children from Fatima. St. Mary’s of the Woods Church celebrates Mass on this site every year for the Feast of the Assumption of Our Blessed Mother Mary into Heaven, from her last earthly home in Ephesus.

Supported by the American Society of Ephesus Dedicated to St. Mary’s of the Woods Catholic Church

Our Lady of Fatima dedicated Aug. 30, 1964
“Unless we respect and honor God’s holy name and obey his commandments, the world will continue to suffer wars and men shall not attain salva- tion.” This statue of the Virgin Mary is her appearance as described by three children who saw and heard her relate this message in three separate appearances near Fatima, Portugal, in 1917
American Society of Ephesus George B. Quatman, founder

(Charity & Public Work • Churches, Etc. • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Union Ship Canal

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
The Union Ship Canal came about as a collective effort of railroad, shipping, banking, and iron smelting business interests. The founders of the Buffalo and Susquehanna Iron Company (the predecessor to Hanna Furnace) controlled rail lines to Buffalo from coal fields in Pennsylvania. They also had interests in Great Lakes shipping that could suply iron ore from Michigan and Minnesota. In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Buffalo and Susquehanna Iron Company began construction of a canal in 1903 to connect these resources.

The canal (originally called the Goodyear Canal) began at the shore of Lake Erie and crossed Fuhrmann Boulevard, which was spanned with a Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge. In 1910, the canal was extended an additional 950 feet. In its final form, the canal was 2,240 feet long, 222 feet wide, and over 23 feet deep.

The Union Ship Canal was used for unloading the bulk cargo carriers that brought iron ore and limestone. The imported minerals were stored on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Railroad to the north, and the Hanna Furnace storage yeard to the south.

A larger boat could be unloaded in nine to sixteen hours. During the summer months, the shipment of iron ore and limestone was a continuous around-the-clock undertaking, in order to provide the furnace with the minerals for the ongoing smelting operations, as well as stockpile reserves for the winter, when the Great Lakes were frozen.

The canal was also used for loading ships that carried iron to automobile plants, steel mills, and foundaries throughout the Great Lakes and east coast.

The Union Ship Canal, circa 1910.

Buffalo Outer Harbor, 1927. Image Source: Fairchild Aerial Survey, University at Buffalo Digital Map Collection.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Lehigh Portland Cement Company

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
The Lehigh Portland Cement Company was originally known as the Great Lakes Portland Cement Company. The plant was constructed in 1925 on a 23 acre site adjacent to Lake Erie and the Union Ship Canal. The plant employed over 250 people, and had a production capacity of 7,000 barrels of cement a day. The Lehigh Portland Cement Company acquired the plant in 1941.

During World War II, cement production at the plant was reduced sharply, as the plant produced large quantities of lime in support of the U.S. Government's war efforts. After the war, cement production increased, with the plant employing over 150 workers on six-days-a-week overtime schedules. To keep up with demand, the company constructed 24 additional cement storage silos in 1956. These new silos were capable of holding 360,000 barrels of cement, and allowed for faster loading onto railroad cars and trucks.

In 1970, a weakened economy combined with high material and labor costs forced the plant to close. The production plant has since been demolished, and the remaining silos are used solely for storage and distribution.

View of the Lehigh Portland Cement Company, 1958. The production plant is on the right. The Hanna Furnce Company and Union Ship Canal can be seen in the background.

The Lehigh Portland Cement Company, circa 1958. The newly constructed silos are on the right.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bethlehem Steel in Lackawanna

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
The history of steel production in Lackawanna has its roots in the Lackawanna Valley of northeast Pennsylvania. It was there that the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company was formed in 1891, the result of a previous consolidation of various iron and steel companies dating back to 1840.

In 1899, the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company considered abandoning the Scranton area and relocating. A major factor for this relocation was the increasing cost of shipping ore to Scranton, and lack of rail lines from Scranton to the company's newly emerging Midwest markets.

On March 23, 1899, Mr. Walter Scranton and Mr. Henry Wehrum of the Lackawanna Iron ans Steel Company traveled to Buffalo to visit potential locations for their steel plant, drawn by the area's easy access to Great Lakes shipping and numerous rail lines. It was originally assumed that the best location would be along the Niagara River, but they concluded that it would take too long to improve the waterway to handle the large ships required to deliver the ore. That afternoon they traveled to the only other available spot, an undeveloped shoreline area in Lake Erie in what was then the western part of the Town of West Seneca. Within a day, the decision was made to purchase the site, approximately 1,500 acres.

The Lackawanna Steel Company, circa 1908.

In order to avoid land speculation, the negotiating and purchasing of the site was left to John J. Albright, a local businessman and investor, and attorney John Milburn. As Mr. Milburn was also chairman of the Pan-American Exposition, it was largely assumed that the property was being acquired for the Exposition. This fact helped the steel company purchase the property at favorable rates. By the end of April, nearly $1.1 million had been paid for the land, and the Lackawanna Steel Company was formed, with more than $2 million of capital raised by local investors.

1901 map showing the future location of the Lackawanna Steel Company in West Seneca. The Ship Canal and Union Ship Canal have yet to be constructed.

The Steel Plant Museum of WNY.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bethlehem Steel in Lackawanna

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
Construction of the massive new steel plant beban on July 14, 1900. Equipment began arriving from Scranton nine months later. The company dredged a 3,300 foot ship canal and built miles of track to link the plant with the railroads. This allowed the iron ore, limestone, and coal to be brought in and processed into steel. The sprawling steel plant officially began steel production on October 20, 1903. It soon became the largest steel production facility in the country, giving the Lackawanna Steel Company the biggest market share in the nation, until it was supplanted only by the formation of U.S. Steel.

The large influx of workers from the company's old Pennsylvania site swelled the Town of Seneca's population. Controversy arose between the eastern and western sections of the town over paying for the necessary infrastructure improvements for both the steel plant and its workers. To help save the town from bankruptcy, residents proposed making the steel mill and the surrounding area its own incorporated municipality, and in 1909, the City of Lackawanna was formed.

A Bessemer converter in Lackawanna Steel. The Bessemer steel production process removed impurities from molten iron by blowing air through the bottom of the converter. Steel Plant Museum of Western New York.

Lackawanna Steel Plant, Buffalo 1903.

(Industry & Commerce • Politics) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bethlehem Steel in Lackawanna

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
Lackawanna Steel continued to grow throughout the early 1900s. However, the steel plant fell on considerably hard financial times in 1918 and 1919, coupled with violent worker strikes and demonstrations for better working conditions and benefits. The plant briefly returned to profitability in 1921, but the lack of investment in new technology came to heavily affect the plant's ability to compete with more modern plants, and the company posted large deficits in 1922.

On May 11, 1922, Lackawanna Steel announced it had agreed to be purchased by Bethlehem Steel, in a merger which would create a billion dollar company. The purchase price was $60 million dollars, probably less than half of what the company was worth.

Bethlehem Steel capitalized on their cheap purchase price of the aging plant and invested $40 million dollars to bring the facility up to modern standards, gearing its production to the burgeoning automobile market. As a result of this investment and Bethlehem's considerable industry connections, the plant boomed in production during the 1920s, becoming highly profitable and managing to maintain its operations through the Great Depression years of the 1930s.

At the outbreak of World War II, the plant was in prime condition to supply steel of all types to American industrial centers. By 1943, the steel plant regained the title of world's largest steel production facility, employing over 20,000 workers on around the clock shifts.

Hamburg Turnpike at Gate 1 of Bethlehem Steel, August 7, 1952, 3:30 P.M. Image Source: Steel Plant Museum of WNY.

Steel Plant Museum of WNY

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bethlehem Steel in Lackawanna

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
After World War II, America's insatiable appetite for steel kept mills across the country bustling and highly profitable. The modernized Lackawanna plant remained at near-wartime production levels and continued to employ nearly 20,000 workers for the next several decades. Further modernized in the 1960s with the addition of basic oxygen furnaces, the plant continued its remarkable output into the 1970s, helping its parent company set production records in 1973 of 23.7 million tons of raw steel and 16.3 million tons of finished steel, totals which trumped those achieved during World War II.

By the late 1970s, foreign competition made it financially impossible to continue to manufacture most of the products produced at Lackawanna. In addition, increased state property taxes and new environmental regulations further curtailed the Lackawanna facility's profitability. By late 1977, the workforce in the plant had been reduced to 8,500. Bethlehem Steel allowed the Lackawanna Steel plant to become obsolete. The company built a new facility in Burns Harbor, Indiana, and stopped investing in new steel production methods at Lackawanna.

Looking north up the Ship Canal. The coke ovens are on the left (circa 1984). Image Source: Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress.

A nationwide recession in 1981 resulted in less demand for durable goods such as cars and appliances, and high interest rates put capital building projects on hold. Bethlehem Steel, like many American steel companies, was encountering significant financial problems. Although the company made several public attempts to reassess the plant's viability and keep the plant open, closure was a foregone conclusion. On December 27, 1982, Bethlehem Steel announced it would permanently shut down steelmaking at the facility. The company laid off workers in waves before the final closure, and transferred many others. In October, 1983, the last steel was processed, and more than 3,900 workers lost their jobs.

The closure of the plant after 80 years in operation spelled disaster for the surrounding communities. Unemployment skyrocketed as steel workers and those who worked in secondary trades were laid off, and property taxes for the citizens of Lackawanna rose drastically. The exodus of working class jobs and the resulting economic depression rippled throughout Western New York for years.

The Steel Plant Museum of WNY

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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