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Huntsville, Ohio Veterans Memorial

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Ohio, Logan County, near Huntsville
In Memory
of
the Unknown Dead
———
Soldiers
Sailors
Marines
———
U.S.A.

(War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Bells of Notre Dame

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France, Île-de-France, Paris, Paris
D'avant le période révolutionnaire, il ne subsiste qu'une seule cloche, le bourdon Emmanuel fondu en 1686 par Florentin Le Gay, toujours en dans la tour sud et que le public peut encore admirer.

Lors de la grande restauration de la cathédrale au milieu du XIXe siècle, quatre cloches nouvelles furent bénites en 1856: Angélique-Françoise, Antoinette-Charlotte, Hyacinthe-Jeanne et Denise-David. Elles furent réalisées par la fonderie Guillaume et Besson à Angers. Mais elles ne s'accordaient ne avec le bourdon Emmanuel, ni entre elles.

Il fut donc décidé pour marquer le 850e anniversaire de la cathédrale en 2013 l'élaboration d'une nouvelle sonnerie composée de neuf nouvelles cloches maintenant en place dans les tours nord et sud, en complément du bourdon Emmanuel. Elles portent les noms de Marie, deuxième bourdon dans la tour nord, et de Gabriel, Anne-Geneviève, Denis, Marcel, Étienne, Benoît-Joseph, Maurice et Jean-Marie dans la tour sud. Les quatre cloches de 1856, qui ont sonné toutes les grandes heures de la cathédrale et de l'histoire de France aux XIXe et XXe siècles, don't la libération de Paris en 1944, ont donc été déposées et sont présentées ici.

English translation: The Bells of Paris' Notre Dame At Notre-Dame de Paris, there remains only one bell dating from before the revolutionary period. That bell was cast in 1686 by Emmanuel Florentin Le Gay, and is still mounted in the south tower on public display.

In 1856, during the great restoration of the cathedral, four new bells were blessed: Angélique-Françoise, Antoinette-Charlotte, Hyacinthe-Jeanne and Denise-David. They were designed by Guillaume Besson and cast in Angers foundry. But their ringing contrasted against the Emmanuel bourdon.

It was decided to commemorate the 850th anniversary of the cathedral in 2013 with the introduction of nine new bells in the north and south towers, in addition to the Emmanuel bell. They bear the names of Mary, the second bourdon in the north tower, and Gabriel, Anne-Genevieve, Denis, Marcel, Etienne, Benedict Joseph, Maurice and Jean-Marie in the south tower. The four bells of 1856, whose sound was heard during the finest hours of the cathedral and the history of France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the liberation of Paris in 1944, have been preserved and displayed here.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Churches, Etc. • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Palace of Knossos

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Greece, Crete, Heraklion, Knosos
English Text:

1. West Court
2. "Kouloures"
3. "West Porch"
4. "Processional Causeway"
5. "South House"
6. "South Propylaeum"
7. "West Magazines"
8. "Throne Room"
9. "Tripartite Shrine"
10. Central Court
11. Copy of the "Prince of the Lilies" fresco
12. "Grand Staircase"
13. "Shrine of the Double Axes"
14. "Queen's Megaron"
15. "Hall of the Double Axes"
16. "Lapidary's Workshop" and "School room"
17. "Magazine of the Giant Pithoi"
18. "Corridor of the Draught-board"
19. "North Entrance"
20. "Customs House"
21. "North Lustral Basin"
22. "Theatre"

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pertle Springs

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Missouri, Johnson County, Warrensburg

Legendary mineral springs discovered by
Osage Indians in 1100 A.D. These waters
were developed by J.H. Christopher in 1883
to become a major cultural resort.

(Entertainment • Environment • Man-Made Features • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Johnson County Courthouse

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Missouri, Johnson County, Warrensburg

Listed in the National Register
of Historic Places
April 7, 1995

Constructed of locally quarried sandstone, the present Johnson County Courthouse is the oldest of four Missouri courthouses designed by architect George E. McDonald of Omaha, Neb. Historically, the courthouse is significant as the seat of county government since 1898. It is also significant for its Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, a style often characterized by massive, rough-textured exteriors with numerous round arches and cavernous entrances. The Contractor was John M. Anderson of Emporia, KS. The courthouse cost $50,585 to construct.

Marker placed by Johnson County Commission in behalf of all the citizens June 29, 1996

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

War Memorial

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Missouri, Johnson County, Warrensburg

In honored memory of those
from Johnson County
who gave their lives in
World War I
World War II
The Korean and Vietnam Conflicts,
and to all of those
who valiantly fought for
liberty, freedom and justice.

[Roll of Honored Dead]

Dedicated April 22, 1967

(War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Square Jean XXIII

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France, Île-de-France, Paris, Paris
C'est le plus ancien jardin public de quartier: créé en 1848, il précède les squares d'Haussmann. A son emplacement se trouvait le palais de l'archeveché, splendide édifice construit à partir de 1697 selon les instructions du cardinal de Noailles, et précédé à l'ouest par des vestiges de la demeure de Maurice de Sully, édifiée dans la seconde moitié du XIIe siècle et souvent remaniée. Pillé et incendié le 14 février 1831 lors d'une émeute, ce palais fut démoli et remplacé par un jardin public. Entre le chevet de Notre-Dame et la fontaine du square actuel s'élevait la petite église Saint-Denis-du-Pas, démolie en 1813.

English translation:
Square Jean XXIII is the oldest public garden area in Paris. Created in 1848, it precedes the squares developed during (Georges-Eugène) Haussmann's renovation of Paris. The location was the palace of the archbishopric, a splendid building constructed in 1697 under the direction of the Cardinal de Noailles, and preceded to the west by the remains of the home of Maurice de Sully, built in the second half of twelfth century and frequently altered. Looted and burned on 14 February 1831 during a riot, that palace was demolished and replaced by this park. Between the Notre Dame and the current fountain here stood the small church of Saint-Denis-du-Pas, demolished in 1813.

(Charity & Public Work • Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Square Louise-Michel

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France, Île-de-France, Paris, Paris
Imaginé par Charles Alphand et orchestré par Jean-Camille Formigé, l'aménagement du square date de 1880. L'ouverture fut retardée par des glissements de terrains dus à la présence de carrières de gypse. Il porte le nom de Louise Michel, dite la Vierge Rouge, figure de la Commune de Paris. Il est orné de deux fontaines, l'une du sculpteur Derré: la fontaine des Innocents (1907), l'autre de Paul Gasq, dédiée aux dieux marins (1932). On y trouve pommiers et poiriers à fleurs, érables, ptérocaryas, frênes, noyers, cédrèles, ormes, micocouliers, arbres de Judée, robiniers, sorbiers, sovonniers, hêtres…

English translation:
Designed by Charles Alphand and built by Jean-Camille Formigé, this square dates from around 1880. The opening was delayed due to landslides caused by local gypsum quarries. It is named for Louise Michel, called the Red Virgin of Montmartre, a prominent figure of the 1871 Paris Commune. It is decorated with two fountains, one by the sculptor Émile Derré: the Fountain of the Innocents (1907), and another by Paul Gasq, dedicated to marine gods (1932). There are apple and pear flowers, maple, Pterocaryas (Caucasian wingnut), ash, walnut, cedar, elm, hackberry, Judas trees, locust trees, mountain ash, sovonniers, beech ...

(Arts, Letters, Music • Charity & Public Work) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Johnson County Centennial

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Missouri, Johnson County, Warrensburg

To commemorate
the organization of
Johnson County
on December 13, 1834,
and the location of
the county seat at Warrensburg
on December 13, 1836.
—————————
[On bell]
Johnson County Court House
Commenced July 1896
Completed January 1898
$50,000

(Notable Events) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tamasulapa River Bridge

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Guatemala, Jutiapa, Asunción Mita

Rio Tamasulapa
1937
Erigido
Cooperativamente
por la
Republica de Guatemala
y los
Estados Unidos de America

English translation:
Tamasulapa River
1937
Erected cooperatively by the Republic of Guatemala and the United States of America

(Bridges & Viaducts) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cabin-by-the-Spring

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Tennessee, Davidson County, Hermitage
In 1940, The Ladies' Hermitage Association constructed this building to be used for meetings and receptions. Today, the cabin still serves as a meeting place and classroom, and is also rented for private functions.

(Charity & Public Work • Fraternal or Sororal Organizations) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Field Quarter Trail

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Tennessee, Davidson County, Hermitage
This path leads to the Field Quarter, an area that was once home to at least eighty enslaved African-Americans. A series of illustrated signs near exposed building foundations at the site help you to "see" what life was like for this part of the Hermitage plantation community. The trail will also lead you past other features of nineteenth century life as well as take you along a wooded stream. The trail makes a circuit of a little less than half a mile, returning you to the Springhouse. You should be able to walk the path in twenty minutes.

(African Americans) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Field Quarter Spring

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Tennessee, Davidson County, Hermitage
Known as “Muddy Spring” in Andrew Jackson's time, this fast flowing spring was the primary source of water for the fifty to eighty enslaved men, women, and children who lived in the nearby Field Quarter.

Along with its life-sustaining water, the spring also kept perishables cool. These waters may have also provided for something other than just sustenance for the body.

Although the enslaved at The Hermitage were born in the United States, their ancestors were among the ten million people kidnapped, sold, and shipped to the Americas from Africa. A large number of those brought to the American colonies and the United States were Bakongo.

In Bakongo belief systems, springs such as this one are important boundaries between the living and the dead. Such locations allow the living to commune with spirits of the ancestors and those that have come before. This line between the living and the dead, as well as the communing between worlds, is symbolized by a cross-like figure in which the horizontal line represents the water boundary of the spring.

It is likely that this spring was such a place of sustenance for both the body and the spirit.

Captions:
The Bakongo Cosmogram is one possible explanation for the appearance of “cross” symbols on artifacts found at The Hermitage and other sites occupied by the enslaved.
Archaeologists have found several pierced coins at The Hermitage. Such coins were worn arond the neck or ankle to ward off evil spirits. Other possible spiritual objects found on site include special bones, prehistoric projectile points, and lumps of sulfur. These things do suggest that the enslaved at The Hermitage shared spiritual beliefs that differed from those of the Jackson family.

Several marbles displaying the “cross” symbol have been found in archaeological excavations at The Hermitage.

Archaeologists who have studied slave sites in North America have noted that blue beads are found much more abundantly in slave quarters than in places occupied by masters or overseers. Many archaeologists note that in some African cultures, blue beads represent prosperity and were frequently part of a bride's dowry.

(African Americans • Anthropology • Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

"Have the Negro Houses Placed Where the Old Ones Stands"

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Tennessee, Davidson County, Hermitage
When Jackson's plantation turned a profit in the 1820s, he invested it in slaves and buildings. Letters sent from Jackson to Andrew Jackson Jr. and his overseer in 1829 show that brick was being made for new buildings. In September 1829, Andrew Jackson wrote his son to instruct the overseer to “have the Negro Houses placed where the old ones stands.” This correspondence combined with archaeological findings suggests that Jackson replaced earlier wood or log field quarter dwellings with four brick duplexes in 1829 or 1830.

Each duplex unit had its own fireplace for cooking and heat, with at least one door and one window. Above each main living area, an attic or loft served as sleeping space, likely for older children. Hermitage slave families typically had between five and eight children, so these small spaces would have been quite crowded. Living spaces often extended out onto paved brick areas or swept yards in front of the houses.

Inside, slaves often modified the duplexes to suit their needs. Almost all Hermitage slave dwellings contained root cellars dug beneath the floors. These pit-like features, used to store food, goods, and possibly contraband, were quite common on southern plantations. The varying size and placement of root cellars here and at other plantations suggest that some of them were added to the buildings by their occupants, rather than at the direction of the plantation owner.

Why Brick?
Unfortunately, Andrew Jackson never committed to paper his reason for switching to brick slave quarters. Agricultural reform journalists of the period encouraged planters to build larger, more permanent housing, and force the slaves to keep them clean for health reasons. Uniformity of housing also helped the planter maintain order. Southern society as a whole also began promoting more “humane” conditions for slave housing as a response to the abolitionist movement.

All of these reasons may have influenced Jackson's decision to build brick quarters, especially since he was President and his home would be seen as a model for slavery. Or, he may have switched simply because it was more practical to maintain brick quarters. Without further evidence, we simply do not know.

Captions:
This brick slave quarter from nearby Fairvue Plantation, although modified for modern use, is similar to how the Hermitage Field Quarter cabins looked. The dwellings at the Hermitage were slightly larger and the doors were centered in each half of the duplex.

This early 20th century photograph taken behind the mansion shows one of the Field Quarter duplexes. It is the only known image of the buildings. In 1856, Andrew Jackson Jr. sold the portion of The Hermitage that contained the Field Quarter to settle debts. Subsequent owners eventually demolished all of the buildings.

This photograph shows an excavated Field Quarter foundation. Note the stone-lined root cellar next to the chimney base. In the detail photo to the left, note that a root cellar from an earlier log slave quarter is visible under the foundation.

(African Americans • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Lively Place

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Tennessee, Davidson County, Hermitage
For nearly thirty years – from the construction of the brick dwellings in 1829 to the sale of this parcel of land in 1856 – the Field Quarter was home to at least eight enslaved families at The Hermitage. With fifty to eighty inhabitants, the Field Quarter was much life a small village on the Hermitage landscape. Although virtually vacant during the long workdays, the quarter was filled with activity during the evenings and the few days without work. Once “home,” the enslaved, even though tired, still had work to do for themselves; cooking one-pot meals over open hearths, tending gardens that likely surrounded the quarter, and caring for chickens and other poultry that the Jacksons allowed them to keep.

With large families and cramped living spaces, the enslaved likely spent much of their time outdoors in the common area between the cabins. Along with daily activities, weddings, funerals, celebrations, and ceremonies also took place in this common space.
James Thomas, a free black man, said in his memoirs, “I was at the Hermitage during the Christmas week and they (the genls men and women of all work) commenced to dancing in the morning. Some played cards, while others would seek some secluded spot for Cock fighting around the city.”

Men, women, and children laughed, loved, fought, and cried as they forged lives largely out of their control. This was a place where the enslaved rose above their role as laborers and became members of families and a community with a rich culture that helped them survive the brutality of slavery. In spite of the fact that they owned neither their persons nor their property, they made this place their own.

Hannah Jackson, the head of the house servants, recognized that being sold was always possible, and her husband Aaron, as the quote to the right suggest, took much pride in the fact that he and Hannah were never separated.

Ole mistus was very good to us all. She would sometimes scold a little, but we didn't mind it. Ole master never scolded, for when he said a thing it had to be done right off...They used to pick us up and sell us in those days, even little children not higher than your cane; but ole master never did. Husband said to me just before he died: 'White man never separated us; no man ever separated us.´ No, we lived with each other over sixty years, and never had any trouble. Hannah Jackson, Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, June 22, 1880

Captions:
This painting, “The Old Plantation,” shows a group of slaves gathered for music, dancing, and storytelling during their limited leisure time. Although not a picture of the Hermitage Field Quarter, it is likely that the slaves who lived here entertained themselves in similar ways.

The two photographs above are linked by the brick pavement visible in both. Archaeologists discovered this brick pavement at this Field Quarter dwelling site. It is the only place at The Hermitage where archaeologists have found brick pavement next to a brick building with a limestone foundation. We believe the photograph on the left was taken at this dwelling site. The photograph, taken in 1867 by C.C. Giers, is believed to be of Jackson's slave Betty, who was Alfred's mother. The children likely belonged to Alfred's daughter Sarah.

Objects, such as this gunlock found at the Field Quarter, suggest that the enslaved could also hunt and fish to supplement and diversify their meager and unchanging allotment of pork and corn.

We had a great wedding here last night – Morgan, Squire's son to Jinney Sally's daughter. The boys went to see it was well done, they were quite merry upon the occasion, they were anxious that Alfred should perform the ceremony Morgan thought he could do it better than any one else, much to the amusement of Gracy. - Sarah Yorke Jackson to Rachel Jackson, December 29, 1849

(African Americans • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Engineers of the Grain Elevators

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
During the first half of the twentieth century, over 30 concrete grain elevators lined Buffalo's inner and outer harbors, representing the culmination of over 60 years of grain elevator design. Beginning in 1842 with entrepreneur Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar, and progressing into the twentieth century with the help of industrial engineers like A.E. Baxter and Henry Wait, the meandering Buffalo River was transformed into a striking corridor of monumental grain elevators.

Joseph Dart
Joseph Dart (1799-1879) was a Buffalo grain merchant determined to increase the efficiency of grain transfer between ships. His construction of a storage and transfer grain elevator in 1842, the first of its type, eliminated a serious bottleneck in the transfer of grain from lake boats to canal boats.

Dart's elevator used a steam engine to power a long, looped belt of buckets on a marine leg, which was lowered out into a ship's grain bins. There it would elevate the grain to the elevator bins, where it was stored until it could be shipped further east. His elevator was based on principles devised by engineer Oliver Evans, who, in 1782, devised a similar conveyor system to handle flour and grain in his Philadelphia milling operation. Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar adapted those principles and used them in the design of the elevator.

Some Buffalo grain dealers had doubts about Dart's innovation. Those skeptical of his investment taunted him with the reminder that "Irishmen's backs are the cheapest elevators."

Criticism of Dart's elevator quickly vanished. Prior to his elevator, a full team of dock workers could handle at most 2,000 bushels a day. The buckets on Dart's elevator were capable of unloading 1,000 bushels an hour; later improvements increased that capacity to nearly 2,000 bushels an hour. The first ship unloaded by Dart elevator, the Philadelphia, was unloaded of its 4,600 bushels of grain in hours, instead of days.

Dart's 55,000 bushel elevator started a boom in Erie Canal grain traffic. In 1842, his was the only elevator in the Buffalo River. By 1862, there were 20 elevators lining the river, with a total storage capacity of four million bushels.

Robert Dunbar
Rober Dunbar (1812-1890) was born in Scotland, and arrived in Buffalo in 1834, after having studied mechanical engineering in Canada. A pioneer in the field of steam engine powered wooden grain elevators, Dunbar was the architect and designer of almost all the original wooden elevators along the shores of the Buffalo River. In addition to the 1842 Dart Elevator, he designed and built wooden grain elevators into the 1880s, including the Evans, Watson, Merchants, Reed, Bennett, Wells, and Richmond elevators.

Dunbar developed an international reputation as an expert in elevator design and construction. People from all over the world came to consult him on the subject. He prepared plans for elevators in numerous American cities, and for foreign grain markets, including those in England, Russia, and Germany.

Dunbar designed more grain elevators with greater total capacity than any other engineer in Buffalo. By the time of his death, he had designed and erected over 75 elevators in all parts of America and Europe.

Harry R. Wait
H.R. Wait (1876-1946) began his career by working for the Steel Storage and Construction Company of Indiana, which built the pioneering Electric Elevator A in 1897. He then moved to Buffalo and formed the Monarch Engineering Company in 1909, which designed and built many grain elevators in Buffalo, including the Connecting Terminal A, Concrete Central, Perot Malting Elevator B, American B, Wheeler GLF B, Superior A and B, Monarch, and Meyer Malting Elevator.

The largest and finest example of his work is the Concrete Central Elevator. It showcases one of the innovations for which he was known, the raised basement. Grain stored in the great concrete bins fell through funnel-like steel bottoms into a system of conveyor belts. It was said the the basements of Wait's elevators were "palatial in size compared with what was customary in the trade."

[image] Unloading wheat into the Watson Grain Elevator, circa 1900.

Alfred Edward Baxter
A.E.Baxter (1860-1926) was responsible for the design of some of the most prominent grain elevators and mills on Buffalo's waterfront. His work in Buffalo included the 1924 Pillsbury (now ADM) flour mill, the largest in the world at the time it was built. He also designed the Standard Milling Flour Mill (1914), the George Urban Flour Mill (1903), the Ralston Purina feed Mill (1912), and was the supervising engineer for Superior Elevators A, B, and C, and the Marine A Elevator.

A.E. Baxter was one of the first engineers (#16) to qualify for a New York State license to practice professional engineering. He founded his own company in 1896, the A.E.Baxter Engineering and Appraisal Company. The company was in business for 70 years, and was passed down to his son, Allan, and grandsons Edward and Henry.

His career extended from the design of water powered mills of wood construction, to steel grain elevators, and finally to elevators of reinforced concrete with electric power. He designed hundreds of structures in the U.S., and some in foreign countries.

[image] Schematic Flow Diagram of the Dart Elevator. Image Source: Baxter, Henry. Grain Elevators. Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, 1997 Print.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Field Quarter

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Tennessee, Davidson County, Hermitage
In 1806, Andrew Jackson purchased 640 acres north of the first Hermitage and in turn used this land mostly for field crops such as cotton and corn. Jackson chose this portion of that land to build dwellings for his field slaves because of its central location, high ground, and proximity to a fresh water spring. Today, we call this site the “Field Quarter.”

Half of the Hermitage's enslaved population likely lived at this site, but unfortunately, we know little about them. Because only a few documents mention the Field Quarter, much of what we know about the enslaved who lived here comes from archaeological research.

Archaeologists have discovered that at least two log structures once stood here, before Jackson replaced them with four twenty-by-forty brick duplexes around 1829. Each duplex housed two slave families of up to ten people; overall, fifty to eighty slaves lived here. As you walk through the Field Quarter today, additional signs highlight other discoveries that give voice to the enslaved people who lived here.

Captions:
This modern day aerial map of the Hermitage property shows the land north of the First Hermitage and the Hermitage mansion used by Jackson for field crops. The Field Quarter stood in the center of the property.

Based on archaeological findings, an artist conceived this rendering of the Field Quarter. Today, trees block the view of the mansion from the Field Quarter, but in Jackson's time, the slaves' clear view of the mansion provided a constant reminder of Jackson's complete control over their lives.

This overhead view taken during archaeological excavations shows the locations of the Field Quarter dwelling foundations. Today, three foundations have been marked with stones, while a stand of trees covers the fourth.

(African Americans • Agriculture • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

"Kouloures"

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Greece, Crete, Heraklion, Knosos
English Text:

Three large pits, known as "Kouloures" (rings) (Figure 1), with stone-lined walls were built in the West Court during the Old Palace period (1900-1700 B.C.). The excavation workmen gave them their name and Arthur Evans kept it.

The function of the circular pits is not clear. They have been interpreted as rubbish dumps either for all the refuse from the Palace or just the leftovers from sacred offerings. Support has also been given to the idea that they were for storing grain.

In two of them, it is possible to see the remains of houses of the Pre-Palatial period (3200-1900 B.C.). In the New Palace period (1700-1450 B.C.), the "Kouloures" were covered over and went out of use.

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

"North Lustral Basin"

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Greece, Crete, Heraklion, Knosos
English Text:

The room before you resembles a cistern. Its floor is lower than the surrounding area and is reached by steps. The "Lustral Basin" was surrounded by columns and was lined with slabs of gypsum giving it a luxurious appearance. In its present form, the area has been completely reconstructed by Evans (Figure 1).

Areas with a similar arrangement have been found in other parts of the Palace of Knossos, as well as at other palaces and in important Minoan buildings of the period (1700 - 1450 B.C.). It is not known how these places were used. However, from their construction it seems that they would not have been filled with water, nor was there any drainage. Evans thought that they were used in purification ceremonies and therefore called these places "Lustral Basins". Evans also believed that the Palace was a sacred place. That is why, in his opinion, the "Lustral Basin" in question was used to purify visitors going into the Palace via the neighboring North Entrance.

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Travel Through Time on Farmington's Grand River Avenue

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Michigan, Oakland County, Farmington
Long before our everyday journeys, people traveled along this important road. This was once the Grand River Trail, a pathway Native Americans followed across Michigan before European settlement. Farmington founder Arthur Power came here along this dirt path in the 1820s. In the 1850s it became a plank road to ease travel between Detroit and the new state capital in Lansing. Downtown Farmington grew with electric trolleys that began rolling along rails in this street in the early 1900s, but there was no truly smooth car travel until the first paving here after 1929.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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