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Colebrookdale Furnace

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Pennsylvania, Berks County, Boyertown
Established on Iron Stone Creek, one half mile to the east, by James Lewis, Anthony Morris, Thomas Potts, and Thomas Rutter. Called after Colebrookdale Furnace in England, it is considered the first blast furnace to be erected in Pennsylvania, c. 1720

(Colonial Era • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Carl A. Spaatz

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Pennsylvania, Berks County, Boyertown
Aviation pioneer Spaatz was a 1914 graduate of West Point and a pilot in France in World War I. He rose to the rank of brigadier general in 1940 and general in 1945. During World War II he commanded the US 8th Air Force and the US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, facilitating the ground invasion and liberation of western Europe. He was first Chief of Staff of the newly independent US Air Force, 1947-48. Boyertown was his home.

(Air & Space • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Jeremiah Sweinhart and Successors

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Pennsylvania, Berks County, Boyertown
The evolution of the business located here mirrors America's changing transportation scene. In the factory begun by Mr. Sweinhart in 1872, horse-drawn carriages, farm and delivery vehicles, and sleighs were built. After 1914, bus and truck bodies, and other commercial and military vehicles, were made here. Production ceased, 1990, but the original 1872 shop became part of the Boyertown Museum of Historic Vehicles.

(Industry & Commerce • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Boyertown Burial Casket Company

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Pennsylvania, Berks County, Boyertown
Established here in 1893 by C.A. Mory and Associates, it was among the largest casket manufacturers in the world and earliest traded on the N.Y. and Phila. stock exchanges. The company secured numerous patents for innovative improvements and designs and was renowned for its fine craftsmanship. Progressive marketing techniques led to international sales. After the company's sale in 1987 and closure in 1988, the factory was demolished.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mullins United Methodist Church

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis
Mullins United Methodist Church, named for its first minister, the Reverend Lorenzo Dow Mullins, was established July 15, 1845, in a one-room log cabin structure on this site. Federal troops dismantled the building using its timbers to construct Fort Hurst, located northwest of the present-day intersection of Poplar Avenue and Erin Drive. In 1876, with logs reclaimed from the fort, the church was rebuilt as a one-room frame house. In 1897, a third church was built to replicate the deteriorating frame and log structure. The building was replaced in 1947 by another copy of the 1876 edifice, and it continues to serve as the Mullins Chapel. Adjacent to the chapel is the fifth sanctuary, which was dedicated April 14, 1957.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto

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Pennsylvania, Allegheny County, Pittsburgh
Devotion to Our Lady of Lourdes
In 1858 Bernadette Soubirous, a peasant girl of fourteen, reported to have witnessed apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in a grotto at Lourdes, France. The figure led Bernadette to a source of a spring, instructed her to drink its water, tell the priests to have a chapel built at the site, and to have the people come there in procession. Thousands of miraculous healings have since been attributed to the spring's waters. The grotto at Lourdes has become a pilgrimage site of world-wide renown and Roman Catholics have developed a widespread devotion to Our Lady of Lourdes.

A Grotto for St. Nicholas
Fr. Dobroslav Soric, the parish priest in the 1940s, had a deep personal devotion to Our Lady of Lourdes and promoted devotion to the Blessed Mother in his sermons to the congregation. Fr. Soric decided that a grotto would be erected to commemorate the centennial of St. Bernadette's birth and the golden anniversary of St. Nicholas Parish in 1944. At that time, the building of grottoes in honor of Our Lady of Lourdes was also promoted throughout the Pittsburgh region by Fr. James Cox, a friend of Fr. Soric and Pastor of St. Patrick Church in Pittsburgh's Strip District, who credited the miraculous restoration of his vision to water from Lourdes. Fr. Cox was an accredited chaplain of Lourdes and was asked to provide spiritual guidance on the grotto construction. Fr. Cox held a novena to St. Bernadette on October 24, 1943, at which he blessed the grotto cornerstone.

In order to save on the cost of the excavation, men of the parish excavated 660 tons of dirt with picks and shovels, often in evenings after long days at their jobs had ended. Women supported the effort by cooking meals at the church, and children offered assistance because many of the young men were away at war. Parishioners toiled throughout the summer of 1944 in a remarkable display of faith and devotion. Fr. Cox later delivered the address at the grotto dedication on October 15, 1944, which was the centennial of St. Bernadette's birth.

Five-Story Grotto a Landmark to Travelers
St. Nicholas Parishioners built the most elaborate shrine to Our Lady of Lourdes in the Pittsburgh area. At the apex of the grotto was a niche holding a statue of the Blessed Mother gazing to heaven. On the next level down was an underground chapel and altar made of white marble. Stone steps with wrought iron railing led down four stories and over bridges to the church balcony, the front doors, and a courtyard gathering space. Flowers were placed throughout the shrine, and luminaria and evergreen trees lined the steps at Christmas. During warm weather, Mass was held at the grotto every Saturday at noon, and a rosary was said before each Mass. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes graced the hillside behind St. Nicholas Church for nearly 70 years. It was razed by the Diocese of Pittsburgh in 2013.

(Churches, Etc. • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

William Wells Brown

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
William Wells Brown, an escaped slave from Kentucy, earned his living as a cook on lake freighters in the early days of the Erie Canal. In 1836, he moved his family to Buffalo, and soon became involved with the city's African-American community. Always attentive to the anti-slavery movement, Brown soon discovered his oratory skills and began to lecture frequently. His prominence grew during an 1843 convention of anti-slavery activists that included Frederick Douglass, Charles Redmond and William Lloyd Garrison. Brown proceeded to travel widely as a popular speaker, and eventually resettled in Boston.

Brown later penned a popular autobiography, and is widely considered to be the first African-American novelist, through The Narrative of William G. Brown, a Fugitive Slave (1842) was first published in Europe. He is also acknowledged as the first African-American playwright, having penned The Experience (1856) and The Escape (1858).

The author and his mother arrested and carried back into slavery. Brown and his mother captured after attempting to escape from slavery. Illustration from The Narrative of William W. Brown (1842), his autobiography. Used with permission of Documenting the American South, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries.

Michigan Street Baptist Church. Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society.

Path of Freedom.
The Underground Railroad was an informal organization of white and black abolitionists, enslaved African-Americans, Native Americans, and members of various religious groups including Quakers, Methodists, and Baptists. Buffalo, lying on the Canadian border, was a magnet for escaped slaves and free blacks alike. While thousands continued onward, others remained in Buffalo, seeking a living in the city's rough and tumble industries, particularly along the waterways.

Buffalo's black population, although proportionally small, grew into an industrial, lively community, many of whom were committed to the abolitionist cause. Michigan Street Baptist Church was not only a legendary station on the Underground Railroad, it was also an important meeting place for 19th century abolitionists and reformers, and remained central to the city's African-American community for more than a century.

(Abolition & Underground RR • African Americans • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Changing Waterfront

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
You are looking across a restoration of the Commercial Slip, originally the western terminus of the Erie Canal. In its heyday, this area was one of the world's great transportation centers, teeming with canal, lake, and rail traffic, a busy port that brought people and goods together from all over the world. Here are some of the landmarks that illustrate this important heritage.

Commercial Slip.
This waterway marked the western terminus of the Erie Canal, and was the gateway to the upper Great Lakes from 1825 through 1918. Buried and used as a storm sewer for most of the 20th century, the channel has been reconstructed using stones salvaged from the historic site. Towpaths and walkways reminiscent of Commercial Slip's past have been combined with new piers and landscaping.

Whipple Truss Bridge.
The Whipple Bowstring Arch bridge recalls the span that stood near this site in the mid-19th century. Patented by the engineer Squire Whipple in 1841, the bowstring arch design was widely used throughout New York's canal system.
Lloyd Street. Stabilized ruins, remnants of cobblestone paving, and the scupted four-story facade on the opposite side of the slip stand as witnesses to the industry and activity that once defined this vibrant district.

Central Wharf.
The wide boardwalk along the Buffalo River was once crowded with steam and sailing ships and with the shops and offices that served as the canal district's business center.

Naval and Military Museum.
The Museum is located on the site of the former Coit-McCutcheon Block, which marked the outer end of the Commercial Slip during the canal era. The building's unique design recalls the scale and materials of historic structures that once stood here.

Floating History.
The Military and Naval Park includes three WWII-era ships: the destroyer U.S.S. The Sullivans, the light cruiser U.S.S. Little Rock, and the USS Croaker, a Gato class submarine.

Commercial Slip, view looking from the Buffalo River toward downtown, ca. 1870. Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society.

The U.S.S. The Sullivans DDG 68 poster, 1997. Courtesy of Lockheed Martin, original painting by Tom Freeman.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

St. Nicholas Church

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Pennsylvania, Allegheny County, Pittsburgh
In the late nineteenth century, Croatian immigrants fled economic hardship and settled in Allegheny City (now Pittsburgh's North Side). The Croatian immigrants were predominantly peasants living in a region comprised of one faith, one nationality, and one language. Community leaders were concerned their people were in danger of neglecting church obligations as a result of a failure to adjust to new customs and petitioned the diocese to establish the first Croatian parish in the New World in 1894. The church council dedicated the parish to St. Nicholas, the Traveler, in honor of its immigrant roots. Church services were first held in a converted house at 1546 E. Ohio Street. With immigration continuing, it was soon evident that a larger church was needed, and in 1899 plans were made for the construction of a permanent and grander edifice.

Many Croatian families contributed physically and financially to the construction of St. Nicholas Church, whose splendor earned it the nickname "Croatian Cathedral." The building contract was awarded to Robert McCain, who submitted a bid of $19,000. In September 1901, Bishop Richard Phelan dedicated the new St. Nicholas Church, designed in a Romanesque-influenced style by Pittsburgh architect, Frederick C. Sauer. Two towers of unequal height, surmounted by onion-shaped domes, stood at either side of the western façade and contained three bells. A third steeple, erected at the rear of the church, served to give the building a secondary façade on its E. Ohio Street (south) elevation and distinguished St. Nicholas from other area churches. The floorplan of the church was longitudinal, containing a central nave with colonnaded aisles on either side and an apse at its east end.

Shortly after the church was erected, a rectory was built opposite the church's west entrance to accommodate the Croatian Franciscan Order of priests. With the arrival of the automobile age, E. Ohio Street was widened from two to four lanes in 1921, requiring the church to be moved 20 feet north from its original foundation and eight feet up. The parish converted the adjacent Duquesne public school to St. Nicholas grammar school in 1931. In honor of Our Lady of Lourdes, an elaborate grotto was erected in 1944 on the hillside between the church and rectory. In 1950, a convent was built to house the sisters of the Franciscan Order who taught in St. Nicholas School until its closure in 1969.

In 1994, St. Nicholas Parish celebrated its centennial. The E. Ohio Street church was permanently closed on the Feast of St. Nicholas, December 6, 2004. For 14 years, the Preserve Croatian Heritage Foundation and Preservation Pittsburgh worked diligently to save this magnificent, historic church. Despite their efforts, St. Nicholas Church, North Side was razed by the Diocese of Pittsburgh in January of 2013. Through the collaborative efforts of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Preserve Croatian Heritage Foundation, Preservation Pittsburgh, and Troy Hill Citizens, Inc., this historic signage was constructed in 2015 on the former church site to commemorate the historical significance of this Croatian church and surrounding "Mala Jaska" neighborhood.

(Churches, Etc. • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hungry Hill Memorial

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Pennsylvania, Monroe County, near Pocono Pines
This encampment site was named by General Sullivan’s Expedition of the Revolutionary War, 1779, en route north to avenge the Wyoming Massacre. They called the adjacent swamp Hell’s Kitchen. Army engineers built this first road on the Pocono Plateau, across the desolate area known as the Great Swamp. Meager provisions required the soldiers to live off the land, and one died here.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Church of the Most Holy Trinity of the Mountains

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Italy, Lazio, Rome Province, Rome

Church of the Most Holy Trinity of the Mountains
T
he SS. Trinità dei Monti with its monastery annex was commissioned in 1502 by Louis XIIth as a church for the French Royal Family. The idea of a church on the Pincio had been promoted by Charles VIIIth in 1494 (approved the following year by Pope Alexander VIth), with the intention of giving it to French monks of the Order of St. Francis of Paola. Building continued throughout the whole of the XVIth cent. and the church was consecrated in 1595. Traditionally attributed to Giacomo della Porta, architects in charge were Annibale Lippi and Gregorio Caronica.

The monumental arrangement of the square in front of the church was ordered by Pope Sixtus Vth who had Domenico Fontana create a majestic stairway (1586-1588) with two flights of steps converging before the church façade, as is recorded in the Peretti emblems carved on pillars on the staircase; the Sallustian obelisk was erected by Pope Pius VIth in 1789.

The church was built in Gothic style with stone from the town of Narbonne; in 1774 Guiseppe Panini reworked the ceiling of the nave and covered up the original Gothic structures thereby comprising the stylistic harmony of the interior. Further to [Following ?] Carlo Francesco Mazois’ restoration of 1816, the monks moved elsewhere, so the King of France in 1828 gave the institution to the Nuns of the Sacred Heart who still live there today.

The façade has only one order of pilasters terminating in an attic with a large central lunette and a balustrade above; on each side stands a tall bell tower with a small octagonal dome. The single-naved interior has six chapels on each side and is divided in two by wrought iron railings, now level with the fourth span though it originally sectioned off the cross in order to keep the seclusion area separate (1679).

The church contains a number of frescoes, some of which are badly damaged: these constitute some of the most important cycles of mid-XVIth cent. Mannerist painting and are proof of the exceptional depth of artistic awareness of patrons of art at that time. Worth viewing are the Chapel of Lucretia della Rovere for which Daniele da Volterra drew cartoons of Stories of the Virgin, painted by other painters including Marco Pino and Pellegrino Tibaldi (1548-1560); the Pucci Chapel begun by Perin del Vaga (1520-27) and completed by Taddeo and Federico Zuccari; the Massimi Chapel with frescoes by Giulio Romano, Perin del Vaga and Daniele da Volterra (of this whole cycle only the famous Deposition of Volterra of 1545 remains); the Turchi Chapel with a Crucifixion by Cesare Nebbia.

A striking cloister has a four-sided portico with ceiling frescoes by Avanzino Nucci featuring portraits of the Kings of France; lunettes contain Stories of the Life of St. Francis of Paola (1579-1584) worked on by Paris Nogari, Cristoforo Roncalli, Jacopo Zucchi and the younger Cavalier d’Arpino.

Chiesa della Santissima Trinita' dei Monti
L
a SS. Trinità dei Monti, eretta dalle fondamenta con l’annesso convento nel 1502 per ordine di Luigi XII, è la chiesa dei reali di Francia. La sua construzione sul Pincio era stata promossa da Carlo VIII nel 1494 (e approvata l’anno seguente da papa Alessandro VI), con l’intenzione di concederla ai religiosi di nazionalità francese dell’Ordine di S. Francesco di Paola. I lavori di construzione si protrassero per tutto il XVI secolo, e la chiesa fu consacrata nel 1595. Responsabili della fabbrica, tradizionalmente attribuita a Giacomo della Porta, furono gli architetti Annibale Lippi e Gregorio Caronica.

La sistemazione monumentale della piazza antistante la chiesa si deve a papa Sisto V, che tra il 1586 e il 1588 fece realizzare da Domenico Fontana la maestosa scalinata a due rampe convergenti davanti alla facciata, come testimoniano gli stemmi Peretti scolpiti sui pilastri della scalinata; i'obelisco Sallustiano venne innalzato da papa Pio VI nel 1789.

La chiesa fu construita in stile gotico con pietre provenienti dalla città di Narbonne; nel 1774 Giuseppe Panini rifece la volta della navata e, coprendo le strutture originali gotiche, finì per compromettere l'armonia stilistica dell'interno. Dopo il restauro del 1816 di Carlo Francesco Mazois e in seguito all'abbandono dei religiosi, nel 1828 il re di Francia concesse il convento alle Suore dell'Istituto del Sacro Cuore che tuttora vi dimorano.

La facciata, a un solo ordine di lesene, è conclusa da un attico, con lunettone centrale, coronato da balaustra; ai lati, due slanciati campanili con cupolino ottagonale.

L’interno a navata unica con sei cappelle par lato, è diviso in due parti da una cancellata in ferro battuto, attualmente posta all’altezza della quarta campata, ma in origine collocata all’altezza della crociera, allo scopo di tenere separato l’ambiente della clausura (1679).

La chiesa custodisce una serie di affreschi, taluni purtropppo molto danneggiati, che costituiscono alcuni dei cicli più significativi della pittura manieristica romana della metà del Cinquecento e testimoniano il livello di sensibilità artistica raggiunto dalla committenza del tempo. Si ricordano la cappella di Lucrezia della Rovere, par la quale Daniele da Volterra realizzò i cartoni con le Storie della Vergine poi eseguiti da vari pittori, tra cui Marco Pino e Pellegrino Tibaldi (1548-1560); la cappella Pucci, iniziata da Perin del Vaga (1520-27) e terminita da Taddeo e Federico Zuccari; la cappella Massimi, con affreschi di Giulio Romano, Perin del Vaga, Daniele da Volterra (dell'intero ciclo resta solo la celebre Deposizione del Volterra; 1545); la cappella Turchi, con la Crocifissione di Cesare Nebbia.

Notevole il chiostro, dove le volte del quadriportico sono decorate da affreschi di Avanzino Nucci con la serie di ritratti dei re di Francia; nelle lunette, Storie della Vita di S. Francesco di Paola (1579-1584) a cui collaborarono Paris Nogari, Cristoforo Roncalli, Jacopo Zucchi e il giovane Cavalier d'Arpino.

(Churches, Etc. • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gordon’s Attack April 9, 1865

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Virginia, Appomattox County, Appomattox Court House
Prior to midnight on April 8, 1865, with Federal troops closing in on three sides and the line of retreat along the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road blocked, General R. E. Lee held a Council of War with his ranking generals to discuss options—surrender or try to break through. Believing only Federal cavalry stood in the way, the council agreed upon a last ditch attempt to breakout.

General John Gordon’s infantry, already closest to the point of attack, took position during the night along Tibbs Lane, supported on the right by General Fitz Lee’s Cavalry Corps and General Armistead Long’s artillery. About 9,000 Confederate soldiers prepared for the assault.

Opposing the Confederates was a Federal cavalry brigade led by Colonel Charles Smith, who had deployed across the intersection of the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road and the Oakville Road. Smith had about 1,200 troopers and two cannon under Lieutenant James Lord.

After receiving scattered artillery fire since daybreak, Gordon’s troops advanced in a left wheel spearheaded by General Bryan Grimes’ division. A member of the 1st North Carolina Sharpshooters, Henry Bahnson noted: “I never saw [a charge] so magnificently executed as this. Our men advanced as regularly as though on parade and as the shells and grape ploughed through the ranks the files closed up without faltering. [The men] broke into a double quick and with the old time yell and an irresistible rush they carried the enemy’s position . . . .” General Roberts’ North Carolina cavalry brigade charged ahead and captured Lord’s two artillery pieces.

Gordon s men drove Smith s brigade from the ridge and repulsed several counter attacks before reinforcements of Federal infantry from the Army of the James arrived to block the road once again. After initial clashes with the Federal infantry, Gordon’s command withdrew across the Appomattox River to the Northeast and couriers with truce flags advanced from the Confederate lines. Fitz Lee escaped to the Northwest, with the cavalry divisions of Generals Rosser and Munford.

“The division had not proceeded very far before [the] brigades were exposed to a murderous artillery fire, but, instead of halting and recoiling, they promptly charged and captured it.”

Shortly thereafter:
“An infantry captain was captured and brought before me, and gave me the first information that [Federal] General Ord with ten thousand infantry was in our front.”
Major General Bryan Grimes

As the last of Gordon’s corps retreated to the Appomattox River valley 25 volunteers of the 4th and 14th North Carolina Infantry under the direction of Captain Wilson Jenkins remained behind, near here, to slow the Federal pursuit The stalwart band fought until nearly surrounded and forced to surrender.

(captions)
Major General John B. Gordon
Private Henry T. Bahnson
Major General Bryan Grimes
Captain Wilson Jenkins

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tibbs Lane

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Virginia, Appomattox County, Appomattox Court House
Confederate Infantry deployed along this road on the morning of April 9, 1865 prior to the Battle of Appomattox Court House. The battle fought near here would be the last for the Army of Northern Virginia.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mala Jaska

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Pennsylvania, Allegheny County, Pittsburgh
Between 1890 and 1910, the highway corridor where you are now standing developed into a Croatian community known as "Mala Jaska" (or Little Jastrebarsko), after the town from which many of the immigrants came. The area was initially settled by German and Swiss immigrants who established tanning, lumber, brewing, and metals production concerns. Industrial and residential growth flourished between 1840 and 1880, aided by several transportation improvements: the Pennsylvania Canal (1829); Pittsburgh and Butler Plank Road (1849; later part of E. Ohio Street and State Route 28), the Western Pennsylvania Railroad (built on top of the canal after it closed in 1864); and the Pittsburgh and Western Railroad (1873).

Croatians began settling in the North Side in 1882 in response to governmental changes that deprived them of political power, agricultural markets and land ownership. In Croatia, most of the immigrants had worked as agricultural laborers in a region knonwns for its grape production. In America, the immigrants worked long hours at industrial jobs. By 1900, food production, animal by-products, railroad, and steel industries became the dominant employers in the area, resulting in a demand for unskilled laborers that attracted a large number of immigrants. An 1873 federal law required animals to be removed from box cars, fed, and rested after 28 hours of confinement, and Herr's Island was a convenient feed and rest-stop between Chicago and eastern markets. The Pennsylvania Railroad operated stock yards at Herr's Island between 1903 and 1965, providing a range of livestock-related jobs to the neighborhood.

Unlike the earlier German settlers, the immigrants typically lived in rented quarters, either in subdivided homes or in boarding houses in which a dozen or more single men would live. The nearby Sarah Heinz House aided the Croatian community in its transaction to American life by providing boys and girls with educational and recreational facilities.

Mala Jaska's Croatian population was distinguished by its political activism, and such sentiments were expressed through a number of organizations and newspapers. The Croatian newspaper, Danica, and the Croatian Fraternal Union of America were begun in 1894 by Zdravko Mužina, Josip Marohnić operated America's first Croatian bookstore at 1420 E. Ohio Street and published the first Croatian-English dictionary for fellow immigrants.

Withing a generation, many residents of Mala Jaska owned their own homes. Bound together by a common faith and language, a tight knit and independent community developed along this narrow stretch of E. Ohio Street. The area's topography gave it a unique character: houses on the northwest side of the street were banked into the hillside, allowing the use of masonry vaults for cold storage; on the southeast side of the street, houses only two-rooms deep were squeezed between the street and railroad, allowing trains to pass within a few feet of the rear windows. The steep hillsides were terraced for growing fruits and vegetables, which were shared among neighbors. Residents took great pride in their community and beautified their yards with terraced flower gardens.

The neighborhood's greatest asset, its proximity to numerous modes of transportation, ultimately became the source of its demise. In 1921, E. Ohio Street was expanded from two to four lanes, resulting in the removal of all buildings on the southeast side of the street and the demolition or alteration of numerous building on the northwest side of the street. Further decline occurred in 2014 with the completion of the State Route 28 safety and improvement project, which razed the neighborhood's remaining buildings on the northwest side of the street.



(Fraternal or Sororal Organizations • Labor Unions • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Old Trace Walk

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Tennessee, Hickman County, near Williamsport
Preserved is a 2,000-foot long section of the original Old Natchez Trace which follows a ridge 300 feet above the Duck River.

A 10-15 minute stroll will take you to the end of the trail and back and provide a change of pace from driving.

As you walk the Old Trace imagine the ordeal of early 1800's travelers who had to make 20 to 30 miles a day on foot or horseback.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Jackson Branch – A Stolen Stream

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Tennessee, Hickman County, near Williamsport
This trail descends to Jackson Falls, a beautifully sculptured cascade that seems ageless. But it isn’t. For thousands of years before the falls existed, Jackson Branch flowed into this high valley, isolated from the Duck River below.

Then, in a classic case of “stream piracy,” Duck River captured the Jackson Branch. The flooding river and other erosional agents wore away at the bluffs, cutting a new channel through faults in the rock. At the site of Jackson Falls, the diverted stream slipped down into Duck River valley, abandoning its former course.

(Natural Features) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Family Farm ... Working in Harmony with the Environment

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Tennessee, Hickman County, near Williamsport
The Morrow family farm, visible from this outlook, is an excellent example of agriculture working in harmony with the environment. The Morrow’s, like other conservation farmers, have a strong conservation ethic and a desire to leave improved soil and water resources for the next generation. Conservation measures illustrated in this display are the tools of caring stewards of the land.

Farm ponds provide water for livestock, prevent streambank erosion, and provide a habitat for fish and wildlife, provide recreation opportunities, and add to the scenic beauty of the world around us.

Agriculture can co-exist with wildlife by providing wildlife habitat areas that provide food and shelter for wildlife. Agriculture works with the environment by considering all that is part of nature.

Pastureland must be managed to prevent erosion and overgrazing. Conservation works to maintain and restore pasture cover which improves the soil resource.

Grassed waterways prevent gullies from forming while directing water safely across the land with minimal soil erosion.

Conventional tillage (turning the soil) leaves the soil unprotected from wind and water. Conservation tillage uses as little disturbance of the soil as practical and residue from previous crops to protect the soil. Reducing erosion protects the soil and improves water quality.

The man-made scars of mining, visible even from a distance, blemish the landscape and are a threat to water quality and the environment. Reclamation efforts heal the land and renew the rural landscape.

Filter strips remove sediment and other pollutants from runoff before the water reaches adjacent streams, ponds, and lakes. Filter strips are used as borders for the cropped fields that are adjacent to Duck River.

(First sentence illegible)
Clean water is a necessity for everyone. Water management and conservation practices enable farmers to protect and improve the quality of our water. The efforts toward water quality on the farm benefit even our most urban citizens. Ultimately we all drink from the same container–planet earth.

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

God Honor and Country

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo

This plaque is dedicated to the memory of those brave men and women of the Polish armed forces who fought against the tyranny during the entire World War II, and to those thousands of them who sacrificed their lives defending peace, freedom, and democracy.
Polish armed forces 1939-1945 - Poland
1st Grenadier Infantry Division - France
2nd Grenadier Infantry Division - France
10th Mechanized Cavalry Brigade - France
Ind. Poohahanska Inf. Brigade - Norway
Ind. Karpacka Inf. Brigade - N. Africa
First Mechanized Corps
1st Polish Armored Division - Normandy
4th Grenadier Infantry Division - Scotland
1st Polish Ind. Parachute Brigade - Holland
Second Polish Corps
2nd Ind. Warszawska Armored Division - Italy
3rd Karpacka Infantry Division - Italy
5th Kresowa Infantry Division - Italy
Polish Home Army (AK) - Poland
Polish Air Force - Battle of Britain
Polish Navy - Armed Naval Operations
On their way to Poland they had iven their lives fighting for "your freedom and ours!"

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Natchez Trace at the Tobacco Farm

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Tennessee, Maury County, near Williamsport
This monument, located on the Natchez Trace at the site of the Tobacco Farm, honors the farming industry of Maury County, Tennessee. Maury County was named in honor of Abram Maury and was the home of the 11th United States President, James K. Polk.
Marker placed by
Jane Knox Chapter   Tenassee Chapter
Thomas McKissick Chapter,
Daughters of the American Revolution
May 5, 2004

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tennessee Tobacco Farm

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Tennessee, Maury County, near Williamsport
On this model farm, Burley tobacco is grown and air-cured. It’s a hard crop to raise, each acre requiring about 250 hours of labor. (Wheat is only three hours!)

William Coleman has been growing tobacco here for over 40 years. Listen as he describes how it's done.

(Agriculture) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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