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Mississippi Sidestep

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Louisiana, Madison Parish, Delta
In 1862, powerful Confederate guns along Vicksburg’s high bluffs kept the Mississippi River closed to Federal shipping. Union leaders decided the army should take the city by land to gain control of the river. But General Thomas Williams had a different idea—dig a canal across the foot of De Soto Point to bypass the batteries altogether.

In the June heat, Union soldiers labored alongside more than 1,200 formerly enslaved people to carve the 1.5 mile canal. Sunstroke, exhaustion, malaria, and dysentery plagued workers. Hundreds lost their lives. After just one month, Williams halted the project.

In January 1863, General Ulysses Grant took up the project once again. His plans were also hindered by widespread illness among the troops—and rising river waters that flooded Union camps. By March, Grant abandoned this dream of avoiding Vicksburg.

More to Explore
There’s a whole national park out there! Grant’s Canal is one of several locations in Vicksburg National Military Park. The green on the map protects and preserves the siege and defense lines where Union and Confederate forces faced off in 1863. Follow I-20 east to the main entrance on Clay Street.

You can see ...
  • Visitor Center exhibits, bookstore, and orientation film
  • 16-mile tour road
  • Battlefield overlooks
  • Monuments
  • U.S.S. Cairo Museum and restored ironclad gunboat
  • Vicksburg National Cemetery
  • Pemberton’s Headquarters


(African Americans • War, US Civil • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Grant's Canal

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Louisiana, Madison Parish, Delta
During the summer of 1862, the Federals’ first attempt to bypass Vicksburg by digging a canal across DeSoto Peninsula failed. By January, 1863, the Federals had reoccupied the Louisiana shore opposite Vicksburg. Gen. U.S. Grant ordered work on the canal resumed. The canal was to be 60 feet wide, one and one-half miles long, and deep enough to float any vessel on the river. Ground was broken on January 30. Negro work gangs assisted by fatigue details from the Union Army began the work. Later, steam pumps and dredge boats were employed. To stop the work, the Confederates emplaced several big guns on the shore opposite the canal’s exit but the work progressed. On March 7, the upper dam gave way, flooding the entire peninsula. “Grant’s Canal” had failed.

(African Americans • War, US Civil • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Grant's Canal

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Louisiana, Madison Parish, Delta
This canal was the third attempt by the Union armies to route gunboats around Vicksburg. Excavation was begun in January 1863, by order of General Grant with two regiments and 1,200 Negro laborers. Two dredge boats were used in February but were driven from work by Confederate shell fire. High water damaged the canal in March and further work was suspended. The canal was thereafter abandoned.

Tablet placed by Village of Delta. Erected May 20th 1936.

(African Americans • War, US Civil • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Church of Our Lady of Victory

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Italy, Lazio, Rome Province, Rome

Church of Saint Mary of Victory
The Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria stands in the former Via Pia (now Via XX Settembre); its name comes from an image of the Madonna found among the remains of the Castello di Pilsen, thought to have determined the victory of Ferdinand IInd of Habsburg over the Lutherans of Frederick of Saxony in 1620. It was built in the early XVIIth cent., after the Barefoot Carmelites had settled where the ancient hermitage had stood; it was commissioned by Cardinal Scipione Borghese, who appointed Carlo Maderno to design it (1608-1620). The church has a single-nave with three connecting chapels on each side, a transept, a choir and a barrel vault ceiling with a dome above the cross. The tall facade with travertine facing was executed between 1624 and 1626 by Giovan Battista Soria (with some work by Sergio Venturi), and the similarities with the nearby Church of Santa Susanna's facade, also by Maderno (1603), are obvious. A two-ordered front enclosed by volutes is preceded by a small flight of steps and crowned by a balustrade. A chapel in the left transept previously dedicated to St. Paul (whom the church had been named after) was ceded to a Venetian Cardinal called Frederick Cornaro, who then dedicated it to St. Theresa of Avila (reformer of the Carmelite Order) commissioning Gian Lorenzo Bernini to do the work in 1647. From 1695 to 1700 a chapel in the right transept dedicated to St. Joseph was built to a design by Giovan Battista Contini, perfectly complementing the Cornaro Chapel. Work on the nave chapels and the decoration of the church interior continued all through the XVIIth cent. and the first half of the century after, with only minor jobs executed in the XIXth and XXth cents. The Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria is filled with exceptional works of art, in particular by the three most important Bolognese Baroque artists: Domenichino in 1630 painted decorations in the second chapel to the right; Guercino painted the Holy Trinità in the same chapel. The great French painter Claude Lorrain also worked on the second chapel to the left; he worked for many years in Rome and was at that time regarded as being the greatest exponent of Baroque art.

But it is in the transformation of the Cornaro chapel in the left transept of this Carmelite church that one of the most exceptional examples of XVIIth cent. Roman art is to be acknowledged. Though fully respecting Maderno's architectural scheme Bernini introduced a new compositional concept here that enhanced the theme's religious meaning: this monument in honour of St. Theresa was also a commemmoration [sic] of the family who commissioned it and though its members were not actually buried there, it made a perfect family memorial. The sculptor portrayed Cardinals and Doges from the Cornaro family in high relief on the walls, in arrested action as they lean out from window balconies (Frederick himself is there too) to watch the mystical event taking place at the altar. In an oval niche, Bernini created a marble sculpture of the Ecstasy of St. Theresa: this episode was narrated by the Saint in her autobiography, and tells of how a cherub appeared and stabbed her in the heart again and again with a flaming arrow, symbol of true union with God. What was absolutely unprecedented in the Cornaro Chapel was the visual blending of architecture, sculpture and painting all in one; Bernini in fact designed the project, the sculptures and the frescoes as well for the ceiling and the little altar (assistant painters helped with the execution); the small chapel is also lined with fine marble and stuccoes, the whole conceived of by this great Neapolitan master in an impressively dramatic, almost theatrical interpretation.

Chiesa di Santa Maria della Vittoria
La chiesa di S. Maria della Vittoria, posta sull'antica via Pia (attuale via XX Settembre), deve la dedicazione ad un'immagine della Madonna rinvenuta tra i rifiuti del Castello di Pilsen, a cui fu attribuito il merito della vittoria di Ferdinando II d'Asburgo sui luterani di Federico di Sassonia, nel 1620. L'edificio fu costruito ai primi del Seicento, in seguito all'insediamento dei Carmelitani Scalzi nel luogo dove sorgeva un antico romitorio; promotore ne fu il cardinale Scipione Borghese, che incaricò del progetto Carlo Maderno (1608-1620). La chiesa presenta una pianta a navata unica con tre cappelle per lato comunicanti fra loro, transetto e coro, ed è coperta da una volta a botte con cupola sulla crociera. La slanciata facciata rivestita di travertino fu realizzata tra il 1624 e il 1626 da Giovan Battista Soria (con interventi di Sergio Venturi), che si ispirò evidentemente alla facciata della vicina chiesa di S. Susanna, opera dello stesso Maderno (1603). Il prospetto a due ordini raccordati da volute, è preceduto da una breve gradinata ed è coronato da una balaustra. La cappella del transetto sinistrogià dedicata a S. Paolo, antico titolare della chiesa - fu ceduta al cardinale veneziano Federico Cornaro (Corner), che la intitolò a S. Teresa d'Avila (riformatrice dell'Ordine Carmelitano) e nel 1647 ne affidò i lavori a Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Tra il 1695 e il 1700 fu realizzata la cappella posta sulla destra del transetto, dedicata a S. Giuseppe e progettata da Giovan Battista Contini, a perfetto pendant della capellea Cornaro. La construzione delle cappelle della navata e la decorazione interna della chiesa proseguirono per tutto il XVII sec. e nella prima metà del secolo successivo, salvo circoscritti interventi ottocenteschi e novecenteschi. Mirabili opere ornano la chiesa di S. Maria della Vittoria, fra tutte si possono ricordare quelle nate dagli interventi dei tre più grandi esponenti del barocco bolognese: Domenichino, autore nel 1630 della decorazione della seconda cappella a destra; Guercino, che realizzò la SS. Trinità della terza capella a sinistra; e Guido Reni, a cui fu commissionato il ritratto del cardinal Gesti, nella stressa cappella. Nella seconda cappella a sinistra lavorò invece Claude Lorrain, eminente pittore francese a lungo attivo a Roma, che all'epoca era considerata il centro dell'arte barocca.

È nella trasformazione del transetto sinistro della chiesa carmelitana (cappella Cornaro), che si può tuttavia riconoscere uno dei vertici dell'arte romana del Seicento. Qui il Bernini, pur rispettando gli schemi architettonici ideati dal Maderno, introdusse un'innovazione compositiva fondata sul significato teologico: alla dedicazione a S. Teresa si associò la celebrazione della famiglia committente che, anche se non vi era sepolta, usò la cappella funeraria come sito commemorativo. Lo scultore rappresentò in rilievo sulle pareti, nell'atto di affacciarsi dalle finestre, i cardinali e i dogi appartenenti ai Cornaro (compreso lo stesso Federico), come testimoni attivi dell'evento mistico principale espresso sull'altare. Qui, entro una nicchia ovale, Bernini realizzò il gruppo marmoreo con la Transveberazione di S. Teresa: episodio narrato dalla stessa santa nella sua autobiografia, in cui racconta di un cherubino apparsole a conficcarle più volte nel cuore una lancia fiammeggiante, simbolo dell'unione con Dio. La vera novità dell'intervento nella cappella Cornaro consiste nell'unità visiva tra architettura, scultura e pittura, Bernini fu infatti l'autore del progetto, dei gruppi scultorei, ma anche dell'affresco nel soffitto e del paliotto d'altare, per quanto coadiuvato da altri pittori; il piccolo ambiente è inoltre rivestito di marmi preziosi e stucchi, concepiti dal grande artista napoletano in una imponente impaginazione scenica, quasi teatrale.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Churches, Etc. • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Rebirth & Renewal

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo
In 1926, the Hamburg drain, a major sewer line draining South Buffalo was built; as a result, the Commercial Slip, the Erie Canal's original western terminus, was filled in.

Today the Commercial Slip has been restored: the redesign incorporates pieces of history, giving visitors an idea of its layout and function in the 1900s.

The Slip remained buried until spring 1999, when archaeologists working on an Empire State Development (EDSI) plan to revitalize the area uncovered a number of stones from the Slip walls.

The discovery of the stones from the Slip, and further discoveries including the abutment of a railroad bridge over the Slip at Prime Street, foundations of buildings along Lloyd Street, and additional sections of the Slip wall, sparked a four-year public debate.

Preservationists, archaeologists, community groups and environmentalists each has their opinions of what should be done.

After a series of rallies, conferences, studies and lawsuits, a new master plan, emphasizing Erie Canal History, was agreed upon. In October 2000, on the Erie Canal's 175th anniversary, then-Governor George Pataki annouced a plan to excavate and rewater the Commercial Slip. Construction of new Slip walls on the original site, using about 350 of the original stones, finally began in March 2006. The site, where you are now standing, opened to the public in the summer of 2008, memorializing the place where the canal that transformed America was officially opened. All images are courtesy of Flynn Battaglia Architects.

(Charity & Public Work • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Central Gardens Historic District

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Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis

Side A
By 1900, Memphis's growth had pushed the city limits east of the district's 511 acres, originally settled in 1830 by Solomon Rozelle. With its convenient access to downtown via the new trolley lines, Central Gardens underwent intensive development to fill the demand for suburban housing away from the congestion of the business district. Many of the city's most prominent citizens were early Central Gardens residents, including Walter Chandler, Edward Hull "Boss" Crump, C. P. J. Mooney, and Abe Plough.

Side B
Developed from the 1900s to the 1930sas about forty different subdivisions, the district was named Central Gardens in 1967. The district's eclectic architecture is unified by the consistency of massing, scale, cornice height, and setback: the result is an early twentieth century neighborhood with the distinctive quality of ordered diversity. The wide range of architectural styles reflects the varied tastes of the original owners, while the creative interpretation of these styles was accomplished by a number of talented Memphis architects, including Max H. Furbinger; Walk Jones, Sr.; George Mahan, Jr.; J. Frazer Smith; and Neander M. Woods, Jr.

(Landmarks • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Vest-Lindsey House

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Kentucky, Franklin County, Frankfort
Erected before 1820, this house is linked to several prominent men. It was childhood home of George Graham Vest, a famous orator, debater, and three-term senator from Missouri; member CSA Congress 3 years. Also home of Daniel W. Lindsey, who, during the Civil War, was Union regimental and brigade commander, and later Inspector General and Adjutant General of Kentucky.

(Man-Made Features • Politics • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Garden Hall

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Kentucky, Franklin County, Frankfort
This Georgian home was built by Graham Vreeland in 1913. He was founder, publisher, and editor of the Frankfort News, which later became the State Journal. The architect was D. X. Murphy, who designed the grandstand and twin spires at Churchill Downs in Louisville. Artist Paul Sawyier lived on this property from 1910-12.
Sponsored by Richard and Anna Marie Rosen

(Arts, Letters, Music • Communications • Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

East Park Historic District

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Wisconsin, Dane County, Stoughton
The origin of the East Park neighborhood begins in 1879, when local residents formed the Stoughton Fair Association. They built a racetrack, a grandstand and held the first Stoughton Fair here that same year. This venture was short-lived. By 1890, the grounds had been converted to a carriage driving park and by 1899 the property was no longer used.

The current East Park was established by 1903. Adjacent residential lots on the north and west sides of the park were offered for sale starting in 1913. The buildings constructed here are nice examples of Bungalows and Craftsman - influenced houses. They, along with the park, comprise the East Park Historic District. This district is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Kentucky State University

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Kentucky, Franklin County, Frankfort

(Front)
School was chartered 1886; opened 1887 with three teachers and 55 students. The first state-supported institution of higher education for blacks, school gained funds from legislature for building and teachers, and from Frankfort city council for site and clearing of grounds. Kentucky State accredited as four year college in 1931; achieved university status in 1972. Over.

(Reverse)
John H. Jackson, before becoming first president of college, headed black teachers' association in Kentucky and promoted establishment of schools for instruction of black teachers. His efforts led to legislation founding college which became Kentucky State. He served 1887-98 and 1907-10. First permanent building, Jackson Hall, was named for him. Hall listed on National Register.

(African Americans • Education) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Montebello

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New York, Rockland County, Montebello
The country estate of financier Thomas Fortune Ryan and his wife Ida Barry Ryan was built in 1901, replacing an 1860s structure of stockbroker David Groesbeck. This 44-room mansion contained a private chapel, two bowling alleys and electric elevator. The philanthropics of the Ryans included development of Suffern's fire department and buildings for Good Samaritan Hospital and Sacred Heart Church. Mrs. Ryan resided here until her death in 1917.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cuyper-Van Houten House

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New York, Rockland County, Blauvelt
In 1731 Tunis Cooper built the main section of this sandstone farmhouse which was inherited by his son Abraham. Circa 1812 Rulof C. Van Houton purchased the homestead and nearby saw and grist mill. The roof was raised and stone east wing added c. 1832. Subsequently the frame extension completed the structure. Seven generations of Van Houtons have continuously occupied the farm for about 175 years.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pig Knoll School

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New York, Rockland County, Pomona
Architect Walter Robb Wilder designed this one-room schoolhouse in 1915 for Ramapo District Eleven in which he owned a farmstead. Attended by neighborhood children for 16 years, the school later became the West Pomona Community Center. Symmetrical in form and constructed of Rockland's abundant glacial fieldstones, the building has a sense of monumentality, yet expresses its own place and time. THE WEST POMONA COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION, INC.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church

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New York, Rockland County, Airmont
This congregation, originally Ramapo Lutheran, was founded by Palatine Germans on June 14, 1715. For economic reasons they had left the Lower Rhine in Germany for the mid-Hudson Valley, and in 1713 about fifty finally settled on the Ramapo Tract. The congregation was incorporated in Rockland County on March 24, 1850 and the present church built in 1855. DEDICATED ON THE 275TH ANNIVERSARY, JUNE 14, 1990

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Jacob J. Blauvelt Homestead

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New York, Rockland County, Blauvelt
Jacob J. Blauvelt built the main section of this sand- stone home ca. 1780 on the farm of his father, Johannes J. Blauvelt. The east wing was added soon after. A west unit was replaced by the present frame structure ca. 1830. By the 1806 will of Johannes, Jacob inherited the house and 148 acre northern half of the farm extending to the Hackensack River, the western boundary of the Tappan Patent.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Massacre Monument

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Iowa, Dickinson County, Arnolds Park

(Side One:)
The pioneer settlers named below were massacred by Sioux Indians March 8 to 13 1857. This barbarous work was commenced near this spot and continued to Springfield now Jackson Minn.
39 names listed below

(Side two)
Memoranda Miss Abbie Gardner. Mrs. Margaret Ann Marble. Mrs. Lydia Noble. and Mrs. Elizabeth Thatcher were carried into captivity. Mrs. Marble war rescued May 21, and Miss Gardner June 23, 1857. Through the efforts of Gov. Sam Medary and Hon. Chas. E. Flandrau. of Minn.
Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher were murdered by the Indians.
Cap. J. C. Johnson of Webster City and Wm. E. Burkholder of Fort Dodge were frozen to death on the return march in Palo Alto CO. April 4, 1857. Next list is of people who were rescued.

(Disasters • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Butterfield Overland Mail Route

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Arkansas, Benton County, near Garfield
John Butterfield was born in Berne, New York in 1801 and grew up on a farm amid the technological revolution of the first steamboat, the Erie Canal, the steam locomotive, and the electric telegraph.
     In 1857, John Butterfield won a lucrative $600,000 contract that called for six years of semiweekly mail service to deliver the mail from St. Louis to San Francisco in 25 days. As soon as the contract was signed, 56 year old John Butterfield set out to complete a rapid survey of the route, taking a staff of helpers from four other express companies. He divided the route into 200 way stations and relay posts.
     During the year of preparation, Butterfield drove his men relentlessly, and spent more than a million dollars to get the mail route into operation. In September of 1858, they had the items listed at right ready to go.
     The Overland Stage Company continued to make two trips a week for 2 ½ years. Each Monday and Thursday morning the stagecoach would leave Tipton and San Francisco on their transcontinental journey, conveying passengers, freight and up to 12,000 letters. The western fare one-way was $200 gold (equivalent to about $3,000 today), with most stages arriving at their final destination 22 days later.

The nation’s first trans-continental mail line passes through a future Civil War battlefield

     In 1858, when the first Butterfield Overland Mail coach stirred up the dust along this road while delivering mail to San Francisco, who would have thought that some four years into the future Union and Confederate artillery wagons would stir the same dust during a bitter Civil War.
     The first run of the Butterfield Overland Mail departed St. Louis, Missouri on September 16, 1858. The stage entered Arkansas sometime after midnight on Saturday September 18, 1858 a few hours later it passed the Elkhorn Tavern on its way to the first official stop at Callahan’s Station about 8 miles from here and then on to Fayetteville, Arkansas which was reached at 11:00 a.m.. Although the Elkhorn Tavern was never an official Butterfield Station it is probable that brief stops were made to rest and water the horses. Twenty-three days and some 2,800 miles later, the stage and mail would arrive in San Francisco, California.
     This first west-bound mail stage also carried a distinguished passenger list including: Mr. And Mrs. John Butterfield, Judge and Mrs. John Wheeler and their two children from Ft. Smith, T.R. Corbin of Washington, D.C., and Waterman Lily Ormsby, a correspondent for the New York Herald Newspaper.
     Ormsby said of the trip to Fayetteville, “We kept traveling all day and night ... our way during Friday afternoon and evening being through extremely dusty, hilly and stony road ... This brought us to Callahan’s, but twelve miles from Fayetteville ... We greased our wagon, changed horses, and got some breakfast – all in an incredible short space of time – after which we set out for Fayetteville.”
     After leaving Fayetteville, he wrote, “Even among these hills you do not lose site (sic) of the prairie nature of the West; for just after leaving Fayetteville, you see a fine plain, surrounded by Hills -- in fact, a prairie in the mountains. After a rather rough ride of 14 miles, which we accomplished with our excellent team of four mules to cross the much dreaded Ozark range, including the Boston Mountain. I had thought before we reached this point that the rough roads of Missouri and Arkansas could not be equaled; but here Arkansas fairly beats itself.”
     The Civil War brought a sudden end to the Butterfield Overland Mail. Despite its short life, the Butterfield Overland Mail was the first successful attempt to bridge the nation sea to sea.

A correspondent’s first journey through Arkansas

     Waterman Ormsby, a correspondent for the New York Herald, recalled the first journey through Arkansas: “We kept traveling all day and night. The route leads over those steep and rugged hills which surround the Ozark range in this section of Arkansas.
     At about 11 o’clock on Saturday morning, September 18, the mail entered Fayetteville and arrived at its station on College Avenue just across the street north of the old courthouse. Here the mail sack was opened and a small addition made. After a change of horses, dinner, and everything being ready, the coach left for Ft. Smith at 12 noon, twenty-two hours and 13 minutes ahead of schedule.”
     Fayetteville was a major stop. The route from Fayetteville through the rugged Boston Mountains to Ft. Smith required that the horses be exchanged for mules, animals that could better make the arduous trip.
     The trip must have been brutal traveling day and night and more than 100 miles a day. Ormsby remarked after his trip west, “Had I not just come out over the route, I would be perfectly willing to go back, but now I know what Hell is like. I’ve just had 24 days of it.”

(Communications • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War in Tennessee

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Tennessee, Robertson County, near Portland
In 1861, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, which I-65 largely parallels today, connected the mid-South to the Ohio River and the industrial centers of the North. During the war, however, it brought invaders to both Tennessee and Kentucky as a vital Union supply line. It was a target for Confederates, who established Camp Trousdale, a major Confederate induction and training center, at Portland, Tennessee, because of the railroad’s proximity.
     In February 1862, Union Gen. Don Carlos Buell took Bowling Green, in southern Kentucky, and then moved down the railroad and occupied Nashville, the Tennessee capitol. Retreating Confederates destroyed railroad bridges, trestles, and facilities, but by April trains again operated between Louisville and Nashville, supplying the Union armies.
     In May, Confederate Gen. John Hunt Morgan invaded Kentucky and destroyed railroad cars at Cave City. In August, he raided Gallatin, Tennessee, and closed South Tunnel between Portland and Gallatin. Late in December, Morgan again destroyed railroad equipment and tracks in Kentucky. After the spring of 1863, the line experienced little disruption. At many places, Union soldiers manned small forts to protect the railroads.
     Follow the routes of the armies along the Tennessee Civil War Trails. Colorful markers at each stop tell the story of the war’s interesting people, places, and events. A free map guide to the Tennessee Trails network is available in the Welcome Center. Please drive carefully as you enjoy the beauty and history of the Tennessee Civil War Trails.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Livingston Trail Head

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Kentucky, Rockcastle County, Livingston
Daniel Boone’s Trace
Pioneer trail marker by Daniel Boone in 1775 brought early settlers through the Cumberland Gap to Fort Boone (Boonesboro). this trace suitable for horses and walking, followed creeks, Indian hunting paths and buffalo migration routes.
Presented by Daughters of the American Revolution April 2012

Skaggs Trace
Trail used by Long Hunters who came through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky to hunt for deerskins and pelts. This trace was named for early hunter Henry Skaggs, who came into area in 1763. This trace connected Hazel Patch to Crab Orchard. This was the first Long Hunter trail through the Great Wilderness.
Presented by Daughters of the American Revolution April 2012

Tribal Ttrails
People of many tribal nations, such as Cherokee and Shawnee, hunted and lived in Kentucky. They followed game trails and lived in rock and log shelters. The Red Hill Mountain area, just outside Livingston, has many rock shelters that were used by the tribes.
Presented by Daughters of the American Revolution April 2012

Wilderness Road
In 1796, Kentucky Governor Isaac Shelby commissioned James Knox and Joseph Crockett to build a wagon road from the Cumberland Gap to Crab Orchard. Sections of existing trails merged with the new road construction that created the Wilderness Road.

Presented by Daughters of the American Revolution April 2012

(Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Thomas Mifflin

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Pennsylvania, Berks County, Shillington
Member of the Continental Congress, a Revolutionary soldier, first Pennsylvania governor, 1790-99, lived at his estate Angelica from 1774 to 1794. The Berks County Farm and Home now occupies the site.

(Patriots & Patriotism • Politics • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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