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To Our Confederate Soldiers

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Georgia, Walker County, LaFayette
Front Side:

1861-1865

Erected 1909.
By the
Chickamauga Chapter of
The United Daughters
of the Confederacy,
to the
Confederate Soldiers,
of Walker County.
——
"It is a duty we owe
to posterity, to see
that our children
shall know the virtues
and become worthy
of their sires."

Confederates

To Our
Confederate
Soldiers.
Right Side:

CSA

"Many of whom gave all,
and all of whom gave much."

Back Side:

1861-1865

"Centuries
on centuries
shall go
circling by,
but they
are not dead,
their memories
can never die."

Left Side:

CSA

"To those who were,
and to those that are."

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Her Majesty’s Chapel of the Mohawks

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Ontario, Brant County, near Brantford
English:
Originally called St. Paul's, this chapel was the first Protestant church in Upper Canada and is now the oldest surviving church in Ontario. Built by the Crown in 1785, it was given to those Mohawk Indians led by Joseph Brant who had supported the British during the American Revolution. Their choice cost them their lands in New York. To compensate for the loss the Mohawks were granted 760,000 acres on the Grand River complete with two mills, a school and chapel. Although the church has undergone many alterations, it stands as a reminder of the important role played by the Loyalist Mohawks in the early settlement of Ontario.

French:
Originellement appelée la chapelle Saint-Paul, cette chapelle a été la première église protestante du Haut-Canada et elle est maintenant la plus ancienne qui subsiste en Ontario. La Couronne la construisit en 1785 pour les Agniers, en reconnaissance de leur loyauté lors de la Révolution américaine. Dépouillés de leurs terres dans New York, les Agniers reçurent 760,000 acres de terres dans la région de Grand River, ainsi que deux moulins, une école et la chapelle. Quoique grandement modifiée, cette église rappelle par sa seule présence que les Agniers ont joué un rôle important dans la colonisation de l’Ontario.

Iroquois:
This portion of the marker has not been transcribed. To view the text, click on the image of the marker and enlarge it.


Unveiled by Her Majesty The Queen, October 1, 1984
Plaque Dévollée par Sa Majesté la Reine, le 1er Octobre 1984
Iakorihwaniratonh lekora tiotonh lawenre niwenniaweh nok tsatekonh niwanshenh kaieri lohserade

(Churches, Etc. • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Özkonak Underground Town

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Turkey, Nevşehir Province, Avanos (district), near Avanos
English:
Underground towns, one of the most interesting assets among the cultural heritage of the region, are carved out of the relatively soft tufa. The main reason of existence for these town was to provide refuge during the recurring threat by the invading armies. These underground town are easily accessible from the corresponding towns above.
There are living quarters, grannaries, stables, wine cellars, shrines, all clustered around the ventilation shafts, and wells to make life easier underground.
All these were connected with a labyrinth of tunnels where strategically located large round stone slabs standing upright in special cavities in the walls could be rolled to block the passage.
In Özkonak underground town, micro tunnels were used to communicate between different floors. Similar tube passages helped defence of the roll-on gates enabling defenders to pour hot oil on the intruders.
The town was opened to visitors in 1990.
Turkish:
Kapadokya' nın en ilginç kültürel zenginliklerinden biri olan yeraltı şehirleri, yumuşak tüfün oyulmasıyla oluşturulmuştur. Bu şehirlerin yapılış amacı daha çok tehlike anında halkin geçi̇ci̇ olarak sığınmasını sağlamaktır; yeraltı şehirleri̇ aynı zamanda yörede bulunan hemen hemen her evle gizli geçitlerle bağlantılıdır.
Bu yeraltı yerleşim yerlerinde uzun süren olağanüstü zamanlarda kullanılmak üzere oturma bi̇rimleri̇, ahir, erzak depoları, kiliseler, şırahaneler, öğütme taşları bulunmaktadır. ayrıca yeraltı yerleşimi içinde havalandırma delikleri.katlar arasında haberleşmeyi sağlayacak sistem ve savunma amaçlı sürgü taşları vardır.
Özkonak yeraltı şehri, idiş dağı’nın kuzey yamaçlarına volkani̇k grani̇t bünyeli tüf tabakalarının oldukça yoğun olduğu yere yapılmıştır. Kaymaklı ve derinkuyu yeraltı şehirlerinden farklı olarak katlar arasında haberleşmeyi sağlayacak. çok dar ve uzun delikler bulunmaktadır. Yi̇ne diğer yeraltı şehirlerinden farklı olarak sürgü tasından sonra tünel üzeri̇ne (düşmana kızgın yağ dökmek maksadıyla delikler oyulmuştur.)
Özkonak yeraltı şehri̇ 1990 yılında ziyarete açılmıştır

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

No. 2 (Centre) Blockhouse

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Ontario, Toronto, Municipality of Metropolitan, Toronto
The first structures built at Fort York during the War of 1812 where blockhouses to house the soldiers. Thick, square-timbered walls (covered with ‘weather boards’) offered protection from bullets, exploding shells and small-calibre artillery. Loopholes and windows allowed defenders to fire back at attackers. When the fort’s earthworks were completed in 1814, soldiers could retreat into the blockhouses if the exterior walls were overrun. During the Rebellion of 1837, this building gained a ditch, a musket proof parapet and bulletproof window blinds.
As well as barracks, the blockhouses served as storage facilities, emergency housing for immigrants in the 1820s, hospitals during the cholera epidemic in the 1830s and drill sheds for the militia after 1867.

(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Douthat State Park

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Virginia, Alleghany County, Cliftondale Park
This park was developed by the National Park Service, Interior Department, through the Civilian Conservation Corps, in conjunction with the Virginia Conservation Commission. It covers nearly 4500 acres and was opened, June 15, 1936. It lies in a region once extensively devoted to iron smelting.

(Environment • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Low Moor Iron Company Coke Ovens

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Virginia, Alleghany County, Low Moor
Here stand the earliest coke ovens of the Low Moor Iron Company (organized 1873). The ovens converted coal to coke to fuel the company’s blast furnace. The company built more than a hundred such ovens in 1881. By 1923 the Low Moor Iron Company employed 1,600 workers in Virginia and West Virginia, could produce 75 tons of foundry iron a day, and supported the company town of Low Moor. The last survivor among Alleghany County’s once-thriving ironworks, the company closed in 1926.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Young

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Virginia, Covington
Constructed nearby about 1756 as a wooden palisaded fort, Fort Young, originally known as Dickinson’s Fort, stood near the Jackson River. It was one in a series of forts authorized by the Virginia General Assembly to be built on the frontier to protect English settlers during the French and Indian War (1754-1763). Col. George Washington likely inspected this fort during his frontier tour in 1756. The fort was an important post and probably garrisoned until at least the close of the American Revolution. Fort Young had disappeared by the middle of the 19th century.

(War, French and Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Greenbrier County / Virginia

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West Virginia, Greenbrier County, near White Sulphur Springs
Greenbrier County. Formed, 1778, from Botetourt and Montgomery. Named for the river which drains it. This county had many pioneer forts and saw many bloody Indian battles. Here are the world-famed White Sulphur and other mineral springs.

Virginia. Named for Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen of England. Site of the first permanent English settlement, 1607, in America. Virginia was one of the 13 original colonies and birthplace of eight United States presidents.

(Political Subdivisions) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gettysburg Campaign

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Pennsylvania, Franklin County, Chambersburg

General Albert G. Jenkins' brigade of Southern cavalry entered Chambersburg on June 15, 1863, in advance of the main invasion force, and later led the invading army, June 22-24. General Robert E. Lee entered Chambersburg on June 26.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gettysburg Campaign

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Pennsylvania, Franklin County, Chambersburg

Gen. A.G. Jenkins' Southern cavalry raided Chambersburg June 15-17, 1863, prior to the main invasion; and later led the invading army, June 22-24. Gen. R.E. Lee entered Chambersburg on June 26.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Belmont World War II Memorial

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North Carolina, Gaston County, Belmont

Erected In Honor Of
All Who Served In World War II
And Dedicated To
The Everlasting Memory Of Those
Who Gave Their Lives.

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Alleghany County Va. / West Virginia

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Virginia, Allegheny County, near Alleghany
Alleghany County Va. Area 458 square miles. Formed in 182, from Bath, Botetourt and Monroe, and named for the Alleghany Mountains. At Fort Mann a battle took place between settlers and Indians led by Cornstalk, 1763.

West Virginia. West Virginia was long a part of Virginia. Morgan Morgan began settlement of the region in 1727. A great battle with Indians took place at Point Pleasant, 1774. West Virginia became a separate state of the union in 1863.

(Political Subdivisions) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Casey County War Memorial

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Kentucky, Casey County, Liberty

Dedicated To
The Memory Of Our Comrades
Who Entered The Service
Of Their Country
From Casey County, Kentucky
And Who Gave Their Lives
In The World War

Erected by the Citizens of
Casey Co. and elsewhere
under auspices of
Casey Post No. 78, American Legion
November 11, 1935


(War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bishop Matthew W. Clair, Sr.

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West Virginia, Monroe County, Union
Born at Union, 1865. Converted at 15 at Simpson M. E. Church, Charleston. Licensed to preach; his first parish was Harpers Ferry 1889. His most distinguished pastoral work was the rebuilding of Asbury Church Washington, with a seating capacity of 1800. He was one of the two first Negroes in Methodism to achieve the office of bishop. He died in Covington, Ky., in 1943, and was buried in Washington, D.C.

(African Americans • Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Union

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West Virginia, Monroe County, Union
Settled in 1774 by James Alexander, who later served in Revolutionary Army. County organized at his house, 1799. “Walnut Grove,” built by Andrew Beirne, and “Elmwood,” built by the Capertons, fine examples of colonial architecture.

(Political Subdivisions) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Big Lime

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West Virginia, Monroe County, near Union
The Greenbrier Limestone, which outcrops along U.S. Route 219 between here and Renick, is the “Big Lime” of the driller. Fish-egg like oölitic zones in the “Big Lime” yield oil and natural gas in West Virginia.

(Natural Resources) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Comstock Covered Bridge

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Connecticut, Middlesex County, East Hampton
Comstock Covered Bridge
Built in 1873 by the Towns of Colchester and East Hampton The Comstock Covered Bridge is one of only three historic covered bridges remaining in Connecticut. With a main span 80 feet in length (measured from the faces of the stone abutments), the Howe-patent truss was a major bridge project for its day. A town meeting held in Colchester on April 7, 1873 authorized “the rebuilding of Comstock’s Bridge, with such width of span as the Selectmen shall judge will be sufficient to take the water and ice through.” Two weeks later, the townspeople of East Hampton, then called Chatham, agreed to fund their half of the bridge (the Salmon River at this point forms the boundary between the two towns). The total cost was $3,958.59, a substantial sum in an age when common laborers were paid a $1.00 a day. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

The original resolution called for an iron bridge. Why did the Selectmen choose to build a wooden bridge instead? Perhaps because timber-trusses were a tried-and-true technology, whereas iron bridges were still considered innovative. Also, many people distrusted iron bridges because of some spectacular failures. One example that may have been on the minds of the Selectmen: less than three weeks after the two towns voted to rebuild the Comstock Bridge in iron, an iron-trussed bridge in Dixon, Illinois collapsed, sending 250 people into the Rock River, 50 of whom drowned. Economics may also have played a role in the decision: because the American iron and steel industry was still in its infancy, iron bridges had a higher initial cost than wooden ones.

It is not recorded why the earlier bridge on this site needed to be replaced. exceptionally high rainfall caused a disastrous flood throughout central Connecticut in October 1869, and it may be that the predecessor to this bridge was one of the dozens of bridges heavily damaged or washed away in that event.

The first bridge at this location was built in the 1700s. Bridges of that period typically consisted of multiple short spans of 20 to 40 feet set on piers in the river. During the American Revolution, a legion of French cavalry under the command of Duc de Lauzon, some 300 horsemen in all, camped on the east side of the river at this location, before continuing on to join up with George Washington’s army in Phillipsburg, New York. At that time, the crossing was called “Salmon Bridge.” Wooden bridges generally had a life span of 20 to 30 years, so it is likely that the earlier bridge was rebuilt several times before the present bridge was constructed in 1873.

In the 1700s and 1800s, bridges took on the names of some family that lived nearby. People may have initially referred to it as “the bridge near where Comstock lives, “ and it then got shortened to “Comstock’s Bridge” or “Comstock Bridge.” Christopher Comstock was a long-time resident on the East Hampton side of the river in the 18th century dying at his farm in 1808 at the age of 82. He and his younger brother, Abner, at one time owned a sawmill and gristmill located a short distance upstream from the bridge. Bridges kept the same name despite being repeatedly rebuilt. “Comstock Bridge” was not only the name of the structure, it also came to be applied to the small settlement that grew up around the various mills at this point on the river; for a time, the village even had its own post office.

This bridge served the traveling public for almost 60 years before being replaced in 1932 by a concrete bridge just downstream. Shortly thereafter, the two towns transferred the bridge to Connecticut as part of the Salmon River State Forest.

The bridge received a major overhaul in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC was a federal-relief program targeted toward unemployed young men; at its height, the CCC had more than 3,800 people enrolled in Connecticut, and it is believed that some 30,000 state residents participated in the CCC at one time or another. One of the state’s 17 CCC camps, called Camp Stuart, was established in the Salmon River State Forest in July 1935. Over the years, the Comstock Covered Bridge had become deteriorated. The CCC installed a new wood-shingled roof and siding boards salvaged from an old barn. A new window on the north side and wooden gates at the portals were added. The project also replaced some of the timbers in the bridges main chords; a remnant of the original remained on display inside the bridge for many years. In addition to repairing the bridge, Camp Stuart’s 200 CCC workers built miles of roads and hiking trails through the state forest and fishing-access spots on the river itself.

The bridge was repaired again in the early 1970s. this time, 3/8-inch-thick steel plates were bolted to the timbers to reinforce all the joints, and the wood-shingle roof was replaced. A third program of rehabilitation, undertaken in 2011, is expected to give the bridge many more years of service.

(east side)
Comstock Covered Bridge
and the Evolution of Timber-Truss Engineering The first half of the 19th century was a period of great innovation in bridge engineering. In place of the traditional king-post and queen-post trusses that had served since Medieval times, and had typically been built in spans of about 20 to 40 feet, clever builders devised a number of new truss designs that could be built in lengths of 100 feet or more. Most of these builders, our nation’s first bridge engineers, patented their ideas so that they could collect royalties when towns, and later railroads, mad use of their designs.

Although they varied greatly, these patented timber trusses all performed an identical function: transferring load from the middle of the bridge to the ends, which rested securely on stone abutments. The transfer of load was accomplished by a series of vertical and diagonal members, some of which acted in tension (resisting stretching forces) and some in compression (resisting squeezing forces), between the top and bottom chords.

The truss type used in the Comstock Covered Bridge was invented by William Howe, a carpenter-builder born in Spencer, Massachusetts. Howe (1803-1852) had experience designing roof trusses for large buildings such as churches, and when in 1838 the Western Railroad was being put through nearby Warren, Massachusetts he suggested a new truss design to the railroad’s engineers. Howe’s truss, incorporating both iron rods and wooden timbers was immediately seen as offering advantages over all-timber types, and the railroad adopted his idea for its bridges. Howe patented the truss in 1840, and in 1850 he took out a second patent covering improvements. Royalties from his bridges, which were built as far away as Russia, made him wealthy.

The key features of the Howe truss was the use of iron tie rods as tension members, with the wooden timbers in compression (in his patents Howe anticipated all-iron versions, but it was chiefly built as a composite wood-and-iron bridge). The use of iron eliminated much of the intricate joinery required by other timber-bridge designs. The Howe truss was widely used for both railroad and highway bridges until the cost of all-metal bridges came down to the point at which they were as inexpensive as wood. Even into the early 1900s, however, railroads continued to use the Howe truss for remote, low-volume locations. The Howe truss can be considered the culmination of covered-bridge technology. As bridge historian Eric Delony wrote, “the Howe truss may be the closest that wooden-bridge design ever came to perfection. For simplicity of construction, rapidity of erection, and ease of replacing parts, it stands without rival.”

Why Were Covered Bridges Covered?
Covered bridges have become a beloved part of the traditional New England landscape, and much folklore has grown up around them. One common name for covered bridges was “kissing bridges,” suggesting that their dark interiors provided an ideal place for young lovers, away from the prying eyes of their elders. Another story was that bridges were covered so they would resemble barns and therefore be less alarming to horses. Still another is that covered bridges were intended to provide a shelter for travelers during rain and snow storms. But the fundamental reason for covering a bridge with a roof and siding was to protect the timber structural members from the weather, thereby prolonging the bridge’s useful life. Wood deteriorates rapidly if it is exposed to repeated cycles of soaking and drying, and by covering the bridge, builders protected the truss members and the floor from the effects of both precipitation and sun. “I’m dry as a covered bridge” was an old New England saying expressing thirst.

(Bridges & Viaducts) Includes location, directions, 18 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Oliver Stevens

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New York, Oswego County, Brewerton

First settler
near this spot
Oliver Stevens
made first settlement
in Brewerton and
Oswego County, 1789

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Domus Flavia, so-called Lararium / Cd. Larario

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Italy, Lazio, Rome Province, Rome

Domus Flavia. So-called, Lararium
The smaller room next to the so-called Audience Chamber is known as the Lararium because when it was discovered it had a podium at the back – accessible from two small staircases and clad in coloured marbles – interpreted as an altar for the domestic cult of the emperor’s Lares. The room’s function remains uncertain. Behind it is a chamber with two flights of stairs leading out of it: one up to the upper floor of the palace and the other to a cellar where wine amphorae inscribed with the marker’s name were found.

Domus Flavia. Cd. Larario
La sala minore accanto alla cd. aula Regia è denominata Larario, perché quando fu scoperta aveva un basamento sul fondo – accessibile tramite due scalette e rivestito di marmi colorati – che fu interpretato come altare per il culto domestico dei Lari dell’imperatore; la funzione della sala tuttavia non è accertata. Alle sue spalle si trova un ambiente da cui partiva una doppia rampa di scale: una saliva al piano superiore del palazzo, mentre l’altra conduceva in una cantina, in cui furono trovate anfore da vino con inscritto il nome del produttore.

(Forts, Castles • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pine Grove Furnace POW Interrogation Camp

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gardners
During WWII, the US War Dept. operated this secret facility a mile north along Michaux Rd., one of three such sites in the US. Military intelligence relating to topics such as weaponry development and Axis operations was gained from thousands of German and Japanese prisoners. Originally a farm serving the iron industry, 1785-1919, the site was converted to Civilian Conservation Corps Camp S-51-PA, 1933-42. After the war it became church Camp Michaux, 1946-72.

(Agriculture • Industry & Commerce • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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