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Visitors at Mirror Lake

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California, Mariposa County, Yosemite National Park
The opening of Yosemite to tourism in the 1850s coincided with America's glorification of nature and fascination with the picturesque. Early accounts of Mirror Lake are full of such sentiments. Visitors today still express many of the same emotions when they encounter such natural splendor.

Naming the Land From the earliest days here, Euro-Americans began to leave their mark on Yosemite. The kept a few of the Ahwahneechee place names but added new ones for many of the magnificent landscape features. Fanciful notions gave us place names such as Cloud's Rest, Royal Arches, Cathedral Peak, Happy Isles, and Bridalveil Fall.

Tisseyak (woman turn to stone) became Half Dome, Ahwiyah (quiet water) became Mirror Lake, Cholok (the fall) became Yosemite Falls, and Weiyow (juniper mountain) became Mt. Watkins.

(Environment • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Selling the Sublime

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California, Mariposa County, Yosemite National Park
Mirror Lake's magnificent scenery was as much a commodity to be harvested as was the ice and sand. In the 1860s, entrepreneurs built a toll road to the lake, and here at the end of the carriage road, they opened an inn in 1870. Later the inn became a saloon, boats were available for hire, and a dance pavilion was built out over the water for the entertainment of guests.

Fragile Wilderness
Since the early days of Yosemite's preservation as a park, an understanding of wilderness has slowly evolved as people recognize wilderness as finite and fragile. A growing sense of wilderness stewardship characterizes Yosemite and its visitors today. Nature and its processes are allowed to prevail without our attempts to improve them.

(Environment • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Tri Lodges

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California, Nevada County, Norden

History
Because there were three lodges built on Forest Service land in the early 1930’s, they have always been referred to as the Tri-Lodges. The first of the three lodges built was der Naturfreund in 1931 (right). This is a private lodge owned by the Nature Friends, Inc., a world wide organization. When the original lodge, Sierra Haus, burned down in 1943, it was rebuilt in 1947 by volunteers from the San Francisco and Oakland clubs. The new lodge was named for William Heidelmann, the founder of the San Francisco Nature Friends.

In 1937 the Associated Students of University of California granted the school’s Winter Sports Club $1000 to build the UC ski lodge (below right) for training of a ski team. The “temporary” lodge was built on U.S. Forest Service land leased to the group for $25 a year. At some time after that, the Forest Service focused on the word “temporary” and required a new building which was built by students and faculty of the university. Cal Lodge is owned and operated by the Associated Students of the University of California.

Clair Tappaan Lodge is the third lodge referred to as one of the Tri-Lodges. It was built by Sierra Club volunteers in 1934.

In 1987 the U.S. Government and the Sierra Club participated in a land swap. The U.S. Government obtained title to certain lands, and in return, deeded title to the land on which Clair Tappaan, Cal Lodge and Heildelman (sic) were located. The Sierra Club then transferred title to the lodges located in that area.

A Good Story
Skiers at the Tri-Lodges first climbed the nearby mountains to go skiing but then in the early 30’s Naturfreund and Sierra Club people from Clair Tappaan imported a rope tow and equipment from San Francisco. They brought it up on the Lincoln Highway and stopped below the lodges. Then they hauled the tow and equipment up the hill, over RR tracks, up past the lodges, and to their skiing site up above. There they set up one of the first rope tows on Donner Summit.

Things to do right here
Both Claire (sic) Tappaan and Cal Lodge are open for business year-round. In the winter they are close to cross-country and downhill skiing sites. In the summer both are close to the Pacific Crest Trail, rock climbing, hiking and bicycling. Cal Lodge has accommodations for 50+, and large groups may rent the whole lodge for special events. Clair Tappaan is open to individuals.

(Man-Made Features • Sports) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Webster Springs

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West Virginia, Webster County, Addison
Originally known as Fort Lick for salt springs, known during the Revolution, which attracted herds of game. Webster Springs was important health resort for many years. Town retains name of Addison for Addison McLaughlin, owner of its site.

(Natural Resources • Notable Places • Political Subdivisions) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War Memorial

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Ohio, Belmont County, Bellaire

[Roll of Honored Dead]

[Battle Roll]
Atlanta • Cedar Creek • Stone River
Shiloh • Richmond • Wilderness
Pea Ridge • Antietam • Hampton Roads
Vicksburg • Port Hudson • Gettysburg

Erected A.D. 1882
J. M. Eberle Builder.

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 14 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

World War I Memorial

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Ohio, Belmont County, Bellaire

Honor Roll

Faun Blaknee • Ernest Boue • Joseph E. Bricker • James F. Brown • Amedo Cappelletti • Leo J. Carey • Clarence E. Day • John De Paul • Sabitini Domiana • Robert H. Engelhardt • Harry E. Fabry • Adrian Genevriere • Louis Genevriere • Harry Haught • Clarence E. Hudson • Anthony Ianzito • John Johnson • Albert H. Joyce • Donald R. Justice • Herman Kindelberger • John J. Knight • Leo Leofsky • Bernard Linden • Fred C. Miller • William Minnehan • George E. Null • Clyde Oliver • John T. Oliver • John Leo Pelkey • Grover C. Rockershousen • Frederick L. Schramm • E. Paul Smith • James M. Smith • Charles W. Snider • Lewis Stotsberry • William Weekley • Elmer M. Whitcomb • James E. Yeager

[Dedicated] November 11th, 1926

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, World I) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Siegmund Lubin

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Some of the nation's earliest motion pictures were made here between 1897 and 1899 in the backyard of film pioneer Lubin's home. Vaudeville and burlesque routines, boxing matches, circus performers, animal acts, and a Passion Play were among the subjects he filmed.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Freedom Theatre

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Formerly the home of actor Edwin Forrest, later Philadelphia School of Design for Women. Became Heritage House, then in 1968, Freedom Theatre, a community-based Black theater for professional instruction in the theatrical arts

(African Americans • Arts, Letters, Music • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Red River Valley Fighter Pilots Association Vietnam Memorial

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Ohio, Greene County, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Aircrews from all services of the United States military flying over the Red River Valley in North Vietnam encountered the most heavily defended airspace in the history of aerial combat. The Red River Valley Fighter Pilots Association (or River Rats as the members call themselves) was born in 1967 when aircrews from different organizations gathered to devise better tactics for use during airstrikes over North Vietnam. The organization was formally incorporated in 1969 to promote and preserve the unique bond of friendship between combat airmen from different organizations and services fostered in the air war over North Vietnam. After the Vietnamese War the efforts of the organization were directed toward generating awareness of the Prisoners of War, Missing-in-Action and Killed-in-Action (POW, MIA and KIA) airmen and their families, providing scholarship support for the children of the men who failed to return and promoting the importance of American airpower. The Red River Valley Fighter Pilots Association has awarded numerous scholarships to the children of airmen who did not return from Vietnam. The River Rats have become surrogate fathers to these children helping with educational expenses when a missing father could not.

Mark Pritchett of San Antonio, Texas created this memorial for the Red River Valley Fighter Pilots Association. He also designed and built the original Missing Man Memorial at Randolph AFB, Texas in 1977.

Although the units listed are those which flew over the Red River Valley in North Vietnam, this memorial is dedicated to all American airmen lost in Southeast Asia.

U.S. Air Force Squadrons
Tactical Fighter
4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 25, 34, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 47, 58, 67, 68, 80, 307, 308, 333, 334, 335, 336, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 389, 390, 391, 416, 417, 421, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436, 469, 476, 480, 497, 523, 555, 557, 558, 559, 561, 562, 563

Tactical Reconnaissance
11, 14, 15, 20, 41, 45, 60, 6460, 6461

Bombardment
60, 63 (Prov), 64 (Prov), 65 (Prov), 329 (Prov), 364 (Prov), 365 (Prov), 486 (Prov)

Tactical Electronics
41, 42, 63 (Prov)

Strategic Reconnaissance
1, 99, 349

Fighter Interceptor
64, 509

Wild Weasel
17, 6010

Special Operations
1, 15, 602

Strategic Reconnaissance Weather
4028

Rescue and Recovery
37, 40

U.S. Navy Squadrons
Attack
VA-12, 15, 22, 23, 25, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 46, 52, 55, 56, 65, 72, 75, 76, 82, 85, 86, 93, 94, 95, 97, 105, 106, 112, 113, 115, 144, 145, 146, 147, 152, 153, 155, 163, 164, 165, 172, 176, 192, 195, 196, 212, 215, 216
VAH-2, 4, 8, 10
VAW-11, 12, 13, 33, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 123, 124

Fighter
VF-11, 14, 21, 24, 31, 32, 41, 51, 53, 74, 84, 92, 96, 103, 111, 114, 142, 151, 154, 161, 162, 191, 194, 211, 213
VSF-3

Reconnaissance
RVAH-1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13
VAP-61
VFP-62, 63

Helicopter
HC-1, 2, 7
HS-2, 4, 6, 7, 8
HU-1, 2

Electronic Reconnaissance
VQ-1

Electronic Warfare
VAQ-33, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135

U.S. Marine Corps Squadrons
All Weather Attack
VMA (AW)-224, 242, 533

Fighter and Attack
VMFA-115, 122, 212, 232, 333, 542

Photo Reconnaissance
VMCJ-1, 2

U.S. Army
On 20-21 November 1970 a Joint Contingency Task Force composed of U.S. Army Special Forces and U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces supported by U.S. Navy Carrier Task Force 77 made a daring raid on Son Tay Prison just 23 miles from Hanoi, North Vietnam. Their mission was to rescue U.S. airmen being held as prisoners of war. The raid was a brilliant military success transporting, landing and recovering an assault force of 56 U.S. Army and 92 U.S. Air Force personnel deep inside heavily defended enemy territory without the loss of a single man. Although the prisoners had been moved before the mission began and no POW’s were rescued, the raid resulted in substantially improved living conditions for all U.S. airmen held prisoner by the North Vietnamese. The assault force was supported by the U.S. Navy flying an effective diversionary raid from the Tonkin Gulf Carrier Task Force. Additional mission support was provided by USAF MIG CAP, SAM suppression, and reconnaissance units. A total of 116 aircraft from seven air bases and three aircraft carriers participated in the raid. Men of the following units formed the Joint Contingency Task Force. They risked their lives and freedom in an attempt to bring freedom to others.

U.S. Army Units
XVIII Airborne Corps
U.S. Army Institute for Military Assistance
U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Center for Military Assistance
U.S. Army Infantry School
Office of Surgeon General, Department of the Army
82nd Airborne Division
6th & 7th Special Forces Groups, 1st Special Forces

U.S. Air Force Units
Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Training Center
1st Special Operations Wing
37th & 40th Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadrons
1st & 7th Special Operations Squadrons
602nd Special Operations Squadron
4407th Combat Crew Training Squadron
13th & 555th Tactical Fighter Squadrons
6010 Wild Weasel Squadron

U.S. Navy Units
VA-25, 65, 113, 145, 153, 155, 164, 212
VAQ-129, 130, 134
VAW-111
VF-21, 21, 154, 191, 194, 211

(Air & Space • Patriots & Patriotism • War, Vietnam) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Legendary Blue Horizon

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Built to house wealthy businessmen and their families (1865), and later the headquarters for the Moose Lodge (1912). By the 1960s the Blue Horizon was known as the center of African American community life and as a world renowned boxing venue.

(African Americans • Sports) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Opportunities Industrialization Centers

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Established here in an abandoned jailhouse in 1964, O.I.C. was founded by Rev. Leon H. Sullivan and achieved worldwide recognition as a self-help vocational training center for Blacks which opened job opportunities formerly closed to them.

(African Americans • Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Berean Institute

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Founded in 1899 by Rev. Matthew Anderson, pastor of Berean Presbyterian Church and founder of Berean Savings Association, this school taught Blacks skilled trades not available elsewhere. Later the curriculum was expanded to meet changing student needs.

(African Americans • Education) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Eastern State Penitentiary

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Original prison built 1822-1836 on a radial plan by John Haviland. Linking solitude with moral and vocational instruction, it exemplified the Pennsylvania System of penology and became a model for over 300 prisons worldwide. Closed 1971.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Baldwin Locomotive Works

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
For years the nation’s leading locomotive manufacturer, it exported products worldwide. Established here by Matthias Baldwin in 1835, it was an early example of integrated industrial organization, employing more than 15,000 workers. Its 39 buildings encompassed 17 acres and transformed the surrounding area from a rural estate to one of the city’s first factory neighborhoods. Relocating to Eddystone in 1928, it ceased production 1956.

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Flying Tigers

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Ohio, Greene County, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

The Flying Tigers blazed their way to glory over the skies of Burma and China in World War II. Retired Army Air Corps Captain and Air Advisor to China, Claire Lee Chennault, organized the American Volunteer Group (AVG) in early 1941 to defend the Burma Road, the lifeline to China. Flying P-40 Warhawks, the AVG compiled a record unequalled in air combat, destroying 299 enemy planes in the air with loss of 12 of their own. In tribute to their daring and skill, the Chinese named the Americans the Flying Tigers.

When the AVG was disbanded on July 4th, 1942, it became the nucleus for the Army Air Corps’ Air Task Force using AVG planes and equipment and some of its personnel. On March 10, 1943, the China Air Task Force became the 14th Air Force. Chennault, promoted to Major General, commanded the Flying Tigers from their inception until July 1945. He later rose to the rank of Lieutenant General.

As the war progressed, more modern fighter planes replaced the P-40 and medium and heavy bombers were added to the Allied Air Fleets in China.

In over three years of operation the United States 14th Air Force lost 500 planes from all combat causes while destroying 2600 enemy planes and probably destroying 1500 more; sank and damaged 2,230,000 tons of enemy merchant shipping, 44 naval vessels, 13,000 river boats, knocked out 573 bridges, destroyed thousands of tons of supplies and many thousands of enemy troops.

This monument is dedicated to the memory of those American airmen, support and service personnel, and our gallant Chinese allies of the Republic of China, who served so valiantly and sacrificed so much in the cause of freedom.

The China Air Raid Warning System
The three balls shown at the top of the monument beneath the P-40 depict the air raid (Ching Pao) warning system used in China in WWII. Warnings of possible air raids were received from a network of telephones operated by volunteer spotters. When enemy planes were spotted 150 miles away the first Red Ball was hoisted on a tall pole, a gong sounded, and our fighters alerted for take-off. At 100 miles 2 balls went up and a third ball meant urgent… take shelter. At night candles were put inside the balls.

Conceived, funded and erected by the
Flying Tigers of the
14th Air Force Association
Dedicated July 10th 1992

(Air & Space • Patriots & Patriotism • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 27 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Frank N. Piasecki

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Aviation pioneer Piasecki developed and flew the 2nd helicopter in the US and the world’s 1st tandem rotor helicopter, initiating the 1st practical use of rotorcraft in the 1940s. His original company, started here, now a division of Boeing, is a world leader in helicopter production. In 1956, he founded Piasecki Aircraft Corp., continuing development of innovative advanced rotorcraft. Awarded the National Medal of Technology in 1986.

(Air & Space • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Central Library

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Opened on June 2, 1927, the Central Library was designed in the Beaux Arts style by Horace Trumbauer & Julian Francis Abele. It was built to serve as the main building of the Free Library of Philadelphia, chartered in 1891.

(Charity & Public Work • Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Thomas Eakins

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
One of the finest realist painters of his time. A master of the art of the human figure. His work included portraits and scenes of sporting and medical events such as The Gross Clinic. A lifelong Philadelphian, he had his home & studios here on Mt. Vernon St.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Science & Medicine • Sports) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Philadelpha Pyramid Club

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Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, Philadelphia
Founded by prominent members of the Black community, this club fostered, encouraged, and gave expression to civic, social, and cultural opportunities for African-Americans denied to them by other organizations in the area.

(African Americans • Fraternal or Sororal Organizations) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Heroes of the War of Legitimate Defense

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El Salvador, San Salvador, San Salvador

Fuerza Armada de El Salvador
A los heroes caidos en combate en la Guerra de Legitima Defensa 1969

Mayor Jorge Alberto Dominguez ∙ Capitan P.A. Guillermo Reynaldo Cortez ∙ Capitan P.A. Douglas Vladimir Varela ∙ Capitan Jose Anibal Hernandez Serrano ∙ Teniente Miguel Angel Gavidia ∙ Subteniente Victor Manuel Guerra Ingles ∙ Subteniente Jose Jaime Marenco ∙ Subteniente Jose Victor Menendez ∙ Subteniente Ramon Romero Ortiz ∙ Sgto. Alirio Ardon Aragon ∙ Sgto. Francisco Canales Ascencio ∙ Cabo Isidoro Ticas Fuentes ∙ Cabo Esteban Blanco Romero ∙ Cabo Victor Manuel Moreno Barrera ∙ Cabo Gabriel Rosales ∙ Cabo Concepcion Ibañez Rivas ∙ GN Oscar Osmin Quintanilla ∙ GN Juan Antonio Rivas ∙ GN Rafael Antonio Solito Torrento ∙ GN Jose Saul Serrano ∙ GN Francisco Armando Gomez Abarca ∙ GN Ramon Alfredo Medina ∙ GN Candelario Chavez Trejo ∙ Insp. PH Miguel Angel Flores ∙ Agte. PH Manuel Antonio Barrera ∙ Agte. PH Santiago Alvarez ∙ Agte. PH Jose Domingo Ramirez ∙ Agte. PH Carlos Humberto Vasquez ∙ Agente Rene Quintanilla Portillo ∙ Motorista Gustavo Chavarria Gomez ∙ Motorista German Giron Linares ∙ Sold. Jose Hector Medrano ∙ Sold. Adan Henriquez ∙ Sold. Solorzano Martinez ∙ Sold. Juan Jose Osorio ∙ Sold. Mauricio Molina Castro ∙ Sold. Humberto Rodriguez Cruz ∙ Sold. Sanchez Vargas ∙ Sold. Samayoa Castro ∙ Sold. Julio Cesar Ventura Quintanilla ∙ Sold. Romulo Arevalo Martinez ∙ Sold. Juan Cruz Fuentes ∙ Sold. Matias Alvarado ∙ Sold. Victor Franco ∙ Sold. Carlos Hernandez Hernandez ∙ Sold. Juan Jose Cornejo Najarro ∙ Sold. Julio Cesar Majano Melendez ∙ Sold. Trinidad Aguilar Choto ∙ Sold. Onofre de Jesus Hernandez ∙ Sold. Jose Rivas Galeas ∙ Sold. Juan Jose Lemus Granados ∙ Sold. Pedro Aristides Vazquez Robles ∙ Sold. Eulalio Hernandez Perez ∙ Sold. Mauricio Sanchez Campos ∙ Sold. Jose Luis Linares Sandoval ∙ Sold. Cruz Rivera Valencia ∙ Sold. Eligio Echeverrria Menjivar ∙ Sold. Carlos Mejia Segovia ∙ Sold. Angel Rivera Coto ∙ Sold. Esteban Pineda Rodriguez ∙ Sold. Alberto Verganza Verganza ∙ Sold. Miguel Angel Polanco Escobar ∙ Sold. Dolores Alvarado Romero ∙ Sold. Sostenes Hermogenes Arriola ∙ Sold. Mariano Corpiño Rodriguez ∙ Sold. Erasmo Antonio Gochez Vargas ∙ Sold. Hernan Campos Ascencio ∙ Sold. Ernesto Flores Magaña ∙ Sold. Arnoldo Valladares Morales ∙ Sold. Gustavo Platero Bolaños ∙ Sold. Pedro Alfaro Velasquez ∙ Sold. Benjamin Abara Quintanilla ∙ Sold. Alex Gonzalez Sandoval ∙ Sold. David Valencia Monterrosa ∙ Sold. Rafael Gonzalez Murcia ∙ Sold. Ricardo Antonio Tobar Colocho ∙ Sold. Juan Franciso Moran Herrera ∙ Sold. Miguel Angel Escobar Nuñez ∙ Sold. Jose Lino Jurado Castro ∙ Sold. Ricardo Vanegas Velasquez ∙ Sold. Salomon Romero Murillo∙ Sold. Miguel Angel Flores Gonzalez ∙ Sold. Pedro Sergio Diaz Aldana ∙ Sold. Leonardo Paz Zelaya ∙ Sold. Miguel Angel Figuerora Vasquez ∙ Sold. Anibal Jurado Villalobos ∙ Sold. Andres Diaz Perez ∙ Sold. Humberto Caceres Romero ∙ Sold. Jose Roberto Pereira Merlos ∙ Sold. Jose Abel Martinez ∙ Sold. Luis Morales Garcia ∙ Sold. Mario Hernandez Cruz ∙ Sold. Salvador Martinez Reyes ∙ Sold. Bernardo Rodriguez Rosales ∙ Sold. Manuel de J. Martinez Aguirre ∙ Sold. Alfonso Paredes Palacios ∙ Sold. Genaro Santos Peraza ∙ Sold. Jose Anixar Zelaya Funes ∙ Sold. Pedro Salmeron Fuentes ∙ Sold. Francisco Moran Herrera ∙ Sold. Felix Salinas Carias ∙ Sold. Manuel Castro Ascencio ∙ Sold. Gilberto Guillen Martinez ∙ Sold. Roger Antonio Rojas ∙ Sold. Jose Angel Fedres Perez ∙ Sold. Federico Argenio Samayoa Pastora ∙ Sold. Eduardo Trigueros Bruno ∙ Sold. Eduardo Rivas Guzman ∙ Sold. Pedro Aristides Vasquez Robles ∙ Sold. Alfonso Zepeda Vargas ∙ Sold. Juan Antonio Lopez Osorio ∙ Sold. Carlos Calderon ∙ Sold. Elias Solorzano Martinez ∙ Sold. Raymundo Arevalo Martinez ∙ Sold. Hector Ayala Guerrero ∙ Sold. Andres Perla Soto

Para quienes decidieron presentarse ante Vos oh Señor, orgullosamente envueltos en la Insignia Sagrada de nuestra Nacionalidad.
14 de Julio 2006

English translation: Armed Forces of El Salvador
To the heroes fallen in combat in the War of Legitimate Defense 1969
[Names of the fallen Salvadoran soldiers]
For those that chose to present themselves before You Oh Lord, proudly wrapped in the Sacred Insignia of our Nationality.


(20th Century) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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