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Capture of Generals B.F. Kelly and George Crook

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Maryland, Allegany County, Cumberland
A company of Confederates, young men from Cumberland, Maryland, Hampshire and Hardy Counties, West Virginia, captured several picket posts, obtained the countersign “Bulls Gap,” rode into the city, captured two commanding Union Generals, Kelly and Crook, and Adj. General Thayer Melvin, and sent them to Richmond, Virginia, as prisoners of war, without firing a shot.

Generals Kelly and Melvin were taken from this building then the "Barnum House,"(now Windsor Hotel).

General Crook was captured in the “Revere House,”(now the Kenneweg Co.-Wholesale Grocers).

The generals were asleep when taken from their respective beds.

General Lew Wallace was stationed here in command of a large body of Indiana Zouaves; also, Brig. General Hayes later President of the United States.

This most daring episode of the Civil War created a great sensation all over the country, as at the time several thousand Union troops were stationed in Cumberland.
Henry Mullaney
The Windsor Hotel—formerly Barnum House—was located on this site. Razed in 1959.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Nine Dragon Wall in Chicago’s Chinatown

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Illinois, Cook County, Chicago
There are three existing ancient Nine Dragon Walls in China. They are located in Datong, Shanxi Province and Beijing. The Nine Dragon Walls are originated from Screen Walls in ancient Chinese architecture.

Ancient Chinese believed 9 to be the most prestigious number and dragon the soul of all things of creation. The Chinese people consider Dragon as the emblem of Chinese national spirit. Ancient Chinese emperors were even self-acclaimed as reincarnation of dragons. The emperors of Ming and Qing dynasty built the Nine Dragon Walls to show off the supremacy of the imperial power.

The Chicago Chinatown’s Nine Dragon Wall is the resemblance of the one in Beihai Park in Beijing. The magnificent Nine Dragon Wall is an excellent piece of traditional Chinese architecture. The nine bustling dragons vividly portray the sef-striving character of the Chinese all over the world.

The Nine Dragon Wall was established by the Chinatown Chamber of Commerce on Sep. 9, 2003.

(Landmarks) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Original Site of Forks Hose Company #2

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New York, Erie County, Cheektowaga
The original site of Forks Hose Company #2 established Oct 11th 1911 and later the site of the Forks Hotel, famous for Eddie Fechter's magic.

(Charity & Public Work • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Illinois & Michigan Canal

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Illinois, Cook County, Chicago
Water Marks mosaic sculptures celebrate something few people know. Chicago owes its greatness to a canal built over 150 years ago.

Generations of French fur traders and American travelers―nation builders―dreamed of connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River, which flows into the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico. The Illinois & Michigan Canal, begun in 1836 and completed in 1846, provided the critical link. The 97-mile I&M Canal became the water highway that opened the Midwest to commerce in the mid-nineteenth century.

Laid out by canal commissioners at the eastern end was a town called Chicago. When the canal opened, the tiny village sprouted into the most important city of the American Midwest.

The canal closed in 1933, but its legacy continues to shape Illinois. In 1984, recognizing the canals pivotal role, Congress designated the canal region as the I&M Canal National Heritage Corridor. The old I&M Canal is now a place to ride bikes, hike, and paddle canoes. It’s a place to reconnect with the beauty of prarie landscapes and small-town Main Streets and rediscover the region’s rich history.

Discover the I&M Canal Corridor

The I&M Canal began 5.5 miles southwest of here, in Chicago’s Bridgeport neighborhood. The I&M Canal Origins Park, located where the canal met the Chicago River, provides an opportunity to get acquainted with the history of the city. Be sure to visit the canal’s locks and aqueducts, which are still found along the Heritage Corridor. Don’t miss the last two surviving canal-side warehouses―the Gaylord Building, in Lockport, and the LaSalle County Historical Society Museum in Utica.

Enjoy Trails and Nature You can hike, bike, fish, picnic, camp, boat, and golf in the Heritage Corridor, a national park in Chicago’s backyard. The 61.5 mile I&M canal State Trail is a great starting point, passing through historic towns, forest preserves and rural landscapes.

Enjoy the ancient canyons of Starved Rock, the grasslands of Goose Lake Prairie, and the ravines of the Palos Forest Preserve. Watch for heron and egrets that fly along the waterways, and roost in rookeries at Lake Renwick. Stop at Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, the Chicago region’s newest wildlife sanctuary on the grounds of the former Joliet Army Arsenal.

Step Back in Time The I&M Canal towns outside Chicago still show their nineteenth century charm. Visit Main Street shopping districts and enjoy a variety of specialty stores. See historic churches, city halls, homes and storefronts. Discover the unexpected―an ornate movie palace in Joliet, or a grain elevator turned visitor center in Seneca.

Learn of the coral reefs that once covered the area. Trace the history of the region’s many Native American tribes and discover the rich history of the immigrant groups that shaped America.

Here’s How Twelve Visitor Centers in the I&M Canal National Heritage Corridor are starting points for excursions.

Call 1-800-926-2262 for more information.

(Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Toll Gate

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New York, Erie County, Cheektowaga
On this site was located one of the early toll booths for the Buffalo - Batavia Plank Road laid out by Joseph Ellicott, and the plank road towards Lancaster and Alden. The toll was later moved west about 400 feet. It was abandoned in the early 1900's.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Water Tower & Great Chicago Fire

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Illinois, Cook County, Chicago
The Chicago Water Tower was erected in 1869 and housed a 138-foot-high standpipe, three feet in diameter, which equalized pressure and controlled the water flowing through the mains throughout the City. Fortunately, the tower was solidly constructed of Joliet limestone blocks, a foresight which proved invaluable two years after the completion of construction when, on the morning of October 9, 1871, flames engulfed Chicago and leveled nearly every building except for the Water Tower.

On the day following the fire, the Water Tower served as a guidepost by which citizens hunted through the ruins for what had once been their homes. It became a monument to the efforts of Chicago’s water works engineers; it became and has remained a symbol of Chicago’s indomitable “I will” spirit.

In 1969, the year of its centennial anniversary, the water tower was nationally recognized as the First American Water Landmark and in 1972, the Chicago Landmarks Commission designated the Chicago Water Tower and the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station as City landmarks. Today the historic Water Tower serves as a Visitor Information Center which offers information about special events, festivals, parades, theater and dance performances, current exhibits at museums and much more.

The Water Tower is just one of the many landmark buildings along Michigan Avenue. The modern era of “The Avenue” began with the development in 1947 of the “The Magnificent Mile” campaign, as well as several important public works campaigns. The campaign was a joint effort of the City, local businesses and community organizations to construct new buildings, to renovate old ones and add several new parks and landscaping projects in an effort to revitalize the area. Public works projects also laid the groundwork for future growth along Michigan Avenue. The first of these was completion of the Lake Shore Drive bridge in 1937, connecting Michigan Avenue to the Loop. In 1943 the State Street Subway was completed, which put North Michigan Avenue within easy walking distance of the City’s rapid transit system for the first time. It was at this time that Michigan Avenue began to be known as The Magnificent Mile.

Like the Burnham Plan before it, the Magnificent Mile campaign called for the construction of signature structures that would line the boulevard. As a result the modern Chicago Landmarks of the Prudential Building, John Hancock Building and the Water Tower Place were built. By the end of the 1970’s Michigan Avenue had become Chicago’s dominant retail street and remains so today.

(caption)
The Chicago Water Tower, designed in 1867 by architect William W. Boyington has been the City’s most cherished landmark for over a century. It stands today on North Michigan Avenue as memorial to the victims of the Great Chicago Fire.

(Charity & Public Work • Disasters) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

State Street

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Illinois, Cook County, Chicago

(side 1)
Chicago’s Great Street

There is only one State Street. Widely celebrated in song, “That Great Street” has been known since the 1870s for its concentration of premier department stores and world-class architecture.

Chicago's earliest shopping district was located along Lake Street. Parallel to the Chicago River and only one block south, Lake Street absorbed the traffic in commerce that already existed along the river’s edge. State Street developed when entrepreneur Potter Palmer recognized that the curve of the river would limit Chicago's potential economic growth and envisioned State is the city’s major retailing thoroughfare.

State Street in the 1860s was a narrow, unpaved street edged by wooden sidewalks and a confusion of small shops. Palmer, who had been in business with Marshall Field and Levi Leiter in a Lake Street store before the Civil War, translated his dream into reality by purchasing a ¾ mile stretch of land along State Street, convincing Field and Leiter to open the street’s first major department store at the northeast corner of State and Washington Streets.

By 1870, State Street had become Chicago’s shopping destination. Widespread destruction caused by the Chicago Fire of 1871 merely delayed its growth. Find the 1890s, State Street was home to Chicago's finest retail establishments, with the more prestigious and expensive stores clustered at the north end and the more popular stores carrying a greater variety of merchandise at the south end. When the city's first subway system was completed under State Street in 1943, it provided for direct pedestrian connections from the mezzanine level stations to the basements of many of the department stores.

Department store architecture is as important to Chicago as State Street’s retailing history. It reflects the genius of the city's earliest great designers. Lining State Street are buildings by William Le Baron Jenny and the architects who trained under him: Louis Sullivan, William Holabird, Martin Roche, and Daniel Burnham. Taking advantage of Chicago's location as a railroad hub, its rapid commercial expansion in the lumber, coal, and steel industries, its population explosion (Chicago tripled in size between 1870 in 1890), and its immediate need to rebuild following the Chicago Fire, these men set out to create a new building type with a whole new look. Because Chicago’s central business district was restricted in size by Lake Michigan, the Chicago River and, to the south, railroad yards, the only direction to build was up. The result was the skyscraper.

The commercial style developed by these pioneers in Chicago's Loop between 1880 and 1910 became known as the “Chicago School of Architecture.” Recognized world-wide for its modernism, the style of these Chicago School skyscrapers had no precedent. Their exterior design looks like a grid, an expression of the building’s interior metal frame, and ornamentation was generally simple and nonhistorical. The style is an outgrowth of major advances in technology. Steel frame construction, developed in the 1880s, meant that tall buildings with flexible floor plans could be erected quickly and cheaply. The first sheets of plate glass rolled in the 1880s allowed for maximum light and ventilation. Faster and safer elevators in the 1870s made tall buildings practical, and new fireproofing techniques made them safe.

In 1893, Jenney firmly established his reputation as a pioneer in the development of steel skeleton construction, designing huge buildings to house Siegel, Cooper & Co. (known as the Second Leiter Building) and the Fair Store (demolished). Distinguished by broad open floor space, impressive height, and simplified exteriors, both ushered in the era of the “Big Store.”

Carson, Pirie Scott & Co., before moving to its current location, operated on the ground floor of the Reliance Building. This tall narrow building sheathed in white terra cotta, was designed by Burnham and Root. It is universally recognized as one of Chicago’s most distinguished early steel and glass skyscrapers. In 1899, Louis Sullivan began designing the Schlesinger and Mayer Store building, which has housed Carson’s since 1904. There is no finer example of a simple, elegant Chicago School building. Like numerous other buildings of the Chicago School located along State Street, such as the Mandel Brothers Building and the A.M. Rothschild & Co. Building, Carson's interior metal frame is expressed in a gridlike exterior design. In addition, Sullivan’s highly original ornamentation embellishes the frame.

Several handsome commercial buildings never intended for department store use also dot the street. The Chicago Building, by Holabird & Roche, is among the city’s stellar Chicago School office buildings. Rapp & Rapp’s 1921 Chicago Theatre recalls romantic time of movie palaces. The elegantly detailed Mentor Building, designed by Howard Van Doren Shaw, echoes the design ingenuity typically found in his beautiful country houses. The current Palmer House Hilton is the third Palmer House Hotel and serves as a constant reminder that Potter Palmer was State Street’s major developer.

Department stores and significant architecture tell the story of State Street. As the 20th century progressed, retailing became firmly established―anchored by numerous distinguished department stores. At the same time many of the city's finest Chicago School buildings were constructed. State Street reflects Chicago's mercantile beginnings: its history is rich and its architecture is splendid.

(side 2)
19 Maurice L. Rothschild Building, 300 South State Street
Holabird & Roche, 1906, 1910; Alfred S. Alschuler, 1928.

Maurice L. Rothschild, before he hired Holabird & Roche to build this State Street store, operated a successful retail clothing operation in Minneapolis and in St. Paul. Taking advantage of the growth potential for department stores on State Street, he erected an eight-story building in 1906, added a section three windows wide along State in 1910, and four more floors in 1928 designed by Alfred S. Alschuler. The buildings underlying steel skeleton made this expansion possible. It also allowed for large windows to maximize interior light and ventilation. The construction techniques and design simplicity of the Maurice L. Rothschild Building made it a fine example of the Chicago School of Architecture. The store kept its State Street operation until 1971. In 1979 the building was acquired by The John Marshall Law School. The first floor houses retail shops; the other 11 floors house classrooms, offices, conference space, and the law school’s library.

20 A.M. Rothschild & Co. Building, 333 South State Street
Holabird & Roche, 1912.

The initial “R” found in medallions centered between each arch reminds us that A.M. Rothschild founded a company that once occupied this 10-story, block-long building (There is no relationship between A.M. Rothschild and Maurice L. Rothschild). Organized as a department store from the beginning, Rothschild & Co. differed from all other State Street retail establishments, which started as dry goods and clothing stores and added other merchandise as shoppers demanded. In 1911, as business grew, Rothschild demolished the several small buildings the store occupied (including a seven-story section designed by Holabird & Roche) and hired Holabird & Roche to design this beautiful steel-frame Chicago School building covered in gleaming terrs cotta. From 1936 until the 1980s it served as Goldblatt’s flagship department store. In 1993, the building was purchased by DePaul University and converted into retail, City of Chicago offices, and an expansion of the Loop Campus of DePaul University.

21 Second Leiter Building, 401 South State Street
William Le Baron Jenney, 1891.

The Second Leiter Building is internationally known as an early Chicago School skyscraper. It introduced a new age of architectural design, with a simple gridlike exterior reflecting the building’s interior metal frame construction. Its architect, William Le Baron Jenney, trained many of the city’s eminent designers of Chicago School commercial buildings, including Louis Sullivan, William Holabird, Martin Roche, and Daniel Burnham. Occupying a half city block, this eight-story building was developed by Levi Leiter and first leased to the “Big Store,” Siegel, Cooper & Co. Neither ornate nor exclusive, it offered a wide range of goods at low prices. Jenney’s skeletal design, with unobstructed interior floor area, was easily adaptable for store use by Sears, Roebuck and Co. from 1932 until 1986 and for office use today.

22 Chicago Public Library Harold Washington Public Library Center, 400 South State Street
Hammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991.

The Chicago Public Library's central library is located in the Harold Washington Library Center. On the exterior, this grand civic building as a bold presence. Like many of the other buildings which define State Street's character, the Library occupies an entire city block. Inspired by neoclassicism, its design draws heavily on Chicago's rich 19th and 20th century architectural heritage. It stands 10 stories, with a rough-faced stone base resembling that of Burnham and Root's Rookery and five-story arched windows reminiscent of Louis Sullivan's Auditorium Building. The steel and glass curtain wall at the rear of the building recalls the many modern Chicago buildings design by Mies van der Rohe. As its roof, the building is adorned with sculptures of owls symbolizing wisdom, and seed pods and foilage representing the natural beauty of the Illinois prairie. Inside, the public can enjoy an extensive collection of over nine million items. The Library has several performance and meeting areas, including a 385-seat auditorium and a ninth-floor winter garden where free programs, author talks, concert, theater, dance and children's activities are presented.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pease River Battlefield

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Texas, Foard County, Crowell
In 1860 at the Battle of Pease River, Indian captive Cynthia Ann Parker and her daughter, Prairie Flower, were rescued by Texas Rangers under Capt. L.S. Ross (later Governor of Texas).
     Cynthia Ann, most celebrated of all Comanche captives, had been taken at age 9 in a raid on Fort Parker, May 19, 1836. Traders who saw her later said she had taken the name “Naduah” and wished to remain among her adopted people. She married Chief Peta Nocona, by whom she had 2 sons, Pecos and Quanah Parker.
     Although she was returned to her uncle’s family, she was never completely happy and tried to escape several times. She died 1864.

(Native Americans • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Crown Hill

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Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis
Crown Hill Cemetery, founded in 1863, is the fourth largest cemetery in America. The history of Indiana and the United States is reflected in its monuments. President Benjamin Harrison, Vice-Presidents Charles Fairbanks, Thomas Hendricks, and Thomas Marshall, innovators Richard Gatling and Col. Eli Lilly, author Booth Tarkington and poet James Whitcomb Riley are among the many political, commercial, and literary leaders buried within its bounds. Crown Hill is the only cemetery in the state listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Old Pease City

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Texas, Foard County, near Crowell
Founded in 1880 by Benjamin E. Lower, John Wesley and wife, first settlers. Lower became the first postmaster, 1880; Mrs. Wesley was second, 1882. Place was named for Pease River and E.M. Pease, Texas Governor (1853-57 and 1867-69).
     Second group of settlers was family of W.T. Dunn.
     Stone post office–trading post served 3,500 square miles of sparsely settled country. Mail delivery was by stage or horse.
     The post office was abolished 1885 when Margaret became seat of Hardeman County. In 1891 site of old Pease City and Margaret became part of Foard County.

(Communications • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Former U.S. Arsenal

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Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis
Established by an Act of Congress in 1862, this arsenal furnished munitions for U.S. Forces until 1903. It became the home of Arsenal Technical High School in 1912.

(Military) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Foard County

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Texas, Foard County, near Crowell


Formed from Hardeman, King
Cottle, and Know Counties

Created      March 3, 1891
Organized      April 27, 1891

Named in Honor of
Robert L. Foard
1831 - 1898
A Confederate Officer
Prominent Lawyer of Columbus
Texas

Crowell, the County Seat
Traversed by a Railroad in 1908

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Golden Hill Totem Pole

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Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis
A 30 foot 19th century Alaskan Haida totem stood on this site c.1905-c.1948. The totem, part of Brady Collection in Alaska Pavilion at 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, was given to David M. Parry, industrialist, whose estate once encompassed Golden Hill.

(Man-Made Features • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Indiana School for the Blind

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Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis
Established 1847 by the General Assembly to provide education for Indiana's blind children. School on downtown site, 1848-1930. Relocated 1930 to present site on North College Avenue. Provides services to blind and visually impaired school-age children.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Marshall "Major" Taylor

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Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis

(side 1)
Born in Indianapolis, 1878, Taylor moved to Massachusetts, 1895, to pursue cycling career. In 1896, he set one-mile record at Capital City Track located here. He won his first professional race December 1896 and quickly established himself as a world-class cyclist. During his career, he set world records in distances from one-quarter mile through two miles. (Continued on other side) (side 2)
(Continued from other side) In 1899, Taylor won world one-mile professional cycling championship. He won U.S. circuit championships in 1899 and 1900 despite discrimination he confronted as cycling's first African-American champion. In early 1900s, he won races and acclaim in Europe and Australia. After retiring in 1910, he wrote his autobiography to inspire others. He died in 1932.

(African Americans • Sports) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Woodruff Place

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Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis
Conceived by James Orton Woodruff, prominent citizen and industrialist, platted in 1872, as a residence park, this 77 acre landscaped enclave long existed as an incorporated town completely surrounded by the larger City. The district was finally annexed by the City of Indianapolis in 1962.

Two hundred and forty dwellings of predominantly neo-Jacobean and Eastlake styles are aligned on three prominent esplanade drives adorned with handsome urns, fountains and statuary. The area was officially listed on The National Register of Historic Places July 31, 1972. Presented in the Bicentennial Year of 1976 by Betsy Toy Hall in memory of her mother, Rose M. Toy and father, John H. Toy devoted residents of Woodruff Place for over 50 years.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

North Western Christian University

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Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis
Chartered by Indiana General Assembly, 1850. Opened at this site, 1855, on land provided by Ovid Butler. Became Butler University, 1877, after relocation in Irvington. Present location in Fairview Park was made possible through donations by prominent citizens; opened for classes, 1928.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

North Meridian Street Historic District

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Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis
Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, 1986

"One of America's Great Streets."

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Swedesburg Swedish Evangelical First Lutheran Church Cemetery

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Kansas, Clay County, near Morganville

[Images of church history]

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Churches, Etc. • Disasters • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

First Presbyterian Church Cornerstone

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Washington, King County, Seattle

This is the corner stone of the old church, corner of Fourth Avenue and Spring Street. It was removed to this location A.D. October 1906 by order of the Session...

(Churches, Etc. • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

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