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The Landing

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Maryland, Baltimore County, Sparrows Point
Transport ships carrying a British invasion force arrived in Old Road Bay, September 11, 1814. Before dawn the next day, troops were ferried to this landing site to begin the 15-mile march to Baltimore. Reinforced by navy warships, they expected easy victory.

Losses at the Battle of North Point, including Major General Robert Ross; the navy’s failure to take Fort McHenry; and superior America defenses outside Baltimore caused the British army to withdraw to their waiting ships at North Point on September 15.

“(A) s the boats were ordered to be in readiness at dawn, every man slept in his clothes, that he might be prepared to start at a moment’s warning.”
British Lieutenant George Robert Gleig, 1827 recollection of the landing.

Why Here?
Old Road Bay was a protected deep-water anchorage off North Point, large enough to accommodate transport ships, close to a good landing place for troop deployment, and within support distance of other Royal Navy vessels.

(Inscription beside the engraving on the right)
British commander General Ross, depicted here in an 1816 engraving by G.M. Brightly, was mortally wounded during a skirmish prior to the Battle of North Point.

(War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


School House Built 1825

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New York, Cayuga County, Sterling

School House Built 1825
District No. 16
New York State and
National Registers of
Historic Sites, 2003
————
Sterling Historical Society
Est. 1976
Little Red School
House Museum

(Education) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Railway Signal Tower

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New York, Cayuga County, Sterling
The c.a. 1910 Railway Signal Tower was acquired in the early 1930's then used as a woodworking shop by William Williams. It was then located in Sterling Center and now generously given by grandson Roger Malcott. The Tower was originally located at Sterling Station at the crossing of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the "Hojack" division of the New York Central.
The tower was moved here December 6, 2005 with the help of a State grant. Preparation and restoration work has been done by the "A Team" of Robert Flack, Jack Preston, Jack Parsons, Fred Scott, Lehigh Shortslef and Harry Snyder. Dedication August 24, 2008.

(Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of First Baptist Church of Sterling

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New York, Cayuga County, Sterling
Site of
first Baptist church of Sterling
erected in 1841, federated with
United Presbyterian in 1931
Churches consolidated in 1962
Sold and dismantled in 1970

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sterling Valley

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New York, Cayuga County, Sterling

Sterling Valley
First settlement made here
1805 by Peter Dumas, a
soldier with Lafayette.
Earlier called Coopers
Mills after John Cooper 1810

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

“If I Should Die Before…”

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Wyoming, Goshen County, Lingle
Many emigrants journals and diaries from the 1840s to 1860s mention experiences such as; “nooning,” camping for the night, crossing over, or burying a loved one on the banks of Rawhide Creek. Of these experiences, death and disease were common. It’s been estimated that there is an average of ten graves to every mile along the emigrant trails. The top five causes were; unclean water, poor food preparation, chilly night watches, sleeping on cold or wet ground, months of exhausting toil, and diseases - measles, whooping cough, fever, cholera, and dysentery.

In September, 1862, Ezra Francis Martin recorded that his wife Sophia and young daughter Esther Jane died. The wagon train continued on until it reached Rawhide Creek where the wagon master permitted time for her to be laid to rest. Before breaking camp the next morning , two other children were also buried along the steam bank.

For most emigrants, once on the trail, there were no markets, no doctors, no laws, and no second chances. Until they reached the trail’s end, the pioneers were on their own.

(Journal entries, side-bar at bottom, left)
Many explores, emigrants, and pioneers kept diaries or journals of their 4-5 month trek across the prairies and mountains that provided us with insight into their experiences.

Heber C. Kimball, Monday May 31, 1847 - “We traveled till a quarter to 7 and then formed our encampment on the east bank of a shoal stream about 10 feet wide, and is doubtless the “Raw Hide” as stated by Mr. Grosclaude.

William Clayton, Tuesday, June 1, 1847 - “At nine o’clock we pursued our journey, the stream we passed over is called by Grosclaude: “The Raw Hide.”

Thomas Bullock May 31, 1847 - “A very fine day, clear sky. Gathered up cattle & started at 8:10 over a barren country yet abounding with Prickly Pears. I was taken very sick with Auge and Fever, & was obliged to relinquish driving my team to Conrad Klineman… we camped on “Raw Hide Creek” In the evening Doctor administered a Lobelia Emetic & attended me through the operation.

Ezra Francis Martin, September 2, 1862 - “the company crossed sand hills, the wind blew and it was cold - no fire and no supper. Sophia (Martin’s wife) is sick and full of pain.

September 11, 1862 - “Esther Jane Martin (daughter of Ezra and Sophia Martin) age 1 1/2 years died with a slight convulsion about twenty miles east of Laramie. Teamsters finally permitted time to bury her at Rawhide Creek 12 miles east of Fort Laramie.

(Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mormon Pioneers at Fort Laramie

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Wyoming, Goshen County, Fort Laramie
Between the years 1847 and 1868, most of the approximate 80,000 Mormon Pioneers passed through Fort Laramie. This was the first stop for the vanguard company after leaving Winter Quarters, (near Omaha) Nebraska.

In June, 1847, after following a faint trapper trail on the north side of the Platte River, the Pioneers reached Fort Laramie. Brigham Young, with a number of his party, crossed the river and walked up to the fort.

At this time the fort was called Fort John. It was owned by the American Fur Company and managed by James Bordeaux who greeted Brigham Young and the others. From Bordeaux they learned that they needed to cross the river at this point because the marshy terrain on the north side of the river would soon make travel impossible, so the Pioneers made arrangements to cross the river on a large flatboat.

Realizing that many others would need to cross the river at this point, the Pioneers built the first ferry in this area. Brigham Young left men to run the ferry which was used for over twenty years, aiding not only Mormons but all others who followed.

The present Fort Laramie in now a National Historic Site and dates mainly from the Civil War era. This marker, in the town of Fort Laramie, marks the approximate place that the Pioneers actually crossed the river.

(Forts, Castles • Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gabriel Holmes

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North Carolina, Sampson County, Clinton

Governor, 1821-1824; Congressman. His son, Theophilus H. Holmes, a Confederate General. Home stood 2 mi. SE.

(Politics • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Wake Forest University

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North Carolina, Wake County, Wake Forest

Baptist; coeducational. Opened as Wake Forest College, 1834. Moved to Winston-Salem, 1956. university since 1967.

(Churches, Etc. • Education) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War Monument

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Nebraska, Hamilton County, Aurora

A similar marble shaft was erected and dedicated on May 5th 1880 at the Hamilton County Courthouse. In 1894 a fire destroyed the original courthouse. During demolition the marble shaft was crushed by falling debris. After 117 years, invisible from public view, it has been reestablished to be dedicated this day, July 4, 2011

[Monument reads]
"In memory of our fallen heroes
in unknown graves
- gone but not forgotten -
they died that our country
might live -
Our Country and Our Flag"

Loyalty - Fraternity - Charity
1861 - 1865

(Fraternal or Sororal Organizations • Man-Made Features • Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War Memorial

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Nebraska, Hamilton County, Aurora

[Monument center panels]
Hamilton County's
Memorial to The
Union Soldier.
1861 - 1865.
————————
2,350,000
Volunteers.
360,000
died that their
country might live.
————————
Lincoln,
Commander in Chief.
Grant,
The General.
Farragut,
The Admiral.
The Boys in Blue
Fought the Battles.
————————
Chandler Post
G.A.R.
Memorial Day
1906.
——————————————
[Monument base panels]
For what he was and all he dared,
remember him today.
Fort Sumter
————————
Dedicated to Liberty and Union,
Now and Forever,
One and Inseparable.
Gettysburg
————————
While Virtue, Honor, Love shall flow,
Their deeds and fame
shall brighter grow.
Vicksburg
————————
One Country and One Flag.
"Lex regit, Amar Tuentur."
Appomattox

(Fraternal or Sororal Organizations • Man-Made Features • Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Callahan City

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Texas, Callahan County, near Baird
Callahan County was created in 1858 and named for Texas Ranger James H. Callahan (1814-56). Permanent settlement of this area began after the Civil War (1861-65). Residents petitioned in 1877 for organization of county government. Callahan City, then a village with 2 stores and a post office, became temporary county seat when the first Commissioners Court met here on July 30, 1877. The nearby town of Belle Plaine won a spirited election for permanent county seat in December, 1877. After the Callahan City post office moved there six months later, this community soon disappeared.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Callahan City Cemetery

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Texas, Callahan County, near Baird
Established prior to the organization of Callahan County in 1877. Burial place of many pioneers who came here during era of Indians and great early ranches. Served people of such bygone towns as Admiral, Callahan City, and other neighboring communities.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

War Memorial

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Nebraska, Hamilton County, Aurora

[Front]
A memorial for the
sons and daughters
of Hamilton County
Nebraska
who served in
our nation's conflicts

[Back]
May peace and justice
prevail now and forever

Dedicated
Memorial Day, 1972

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, Korean • War, Vietnam • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War Memorial

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Nebraska, Hamilton County, Aurora

To The Unknown Dead.
1861 - 1865

He sank faint and hungry
among famished brave,
And they laid him
sad and lonely within
his nameless grave.

No stone marks the sod o'er
the lad so brave and true;
In his lonely grave he sleeps
in his faded coat of blue.
No more the bugle calls
the weary one,
Rest, noble spirit, in thy
grave unknown.

Presented Memorial Day 1906

(Man-Made Features • Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Life on Currituck Sound

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North Carolina, Currituck County, Corolla
Brackish Marsh According to the description found in William Byrd’s diary from 1728, Currituck Banks was a wind-swept, overwash island that was sparsely vegetated with low shrubs and salt-tolerant red cedar. At that time, inlets opened Currituck Sound to the Atlantic Ocean, making the sound a high-salinity estuary. After the last inlet closed in 1830, the sound gradually became what it is now – almost a freshwater system. The closet opening to the sea is now Oregon Inlet, 45 miles south. Currituck Sound is classified as brackish, rarely exceeding two parts of salt water per thousand parts of water, compared to 35 parts per thousand in ocean water.

Water level in Currituck Sound is mainly determined by wind direction and speed rather than lunar tides. The water level is, therefore, relatively high when southerly winds push water in from Albemarle Sound and lower when northerly winds push water back into Albemarle Sound.

In the 1960s, a non-native aquatic plant called Eurasian milfoil appeared in Currituck Sound. The thick beds of milfoil blanketed the sound and pushed out native aquatic plants. However, the milfoil supported one of the best largemouth bass fisheries in the United States. Catches of 50 to 100 bass per day were common. In the 1980s, salinity levels rose and much of the milfoil disappeared. In return, the bass population plummeted and has not been the same since. Currituck Sound still contains a rich resource of commercial and game fish. Largemouth bass, blue gill, pumpkinseed, yellow perch, brown bullhead catfish and white catfish are some of the most common species.

Wading Birds Great Blue Heron
Great blue herons can be seen throughout the year along the coast. Approximately 5,000 pairs nest in the Coastal Plain. A heron spends long periods of time standing motionless in the water, waiting for fish and other prey to come in range of its long neck and sharp bill.

Snowy Egret
Snowy egrets can be seen throughout the year, but are primarily a summer resident. Approximately 350 pairs nest in the state’s coastal estuaries. The snowy egret is typically seen dashing around shallow waters pursuing its prey. It is thought that is bright yellow feet may attract fish.

Great Egret
The great egret is an abundant species on the Coastal Plain that can be seen throughout the year. Approximately 5,000 pairs nest on the state’s estuarine islands and river swamps. Its large size and long legs allow it to hunt for prey in deeper and more open waters than most other wading birds.

Monkey Island From the end of the boardwalk, looking out over the sound, you will notice a small island known as Monkey Island, which is believed to have been utilized by the Poteskeet Indians. Although their main village was located on the mainland, the Poteskeet hunted and fished in Currituck Sound. Oyster shells and pottery fragments have been found on Monkey Island, indicating the Poteskeet had some sort of encampment there. The discarded shells, resistant to seal level rise and erosion, accumulated over a few hundred years, thus allowing Monkey Island to remain an island today.

Monkey Island is an important breeding territory, or rookery, for wading birds like herons and egrets. Approximately 1,100 nests are found on the island each year, making Monkey Island the fourth largest rookery in North Carolina. Monkey Island is an ideal rookery because of the varying levels of tree canopy and its remote location, away from predators.

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) The osprey is a summer resident raptor that can be seen on the Carolina coast from March until late September when they migrate back to the Caribbean. Ospreys feed exclusively on fish by hovering over water and flying feet first to catch prey with their sharp talons or claws. They build nests on tall structures overlooking the water, such as dead trees and channel markers. Ospreys tend to use the same nest year after year. In the 1960s osprey populations decreased rapidly due to a pesticide called DDT that flowed into the waters where osprey hunted. DDT was banned in the early 1970s, and since the osprey populations have bounced back.

Waterfowl Currituck is a form of the Algonkian word meaning “land of the wild goose.” This naturally implies the long history of abundant waterfowl found in the area. Currituck Sound is located within the Atlantic Flyway and therefore attracts a diversity of migrating birds. Typical types of water fowl include dabbling ducks, diving ducks, geese, swans and coots. The Currituck Sound was once a wintering place for as many as 10% of the waterfowl on the Atlantic Flyway. Today numbers have declined considerably, but the sound still supports 20,000-25,000 duck, geese and swans annually.

(Animals • Environment • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Birthplace of the Aluminum Industry

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Pennsylvania, Allegheny County, Pittsburgh
This tablet marks the birthplace of the aluminum industry in the United States. On the site of this building the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, now Aluminum Company of America, late in November, 1888, produced the first commercial run of aluminum by the Hall Electrolytic process.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Admiral Baptist Church

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Texas, Callahan County, near Baird
Organized in 1881 with nine charter members, this church first served pioneer settlers of the Admiral community. Services were conducted in a family log cabin, under brush arbors, or in local schoolhouses until members built a sanctuary here near the turn of the century. Known early as Shiloh Baptist, the congregation adopted the community name in 1905. The church disbanded in 1968, but the building and nearby cemetery remain as reminders of Admiral, a settlement that once included stores, doctors, a gin, school, and post office.
Texas Sesquicentennial 1936-1936
The historic Admiral Baptist Church building located east of the cemetery was destroyed in a fire set by vandals in 1993.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Churches, Etc. • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Admiral Cemetery Veterans Memorial

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Texas, Callahan County, near Baird

Dedicated to the Veterans in
Admiral Cemetery
Ables, Loy C. • Bowen, James Lindy • Bowen, Ray Joe • Cargile, Thomas Ray • Davis, W.K. ★ • Eastham, J.E. ★ • Eubanks, George F. • Gibbs, George C. • Hansen, Ralph E. • Hargrove, Buel • Harris, R.J. ★ • Higgins, Earley W. • Higgins, Travis Neal • Jones, Joe E. • Justice, Albert F. • Lincecum, George E. • Martin, H.C. ★ • McClendon, Joseph S. ★ • Music, Jeff • Richardson, Norman • Sanders, Thomas H. ★ • Shelton, Ivan • Sheppard, John • Smartt, Johnny Howell • Smedley, Odie • Smith, Edgar • Smith, Frank • Smith, Harmon F. Jack • Stewart, A.J. ★ • Walker, Harom L. “Les” • Walker, James Arnold • Walker, Robert James • Weeks, George “Dick” Jr. • Weeks, G.W. ★ • Williams, Olis D. • Wright, John
——Erected Aug., 1992——
Black, Gordon F. • Gamble, Homer • Higgins, Ernest J. • Walker, Charles H. • Kilpatrick, C.E. • Hawk, Nathan P.

Confederate States Army ★

(Military) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gibbon

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Nebraska, Buffalo County, near Gibbon

Gibbon, on the old Mormon Trail, was the site of a unique experiment in homestead colonization. Originally conceived as a financial venture by Colonel John Thorp of Ohio, the Soldier's Free Homestead Colony was responsible for bringing the first homesteaders to the region. Traveling by Union Pacific, which had reached this point in July 1866, the first group of colonists, representing 80 families, arrived in Gibbon on April 7, 1871.

Thorp had advertised for colonists, charging a membership fee of $2.00, with which they received reduced railroad rates to Gibbon, where it was expected that the Civil War Veterans would purchase railroad land and take homesteads, thus increasing the value of other nearby railroad lands.

When the first colonists arrived at Gibbon siding, named for Civil War General John Gibbon, the only building was a small section house, and, until sod or frame homes could be built, they lived in railroad box cars. Later arrivals increased the original colonists to 129 families from 15 states, all but a few being Union veterans.

The settlers' first view of the area was not encouraging as a prairie fire had recently swept over the region, leaving charred desolation in its wake. Two days after their arrival, a two-day blizzard struck the area. Gibbon is a tribute to the perseverance of these hardy pioneers.

(Environment • Railroads & Streetcars • Settlements & Settlers • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

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