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Little Steel Strike

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Ohio, Mahoning County, Youngstown
On May 26, 1937, President Philip Murray of the Steel Workers Committee (SWOC) ordered a national walkout against three of the "Little Steel" companies. Two companies, Republic and Youngstown Sheet & Tube, operated major facilities in Ohio. The walkout of an estimated 20,000 Youngstown workers erupted into a bitter strike and on June 20, a battle between police and workers left two strikers dead and fourteen injured. Governor Davey called out the Ohio National Guard to restore order and protect the steel company plants. It was not until 1941 that the union gained recognition and collective bargaining with the steel companies. This marker commemorates those workers who gave their last full measure of devotion so that all workers would have a right to bargain for their labor. United Steelworkers of America

(Industry & Commerce • Labor Unions) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pioneer Pavilion / Mill Creek Furnace

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Ohio, Mahoning County, near Youngstown
Pioneer Pavilion
Pioneer Pavilion, one of the oldest structures in Youngstown, is a rare surviving example of early nineteenth-century industry. James Heaton constructed this sandstone building in 1821 as a mill for carding and fulling wool. A millrace from Mill Creek and a waterwheel on the west side supplied the power. In the 1830s and 1840s, the woolen mill was converted to a storage facility for the nearby Mill Creek Furnace and later served as a cattle barn. In 1891, Youngstown attorney Volney Rogers purchased the property for Mill Creek Park, renovating the building in 1893 as a dining and dancing facility, and naming it Pioneer Pavilion. Generations of area residents spanning three centuries have celebrated social events in this historic landmark.

Mill Creek Furnace
Constructed in the late 1820s or early 1830s, the Mill Creek Furnace was the first blast furnace in Youngstown and the third in the Mahoning Valley built by members of the Heaton family, who were pioneer iron producers. They had built the Hopewell Furnace in Poland Township in 1803 and the Maria Furnace in Niles in 1813. Originally fueled by charcoal, the furnace, with its thirty-foot stack, produced approximately three to four tons of iron each day. In the 1840s, the Mill Creek Furnace was rebuilt to burn bituminous coal. The remains of several small coalmines may still be seen in the park. The Mill Creek Furnace, the last charcoal furnace constructed in the Mahoning Valley, went out of blast in the late 1840s or early 1850s.

(Entertainment • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

St. Augustine Episcopal Chapel

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Ohio, Mahoning County, Youngstown
St. Augustine Episcopal Chapel was founded by Lenora Evans Berry, an African American woman, in 1907. A lifelong Baptist, her mission was the development of the Episcopal Church for African Americans in Youngstown. Mrs. Berry's husband, bricklayer Thomas D. Berry, the son of master builder P. Ross Berry, became the church's first senior warden and treasurer. The congregation met in St. John's Parish until they were able to obtain property on Parmalee Avenue. In 1912, Reverend John Ogburn was officially called to vicar. In 1920, work began on plans for a new church. The structure was designed by Charles F. Owsley and construction began after more than six hundred individuals from the community attended the laying of the church's corner stone on September 11, 1921. St. Augustine Chapel is the oldest African American church and congregation in Youngstown still in its original location and structure.

(African Americans • Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

St. Elizabeth Hospital

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Ohio, Mahoning County, Youngstown
The Sisters of the Humility Mary, who came here from France in 1864, opened St. Elizabeth Hospital on this site in the former Fitch House on December 8, 1911. St. Elizabeth Hospital has cared for all, regardless of ability to pay, and devoted itself to helping poor and underserved populations. On December 8, 2011, what is now St. Elizabeth Health Center celebrated its centennial and the evolution of St. Elizabeth Hospital into Humility of Mary Health Partners. The century-old mission of the Sisters continues to guide the institution into the 21st century.

(Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lutheran Home

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New Jersey, Burlington County, Moorestown
This home was built in 1894 by Samuel L. Allen, inventor of the Flexible Flyer sled and the Planet Junior Plow.

In 1920 it was purchased and refurbished by Eldridge R. Johnson, founder and president of the Victor Talking Machine Company, forerunner of R.C.A. It was bought and dedicated as the “Lutheran Home at Moorestown” on June 22, 1947

(Churches, Etc. • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Cox's Tavern

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New Jersey, Burlington County, Moorestown
John Cox bought this tavern in 1745. He was town clerk from 1748 to 1791. Town meetings were held here until 1812 when the Town Hall was built. It was the home of the stagecoach line to Camden from 1835 to 1850 and a stop of the Mt. Holly stage. It was demolished in 1904.

(Colonial Era • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Welcome to Wilson-Tuscarora State Park

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New York, Niagara County, Wilson
Wilson-Tuscarora State Park is located in Niagara County along the south shore of Lake Ontario at the mouth of Twelve-Mile Creek. Established in 1965, the park encompasses approximately 386 acres where visitors can swim, fish, canoe, birdwatch, and picnic. Slowly recovering from past logging and agricultural use, the park's landscape is now dominated by successional field, shrubland, northern hardwood habitat communities as well as by wetlands and mature forests

The lake is home to a wide variety of fish species and aquatic plant life. Smallmouth bass, yellow perch, bullhead, and walleye pike have inhabited these waters for hundreds of years. Fish such as Chinook and coho salmon and brown and rainbow trout are stocked in Lake Ontario. Others, such as the round goby and the sea lamprey, were accidentally introduced to Lake Ontario.

Belted Kingfisher, photograph courtesy of Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, photographer Johann Schumacher. Common Merganser, photograph courtesy of Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, photographer Mike Hopiak. Smallmouth Bass, photograph courtesy of NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Bushy Cinquefoil. Ring-billed Gull, photograph courtesy of Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, photographer O.S. Pettingill.

Lake Ontario Statistics. Length 193 miles. Width 53 miles. Elevation 243 feet. Retention Time 6 years. +Retention Time: measure based on on the volume of water in the lake and the rate of outflow. Volume 393 cubic miles. Average Depth 283 feet. Maximum Depth 802 feet.

Approximately 13,000 years ago, meltwater from the receding ice sheet formed glacial Lake Warren (pre-Lake Erie). As the lake extended east, overflow spilled into the Niagara Region forming Lake Tonawanda between the Niagara and Onongaga Escarpments. Lake Tonawanda's outlets drained over the Niagara Escarpment into Lake Iroquois (pre-Lake Ontario) as waterfalls. After Lake Tonawanda's four eastern outlets dried up, the Lewiston outlet formed the Niagara River. The Lewiston Branch Gorge was created as the initial, smaller Niagara Falls dropped over the Niagara Escarpment. From F.M. Kindle and Frank B. Taylor, Geologic Atlas of the United States, Niagara Falls - folio No. 190 (New York, 1913).

Natural History of Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario is one of five Great Lakes that contain nearly 20% of the world's fresh water. Created as a result of glacial activity, geologists believe the lake to be about 6,000 years old. Lake Ontario's ancestor was Lake Iroquois, a post-glacial lake that formed 12,500 years ago when meltwater began flowing over the Niagara Escarpment to the south. The lake level started dropping when the Wisconsin glacier retreated north and freed the St. Lawrence channel of ice, forming a new drainage path to the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Ontario received the outflow of the other Great Lakes by way of the Niagara River located 12 miles west of here. Gulls, herons, terns, kingfishers, and numerous waterfowl can be found along Lake Ontario's shore. Wilson-Tuscarora State Park is situated between the east and west branches of Twelve-Mile Creek. Nearby is a gravel bar that is home to bushy cinquefoil, an endangered plant species of New York State.

(Animals • Environment • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Moorestown, N.J.

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New Jersey, Burlington County, Moorestown
1682-Settled by Friends; 1698-Founded as Chester Township; 1700-Recognized as business and cultural center of area; 1778-British Officers lodged here;1802-Named Moorestown in honor of Thomas Moore Tavern Keeper; 1812-Present town hall erected.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park

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Florida, Saint Johns County, St. Augustine

The Fountain of Youth Park commemorates the 1513 arrival of Juan Ponce de Leon in Florida and the legend of the Fountain of Youth. People have lived on this site for over 3,000 years, since the Archaic Period of Florida’s history. In 1565 Spanish Admiral Pedro Menendez de Aviles established the first successful European colony in North America at St. Augustine and his first settlement was built here on the grounds of the Fountain of Youth Park. At that time it was part of the large Timucua town of Chief Seloy. After nine months, Timucua resistance forced the Spaniards to move the colony across the bay. In 1572 it was moved back to the mainland to its current location. In 1587 the first Franciscan mission to the American Indians was built here and named Nombre de Dios. The Mission remained here until the middle of the 17th century. Archaeological excavations at the fountain of Youth Park since 1934 have revealed the shell mounds of the Archaic inhabitants, parts of Seloy’s town, remains of the Spanish colony and the church and cemetery of the Nombre de Dios mission. There may be no other single property in Florida that contains such an array of important archaeological resources for our state’s early history.

(Colonial Era • Exploration • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Moore's Tavern

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New Jersey, Burlington County, Moorestown
Built by Thomas Moore in 1734 it was the towns first tavern. It was a two story frame building with two rooms on each floor. The building was demolished in 1878. The town of Moorestown derived its name from Thomas Moore who died July 30th, 1760.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Beach Treasures

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New York, Niagara County, Wilson
Beaches occur along the shoreline of a body of water where waves or currents deposit and rework sand, gravel, pebbles, cobble, and shell fragments. Longshore drift, an important natural process in the formation of a beach, occurs when loose sediment is gradually moved sideways along the shore. Beaches are unstable environments that are exposed to changeable and potentially harsh conditions. Over time, wind, waves, and erosion alter the appearance of beaches.

Many treasures wash up on the beach. Look for rocks or boulders transported here approximately 65,000 years ago by glaciers from the Canadian Shield. The makeup of the glacial erratics is quite different than that of the nearby bedrock. Look closely along the shoreline and you just might spot a clam shell. Not everything that washes ashore is natural; search for beach glass, which comes from bottles and jars that enter the lake as litter.

The most common shells that wash up on the beach here come from freshwater clams. The outer clam shells are dull grey in color for camouflage, but the insides of the shells are lustrous and multi-colored against a pearly white background.

Both zebra and quagga mussels are invasive species. Native to the Caspian Sea, they probably arrived in the United States as stowaways in ballast water of ocean-going ships. Both types of mussels can attach themselves to most submerged, hard surfaces. They cause major problems in power plants and water treatment facilities by clogging pipes, and they damage harbors by attaching themselves to docks, boats, break walls, and bouys. Since zebra mussels and quagga mussels reproduce at a very high rate and have no natural predators, it is difficult to control their populations.

Broken pieces of glass from bottles and jars sometimes end up in the lake. After being churned by water and sand, these fragments become smooth and frosted beach glass.

Metamorphic Rocks are rocks that change composition under intense heat and pressure. Two examples are marble and gneiss.

Glacial erratics are composed of both igneous and metamorphic rocks, primarily granite and gneiss. These rocks are round and are made up of many different materials. Glacial erratics are an attractive combination of white, red, and black colors.

This region's local bedrock consists of sedimentary rocks, mainly dolostone, shale, limestone, and sandstone.

Igneous Rocks are rocks created by the cooling of magma or lava (volcanic rock). Some examples are granite, obsidian, and basalt.

Rocks such as gneiss, marble, granite, obsidian, and basalt are not found here on the beach. Only sedimentary rocks such as limestone, shale, sandstone, and dolostone can be found here on the beach as well as glacial erratics.

Sedimentary rocks are rocks made up of sediments that settle out of water over time. Over millions of years, while under great pressure, the sediments settle in layers and harden and turn into rock. Two examples are shale and sandstone.

Driftwood is wood from trees, buildings, ships, or wooden objects that has been discarded from the shore and has been washed into a body of water. Over time, the wood decomposes and drifts back on shore where it is often used by birds, plants, and other species for shelter. Many people collect driftwood for outdoor landscapes. Driftwood is also used in fish and reptile tanks.

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of the Indian Spring

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New Jersey, Burlington County, Moorestown
Five hundred feet down the hill was a spring of clear, cold water around which the Indians camped before the coming of the white man.

It was also near this spring that the first white settlers built their log cabins and started the community of Rodmantown. The early name for the western end of Moorestown before 1800.

(Colonial Era • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

African Origins

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Florida, Saint Johns County, near St. Augustine

Fort Mose (Moh-Say) was a multicultural community of people originally from West and Central Africa, along with some Native Americans.

Some of the residents of Mose, like Francisco Menendez, fought in the 1715 Yamasee War against the English of Carolina. They later fled south to St. Augustine with their Indian allies, and some brought Yamasee wives. In St. Augustine the people of Mose also interacted with, and sometimes intermarried with members of the Timucua, Ybaja, Chiluque, Costas, Chaschis, and Chickasaw cultural groups.

In 1759, militiamen at Fort Mose identified themselves as four distinct African ethnic groups: Mandinga, Carabali, Congo, and Mina. Most spoke several languages, including English, Spanish, and Arabic. They also spoke Native American, as well as African languages. Some had lived in African cities, and many were skilled artisans, linguists, and farmers.

Mose residents had varied cultural and religious backgrounds. Some were Muslims, some were already Catholics, and some practiced local African religions. Mose’s leader, Francisco Menendez, was a literate Mandinga. Many of the Mandigas were Muslims and they were noted for resisting enslavement in Africa and in the Americas.

(African Americans • Colonial Era • Forts, Castles • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pratt House

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District of Columbia, Washington

9 Logan Circle has been designated a
National Historic Landmark
———
The Preservation of the Pratt house conforms to
National Park Service, U.S. Department of Interior standards
and is consistent with the historic character of the Property
and the Logan Circle Historic District
March 30, 1988
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Circa 1890
Owner: Adam S. Pratt
Architects: George B. Phelps
Builder: John W. Swainson
———
1983 – 1985
Restoration Architect: LTJ Architecture
Restoration Builder: Old City Development Associates

(Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features • Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Old St. Johns County Jail

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Florida, Orange County, St. Augustine

Built in 1891, the St. Johns County Jail held prisoners until 1953. The previous county jail was located next to the Hotel Ponce de Leon in downtown St. Augustine, Florida. Henry Morrison Flagler (1830-1913), co-founder of the Standard Oil Company, founder of the Florida East Coast Railroad and major real estate developer, donated $10,000 towards construction of this new jail. It is the oldest surviving government building in St. Johns County. The architecture is Romanesque Revival with elements of Queen Anne Victorian. It was constructed by the Pauly Jail Building and Manufacturing Company of St. Louis, which would later build Alcatraz prison in California along with several other jails throughout North America. Up to 72 inmates could be housed in the building along with living quarters for the sheriff and his family. The conditions were primitive for most of its history with up to four inmates in a cell, no indoor plumbing until 1914 and open barred windows. When the last inmates were transferred out in 1953, the old jail building became a tourist attraction recreating what life was like for prisoners at the turn of the century.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Rolling Stones in the Shoals in 1969/Sticky Fingers Ranks Among Greatest Albums

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Alabama, Lauderdale County, Florence
(side 1)
The Rolling Stones in the Shoals in 1969

The Rolling Stones stayed at the Florence Holiday Inn on this site for several nights while recording at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield.

When a hired engineer failed to arrive, studio co-owner "Swamper" Jimmy Johnson engineered the sessions on Dec. 2, 3, and 4, 1969. They recorded original songs "Wild Horses" and "Brown Sugar" and covered "You Gotta Move." The band flew to San Francisco and debuted "Brown Sugar" at the infamous Altamont Free Concert on Dec. 6.

The 1970 tour documentary Gimme Shelter showed Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and other band members recording in the studio and later listening to playback of "Brown Sugar" in a room at the Florence motel. The footage was incorporated into the 2013 documentary Muscle Shoals.

The motel was later demolished and a Hampton Inn & Suites erected. Errected on the 45th Anniversary of the Rolling Stones' Visit to the Shoals. (side 2)
Sticky Fingers Ranks Among Greatest Albums

The three songs recorded in Alabama appeared on the acclaimed Sticky Fingers album released April 23, 1971. The album was listed as No. 63 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

"Brown Sugar," their lead single, topped the charts in the U.S. and Canada, and was second in the U.K. Rolling Stone ranked it No. 495 among the 500 Greatest Songs of All Times and fifth on the list of 100 Greatest Guitar Songs.

A magazine poll selected "Wild Horses" as the fifth best Stones song. In the documentary Muscle Shoals, Richards says he completed writing lyrics during a bathroom break in the small studio, known within the recording industry as "3614 Jackson Highway."

(Arts, Letters, Music • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Chain Gangs

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Florida, Orange County, St. Augustine

Following the Civil War and the reconstruction period the state of Florida found itself in debt. As a way to offset some of the state’s expenditures, newly elected governor George Drew put into practice the convict leasing system in 1877. Prisoners were leased out to individuals and large companies to do various jobs from building railroads to working in turpentine camps. The person leasing the prisoner would pay the state a fee of $26 per prisoner per year. They were also obligated to provide clothing, shelter, food, and medical care for the prisoner. The price per prisoner quickly rose to $150 per year.

Conditions in the camps were very harsh. Prisoners were flogged for not performing enough work or other minor infractions. They slept chained together by the ankles in wooden buildings where fires were a common occurrence, or in jail wagons that were infested with parasitic bugs and vermin.

In 1919 chain gangs were introduced as demands for more and better roads increased due to the booming tourism industry in Florida. The conditions for prisoners working on the chain gangs were no better than those who were leased. Men accused of petty crimes worked side by side with those whose offenses were more serious. Chain gangs were segregated according to race and also by whether or not the inmates had tuberculosis. Not all the prisoners were chained together while working. Those who were considered escape risks wore heavy shackles that cut into their skin and their chains were never removed.

While the practice of prisoner leasing was popular with county officials, the general public was opposed to it. Escaped convicts knew that if they were able to reach rural homes, the residents would often aid them in their escape. This is the origin of the term, “home free.” Convict leasing and the injustices that were born out of it stopped at the state level in 1923.

(captions)
(upper left) Road work crews were often moved and quarterd in jail wagons outfitted with bunks.
(lower left) Many convicts were leased by turpentine camps where work conditions were usually harsh.
(upper right) Leased prisoner labor was a lucrative business in the early 1900s. Many farms, agricultural enterprises, and road construction companies were in constant need of workers.

(Civil Rights • Industry & Commerce • Politics • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Spreading the Wealth Since 1900

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Florida, Orange County, St. Augustine

You think your job is tough?
Try being a manure spreader in the 1800s.


Imagine the relief for farmers when the first practical manure spreader was introduced to the farm in 1900. It was developed and patented by Joseph Oppenheim, a schoolmaster who was concerned about how much time his young students were forced to work in the fields. In 1800, he developed a system of paddle distribution (from watching a paddleball game his students were playing) to increase the distribution spread, thus eliminating the need for workers to do this manually. This was the innovation that made the device effective. He began to manufacture his “new idea” in 1900, and the manure spreader quickly became an essential addition to the roster of new labor-saving agricultural tools.

The horse-drawn manure spreader you see here dates from the 1930s.
It was made of long leaf yellow pine, which was resistant to the acid in the manure, and boasted the shortest turning radius of any spreader on the market. A brake attachment, end gate, and lime-throwing attachment were available as optional equipment.

(Agriculture • Industry & Commerce • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Susquehanna River Crossing

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Maryland, Harford County, Havre de Grace
Beginning in 1838,the cars of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad were carried across the Susquehanna River by the first railroad ferry in the U.S. A rail bridge replaced the ferry in 1866. The surviving granite piers carried the bridge until the 1906 opening of the new Pennsylvania Railroad bridge upstream, then carried a one-way vehicular toll bridge and later a two-way double decker until 1940, when the U.S. Route 40 bridge opened on a new alignment.

(Railroads & Streetcars • Roads & Vehicles • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Underground Railroad Station

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New York, Wayne County, Williamson
Underground
Railroad Station

In this house slaves were
concealed on their way to
Canada by Com. Griffith M.
Cooper

(Abolition & Underground RR) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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