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Beach and Birds

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Maryland, Wicomico County, Salisbury
From the beach area you can watch the geese, ducks, and other waterfowl both on the pond and on land. They use the beach to come on shore to rest, eat, and nest. You may also watch the resident Great Blue Herons as they fish in the shallow water around the edge of the pond. Be careful to watch for the waterfowl as they sleep standing on one leg with their heads tucked to their wings. Until recently, the Canada Geese have only been in the area during the winter, migrating down from their summer nesting areas in Canada.

Along the bank of the beach you can see several of the plants you have learned about today. Also, you may see wild rose with its simple flower or its rose-hip fruit. You may also see several grasses , sedges, water hemlock and rushes around the area. An interesting plant to look for is the Jewelweed, so called due to the way dew and rain bead up on its leaves and form bright rainbow-colored "jewels."

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Wildfowl Blind

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Maryland, Wicomico County, Salisbury
This area was developed thanks to the efforts of the local Boy Scouts to provide a protected area from which to watch the birds. Watch how the different waterfowl feed. Some "stand on their head", tail-up to nibble on the underwater plants. Others dive and swim after fish and other aquatic animals. Osprey soaring overhead, swoop to catch fish near the surface of the pond. Remember, though, many of the birds are here all year long in any weather, others are migratory and only here at specific times of the year.

The box in front of you is a nest for wood duck. The dense habitat necessary for this species to nest is scarce, therefore nesting boxes are built. You may also see several species of bids that like to nest in the thick plant cover.

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Visions Realized

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Maryland, Montgomery County, Silver Spring
Silver Spring in the early 1900s saw the construction of several private dwellings fronting the east side of Georgia Avenue, originally named the Washington and Brookeville Turnpike. One of these was an American four-square house built in 1909 by John Dolan for himself and his wife Geneva. Dolan, was a plasterer by profession, worked as a builder, contractor, and director of the Silver Spring Bank, founded 1910.

The residential character of this section of Georgia Avenue soon gave way to development pressure. In 1924, with the increasing commercialism and value of property fronting Georgia Avenue, Dolan decided to move his residence several hundred feet around the corner to 918 Thayer Avenue and construct commercial buildings on the vacated site. The December 1, 1924 Washington Post article "Program of Construction Extends to Maryland" reported that Dolan "...expects to erect three stores on his original home site. All of these stores on the east side of Georgia Avenue are expected to be more valuable construction than some of the present improvements on that side of the street."

By 1926 Dolan had completed work on three adjoining, two-story brick buildings at 8223-25-27 Georgia Avenue. The First businesses to occupy these buildings were Richard J."Pop" Dietle's Silver Spring Bakery (8223), Marcel Zimmerman's Silver Spring Electric Co. (8225) and Frederick Di Vecchia's Silver Spring Hardware & Painting Co. (8227). The shop owners and their families lived on the top floor above the business, whose facades are virtually intact.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dry Thickets

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Maryland, Wicomico County, Salisbury
Here, on the dry side of the path, the plants have created a thicket, an almost impenetrable spot of woods. The thicket is full of sharp thorns, prickers, poison ivy, berry bushes and greenbrier.

Dry thickets provide a special nursery for birds and mammals. Just like the marshes, these areas are often the first targets of development.

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fruited Trees and Vines

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Maryland, Wicomico County, Salisbury
These trees, shrubs, bushes, and vines often have more extensive root systems than plants deeper in the wetland woods. They can hold the soil in place more effectively and offer a valuable front-line protective barrier for the pond edge and the Bay's watershed. Also, their extensive greenery and efficient photosynthesis help remove large amounts of water-born nutrients before they enter the streams of the watershed. Several types of grape species are present here.

We also find Virginia Creeper (or Woodbine), with its 5-6 leaves radiating from one point and dark purple berries. It is probably the plant most often confused with Poison Ivy, which has only three leaves and white berries. Pay special attention to the Seaside Alder which is found only in Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore and a small area in Oklahoma.

(Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

General Custer in Nebraska

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Nebraska, Dundy County, near Benkelman
General George Armstrong Custer, commanding troops A, D, E, H, K, and M of the Seventh Cavalry, camped near here June 22, to 30, 1867, after a march from Fort McPherson, Nebraska. They were campaigning against the elusive Sioux and Cheyenne Indians.

On June 24 Pawnee Killer led a dawn attack on Custer’s camp, wounding a sentry. There followed a parley between Custer and his officers and Pawnee Killer, Pole Cat, Fire Lightning and Walks Underground. Neither side was able to learn the plans of the other, and an Indian effort to separate the officers from their command was thwarted. Later Captain Hamilton and forty troopers, pursuing a decoy war party, rode into an ambush seven miles northwest of the camp but fought their way out, killing two warriors.

Custer’s supply train of sixteen wagons, returning from Fort Wallace, Kansas, was attacked near Black Butte Creek, Kansas, and killed several Indians. Lt. Kidder, ten troopers and scout Red Bead, carrying orders from Fort Sedgwick, Colorado, missed Custer’s camp and were killed near Beaver Creek. Their mutilated bodies were found and buried by Custer on July 12.

The flamboyant career of General Custer ended on the Little Big Horn, Montana, June 25, 1876.

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Finding a Niche

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Maryland, Montgomery County, Silver Spring
“…A Full Line of Dry Goods and Clothing” was available at Moses Sclar's Grand Leader Store (8221 Georgia Avenue), which opened in 1926 and adjoined John and Joseph Dolan's project (see opposite side) to the south. In operation for over a quarter century, this Jewish family-owned business was run with the assistance of Moses' wife, Catherine, and their children Ada, Reuben, Fannie, and Jacob.

Mr. Sclar, orphaned at the age of nine, emigrated from Russia to the U.S. in 1909 and settled in Pennsylvania where he worked as a merchant. In 1926 when he learned that a community in Maryland named Silver Spring had no department store, he packed up his wares and moved. Joined later by his wife and children, his new shop was an early success with farmers who came to town on Saturday evenings to buy shoes, clothing and dry goods.

Because there were no synagogues in Silver Spring, many Jewish couples were married in the Sclar's apartment located over the store. Rabbis from Washington D.C. would officiate at the ceremonies. The Grand Leader's original ground floor bay display case windows, second floor balcony, and facade remain intact.

Sidebar: Sparkling Spring to Community

Welcome to Historic Silver Spring. Georgia Avenue, one of our two original main streets, was constructed in the early 19th century as the Seventh Street Turnpike, a dirt road connection Washington City to Brookeville, Md. A village named Sligo, established in the 1830s by Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Workers from County Sligo, Ireland, was located at the corner of Georgia and Colesville Road, our other main street.

A mica-flecked spring discovered in 1840 by U.S. presidential advisor Francis Preston Blair while riding his horse Selim, inspired the name of Blair's estate Silver Spring, constructed near the Spring's site.

Silver Spring's original Baltimore & Ohio Railroad station, built in 1878, formed the nucleus from which today's community radiated. The majority of these early-to-mid 20th century buildings still grace Georgia Avenue and Colesville Road and their many side streets. Explore the area and discover the fascinating history of the pioneering entrepreneurs, businesses, and institutions that developed our vibrant and diverse community.

Learn more about Historic Downtown Silver Spring at www.sshistory.org

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Welcome to Traverse des Sioux

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Minnesota, Nicollet County, near St. Peter
On July 23, 1851, a treaty was signed here that transferred millions of acres of Dakota land to the U.S. government. The treaty also resulted in the Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota bands' movement to reservation lands along the Minnesota River.

Oiyuwege
This place, Traverse des Sioux, is part of the vast Minnesota River valley that was formed by glacial meltwaters more than 10,000 years ago.
Early French and English explorers named this waterway the St. Pierre (St. Peter) River. In 1852 the territorial legislature petitioned the U.S. government to change the river's name to Minnesota — a Dakota word meaning cloudy water.

Near this site at one time was a shallow, hard-bottomed river crossing. The Dakota Indians called it Oiyuwege, meaning "the place of crossing." French explorers renamed it Traverse des Sioux, or "crossing place of the Sioux." The exact location of the crossing is now not known.

The Eastern Dakota of Minnesota
The Dakota Indians, known to outsiders as the Sioux, have lived in this place for centuries. The Eastern branch of the Dakota Nation, also known as the Santee, includes the Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton, and Sisseton bands. The Story of This Land
For centuries Traverse des Sioux has been a crossroad.
First, native people gathered here to hunt game and exchange goods and information. By 1700 they were joined by Europeans who came to this area to trade guns, cloth, and other products the Dakota wanted for furs. Over the next 150 years, traders and Indians did business with each other at Traverse des Sioux, swapping news, ideas, and customs as well as trade items.

By 1851 settlers in the newly established Minnesota Territory were pressing hard to open Indian lands for settlement. In a treaty signed here that year, the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of the Dakota sold most of southwestern Minnesota — some 21 million acres — to the government for about 7.5 cents per acre. The sale triggered a land rush. By 1853 this historic meeting place had become the town of Traverse des Sioux. But, like hundreds of other towns in the Territory, it soon failed. The site was farmed until 1969, when it was turned into a state park. In 1973, in recognition of its unique significance, Traverse des Sioux was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a state historic site.

Minnesota Historical Society
Traverse des Sioux


(Exploration • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Burkett Pecan Tree

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Texas, Callahan County, near Putnam
The original Burkett Pecan tree, bred from a native tree, 1900, by J.H. Burkett (1861-1945), Texas pecan industry leader.
Recorded Texas Historic Landmark 1966

(Agriculture • Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hittson Ranch Headquarters on Battle Creek

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Texas, Callahan County, near Putnam
Nearby Battle Creek was given its name in 1840 by a small band of men who had traveled to this area in search of hostile Indians. A fight took place near the creek when a raiding party attacked the group. Approximately twenty years later, cattleman John Hittson (1831-1880) established his ranch headquarters at the site of the battleground. The headquarters, used only when cattle were rounded up from surrounding lands, consisted of corrals, branding pens and a small shelter. It is believed to be the first ranching headquarters established in Callahan County.

Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Military Telegraph Line

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Texas, Callahan County, near Baird

The United States
Military
Telegraph Line

Established in 1874-1875 from Fort Griffin to Fort Concho, crossed here

(Communications • Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Callahan County Airport

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Texas, Callahan County, near Baird
Shortly after WWII, the first official Callahan County airport opened. Baird businessmen Ralph Ashlock and Earl Johnson leased this land from William H. Hardy where two decades earlier Mr. Hardy operated a county poor farm. With help from local welder and mechanic Rusty Higgins, they built a large hangar. Ex-military aviators like Reaves Hickman and Wendall Jones continued their flying experiences in surplus aircraft acquired by the airport owners. Jones also gave flight instructions. The most modern plane in Baird, a 1947 Luscombe Silvaire, was owned by Wm. Hardy. Another local, Eldon Dunlap, flew a 1930s Fairchild 24.

Many local residents took their first airplane ride in Baird-based planes with names like “Swee’ Pea” and “Ol’ Yellow and Silver.” Only one significant accident occurred as a plane flying cross-country ran out of fuel and crashed just short of the runway. After about 10 years, interest in flying waned; only Hardy and Dunlap had planes in the hangar when an unusually heavy snowfall collapsed the roof crushing one of the planes and ending operations at the Callahan County Airport.

(Air & Space) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

St. John the Baptist Anglican Cathedral

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Newfoundland and Labrador, Division No. 1 (Avalon Peninsula), St. John's
English
Begun in 1847, under the direction of Bishop Feild, this cathedral was designed by the noted British architect George Gilbert Scott and is an internationally important monument of the Gothic Revival style. Its historical correctness and structural rationalism express the ideals of the Cambridge Camden Society, an English group dedicated to reforming the Anglican Church through a return to the 13th century sources. The internal composition of nave and aisles is clearly reflected on the exterior. Scott’s cathedral burned in 1892 and was rebuilt by his son soon after. The intended tower has never been erected.

French
Oeuvre du célèbre architecte anglais George Gilbert Scott, cette cathédrale, mise en chantier en 1847 par l’évêque Feild, est un monument de style néo-gothique de renommée internationale. La fidélité historique et la rationalité de l’agencement traduisent l’idéal de la Cambridge Camden Society, groupe anglais voué à la réforme de l’Église anglicane par un retour à l’architecture du XIIIᵉ siècle. La composition intérieure de la nef en des bas-côtés apparait clairement à l’extérieur. Détruite par le feu en 1892, la cathédrale fut peu après reconstruite par le fils de Scott. La tour projetée ne fut jamais érigée.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

1892: The Great Fire

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Newfoundland and Labrador, Division No. 1 (Avalon Peninsula), St. John's
Caption, bottom, left (English / French): The shaded area shows the extent of the 1892 fire. This was the last of several fires that shaped the development of St. John's in the 1800s. / La zone ombrée représente la partie de la ville ravagée par l’incendie de 1892, le dernier d’une série de sinistres qui marquèrent le développement de St. John's au XIXᵉ siècle.

Caption, top, right (English / French): During the night of July 8/9, 1892 more than 1,700 buildings in the heart of St. John’s were destroyed by fire. The blaze left 1,900 families homeless, but miraculously claimed only two lives. / Dans la nuit de 8 au 9 juillet 1892, plus de 1 700 édifices de centre-ville de St. John’s furent ravagés par le feu. La conflagration, qui laissa quelque 1 900 familles sans foyer, ne fit miraculeusement que deux victimes.

(Disasters) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

El Obelisco de Buenos Aires

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Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires

Side East:
Buenos Aires
a la República

En el IV Centenario de la fundación
de la ciudad por
Don Pedro de Mendoza.
II de Febrero de MDXXXVI.

English translation:
Buenos Aires
to the Republic

On the fourth centenary of the foundation
of the city by
Don Pedro de Mendoza.
II of February of MDXXXVI.

Side South (not pictured):

Segunda Fundación por
Juan de Garay
XI de junio de MDLXXX.

English translation:
Second Foundation by
Juan de Garay
XI of June of MDLXXX.

Side West (not pictured):
Ley dictada por el Congreso Nacional
el XX de septiembre de MDCCCLXXX
a iniciativa del Presidente
Nicolás Avellaneda
Decreto del Presidente Julio A. Roca
VI de diciembre de MDCCCLXXX.

English translation:
Federal Capital
Law enacted by the National Congress
the XX of September of MDCCCLXXX
initiative of the President
Nicolás Avellaneda
Decree of the President Julio A. Roca
VI of December of MDCCCLXXX.

Side North (not pictured):
En este sitio
en la torre de San Nicolás
fue izada por primera vez
en la ciudad
la Bandera Nacional
el XXIII de agosto de
MDCCCXII.

English translation:
On this site
in the St. Nicholas tower
the National Flag
was hoisted for the first time
in the city
the XXIII of August of
MDCCCXII.


(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The German Colony Story

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Israel, Haifa District, Haifa
The establishment of the German Colony in 1869 is a milestone in the history of Haifa's development. In the middle of a sparsely populated and largely barren land, laboring under deficient rule, hundreds of German settlers characterized by great energy, resourcefulness, religious fervor and a variety of professional backgrounds, established a garden city unlike any that existed in the country until then. Outside the Haifa city walls, a boulevard sprang up stretching from the foot of the hills to the sea. It was lined with gardens and homes, remarkable for their beauty. In addition, the German settlers succeeded in establishing on Carmel Mountain a residential quarter among the most pleasant in the country, today's Carmel Center.

(Churches, Etc. • Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Covington

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New York, Franklin County, Fort Covington
First named French Mills in the 1790's by immigrant settlers who came from lower Canada to work in the Robertson and Buchanan Mills on the Salmon River. In 1817 it was renamed Fort Covington in honor of Brigadier General Leonard Covington, who died during the American - British War of 1812. General Covington was mortally wounded on November 11, 1813 at the battle of Chrysler's Farm in Williamsburg Ontario, Canada.

(Settlements & Settlers • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Covington, New York

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New York, Franklin County, Fort Covington

Fort Covington, New York
First called "French Mills".
In 1812 changed to its present
name in honor of Brig. Gen'l.
Leonard Covington who lost his
life in the War of 1812.

(Settlements & Settlers • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, GPS coordinates, map.

This Memorial is Dedicated by the Town of Ft. Covington

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New York, Franklin County, Fort Covington

This memorial is dedicated
by the Town of Ft. Covington
to all who fought to obtain
and preserve the freedom of
this great nation

(Military) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A “Little Dam” Powers the Avondale Mill

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Maryland, Prince Georges County, Laurel
The Patuxent River was actually dammed in two places in Laurel to power its mills. In addition to its much larger cousin up stream, The Avondale Mill, downstream from here, was fed by water created by the “Little Dam” located at the foot of what is now Post Office Avenue, on property owned by at one point by Dr. Cronmiller. A mill race, still visible at the foot of Post Office Avenue, connected the water from the dam to Avondale Mill.

Local boys frequently used the dam's reservoir as a swimming hole known as “Bacadocs.”

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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