Newfoundland and Labrador, Division No. 1 (Avalon Peninsula), St. John's![]()
This monument includes three panels outlining the history of the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary.
Panel 1:
1729-1870 Policing in a Young Colony
Fishing Admiral Justice
The 15th century fishery off Newfoundland was primarily a summer activity with few people over-wintering; indeed, England did not encourage permanent settlement until 1699 under the “Act of King William III”. This act also established the authority of the “Fishing Admirals”, recognizing a need for law and order precipitated by the increase in the population each summer. Under the Fishing Admiral system, the master of the first ship to arrive at a harbour in spring not only has first choice of the fishing rooms in that harbour, but he also became the “Admiral” of the harbour, responsible for maintaining law and order and administering justice. It was a rough and ready system in a fledgling colony, but as workers stayed year-round and settlements evolved (in 1716 the population of Newfoundland was 3,295), a more organized approach was needed to achieve civile social order.
The First Constables
England appointed Capt. Henry Osborn in 1729 as first Governor of Newfoundland. That same year Osborn established the first organized policing system in Newfoundland, by creating 6 judicial districts across the island (St. John’s, Harbour Grace, Bonavista, Trinity, Ferryland, and Placenita) and appointing 31 constables to oversee law and order. Osborn also served a local tax on fishermen, requiring them to pay a half quintal (
A quintal is equal to 112 lbs or approx. 5kg) of fish per hundredweight caught. These proceeds paid for constables, and construction of stocks and jails. The constables were responsible to the Governor, and the Royal Navy provided support and enforcement as needed. Newfoundland was a “naval state”, a system which was effective until the end of the 18th century.
These improvements by the Governor in the colony’s policing system drained authority away from the Fishing Admirals, and for a time there was a struggle for control. With support from the British Board of Trade and the West Country Merchants who controlled the fishery, the government in England began to play a more significant role in the administration of law and order through its appointment of the colony’s Governors, and the role of the Fishing Admirals faded.
Growth of Initial Efforts
Sectarian strife was common in Newfoundland throughout the 1700s and 1800s, putting much pressure on the early constables and magistrates. Early Governors would send junior Royal Navy Officiers to administer surrogate courts in remote coastal areas of Newfoundland. By the 1750s there were three courts operating in the colony; the Governor’s Court, the Royal Navy Surrogate Courts, and the Court of Oyer and Terminer (Criminal Courts). In 1751 the Governor was empowered by England to try all felons in Newfoundland (previously, they were sent to England for trial), and if necessary, to execute offenders locally. Magistrates, who also had jurisdiction over “Master-Servant” infractions, were providing instructions to constables on procedures for executing police pursuit, making arrests and execution of writs.
By 1807 there were 34 constables. Governor John Duckworth, appointed in 1810, used revenues from tavern licenses to pay constables for dedicated, full-time duties. Over time, the constabulary became more self-reliant and its members more accepted as the keepers of law and order.
Representative Government and its Impact
The advent of Representative Government in 1832 and subsequently electioneering precipitated an increased need for order. The British Garrison at Fort Townsend did its share, but Governor Sir John Harvey expanded his sights. Harvey, a former Inspector-General with the Irish Constabulary (“Royal” was not added until 1867), in 1844 hired Timothy Mitchell, a former colleague from the Irish Constabulary, to help expand the constabulary force in Newfoundland and strengthen its role in the community.
Influences from Irish Policing
When Timothy Mitchell arrived from the Irish Constabulary in 1844, he brought with him the influence of his background of policing in Ireland, deeply rooted in the early beginnings of organized policing in the 1700s. The early constabulary in Newfoundland, which Mitchell was asked to modernize and expand, was not unlike what Mitchell knew of early policing in Ireland. But by the 1800s, the Irish system had progressed and that is what Mitchell modeled upon his arrival here.
Mitchell established an efficient and effective organization for Newfoundland. It was based on a military ethos, used army terminology and ranking, and placed an emphasis on army drill and dress. In 1853 Mitchell was appointed Inspector and General Superintendent, a newly-created position. Mitchell’s effectiveness was remarkable and continued until his retirement nearly 20 years later. By then, the constabulary force had grown to a strong and capable force of 16 constables in St. John’s, with a further 63 constables established in stations in other communities.
Early Policing in Action
1750-1791 - There were 11 hangings in Newfoundland during this period. Ten were person of Irish birth.
ca. 1757 - Governor Richard Edwards instructed constables to carry their staves to signify they were on duty. A stave was a carved wooden staff which was a official implement of the office of a law enforcement officier.
1786 - Some Irishmen living in Placentia rioted and overpowered the local constables. The rioters took the constable’s staves from them, in an act of extreme defiance against the Crown.
1824 - Naval Surrogate Courts were abolished and towns were permitted to make their won by-laws. The following year, in a re-vamping of the Circuit Court System, Naval Officiers lost their legal powers.
1825 - For the first time Constables were required to wear a police uniform: blue coats with buttons embossed with a crown and “GR”, red waistcoats, and a hat with a cockade in it. (No depiction of this uniform appears to exist).
1832 - In this year when Newfoundland was granted Representative Government, constables were patrolling the streets of St. John’s between 8 am and 11pm, and the salaries of magistrats were taken out of general revenues.
1848 - A police night watch was established in St. John’s, and there were 57 constables policing in other communities across the island.
Withdrawal of British Garrison
A significant development for the constabulary occurred in 1870 when England withdrew its Garrison from Newfoundland. This left the constabulary with no trained support for periodic back-up and enforcement, and Fort Townsend was vacated. Rather than having a negative impact, this opened the door for building on the firm footing for the constabulary force created under the inspired leadership of Timothy Mitchell in the 1840s. It was an opportune time for the heightened presence of a constabulary comprised of trained constables who were on duty in the community as full-time personnel. And the availability of the facilities at Fort Townsend gave the constabulary a headquarters fitting to their needs.
Panel 2:
1871-1948 The Constabulary: Policing a Nation
A New Role for the Newfoundland Constabulary
The British Garrison withdrew from Newfoundland in 1870. In the following year Thomas Foley, a senior officier from the Royal Irish Constabulary, was appointed Inspector and General Superintendent of Police, and work began in earnest to give the Newfoundland Constabulary legal standing. In 1872 the Legislature passed
An Act to Organize and Maintain an Efficient Constabulary Force, and for the Appointment of Special Constables in this Colony. The name of the force was “Constabulary Force of Newfoundland. The Constabulary retained policing responsibilities for the entire island, with headquarters in St. John’s, at Fort Townsend, which had been left vacant by the Garrison.
Foley effectively re-organized the force and expanded its manpower by advertising for recruits in the May 16, 1871, edition of the local newspaper,
Royal Gazette. Foley died unexpectedly in 1873, but his two successors carried through the tradition of being recruited from the RIC: Paul Carty (served 1873-1895) and John McCowen (served 1871-1908: as Governor of the Newfoundland Penitentiary 1879-1895; as Inspector General 1895-1908). By 188- the Constabulary had over 100 men, over half of whom served outside St. John’s (the 1884 census put the population of Newfoundland at 193,124). The Constabulary was now an established police force, exhibiting professionalism and high standards, and as the only police force in the country, had a huge role to play in the modern development of Newfoundland. In 1909 John Sullivan became the first Newfoundland-born Commanding Officier of the Constabulary.
Policing in Action
1883 - A sectarian riot erupted in Harbour Grace on Boxing Day, when Roman Catholics were offended by the parade of the Protestant Loyal Orange Association. The “Harbour Grace Affray”, as it was called, resulted in 5 deaths, and numerous injuries and arrests.
1895 - Under new legislation enacted July 4, three Fire Stations were opened, due largely to the work of Inspector John McCowen, who had in March been named Inspector General and Fire Chief. McCowen had worked on the Fire Relief Committee following the Great Fire of 1892, which had destroyed much of St. John’s, and understood the need for improved fire protection.
1914 - Thirteen members of the Constabulary enlisted in WWI, three of whom made the “supreme sacrifice”.
1923 - Constabulary members were sent to Labrador, where gold was thought to have been discovered. These officiers were referred to as the “Gold Coast Police”, but when the gold discovery turned out to be false, the Constabulary withdrew from Labrador after just one year.
1932 - The poor economic conditions on the island precipitated a riot against the government outside the Colonial Building. Two members of the force were hospitalized and others hurt. When the mood of the demonstration did not improve in ensuing days, a back-up reserve force of over 100 men was sworn in. This reserve force remained available until 1938.
1934 - The Constabulary returned to Labrador to serve the area, until political decisions that same year resulted in their withdrawing from Labrador once more. Since 1984 the Constabulary has provided continuous service in Labrador West.
1937 - Eight members of the Newfoundland Constabulary were chosen to accompany a contingent of Great War Veterans at the coronation of King George VI at Westminster Abbey in London. The officers were astounded at the welcome they received in England.
1941 - The Assistance Chief of Police and 74 Constables were sent to Buchans to help defuse labour unrest between the Buchans Mining Co. and the miner’s union. The Constables delivered back-to-work orders to the miners, while a tribunal negotiated selected changes. Despite disappointment among the miners, peace was largely maintained.
Special Duties During World War II
Newfoundland played an important role in the Allied war effort on the home front during WWII. Four merchant ships were sunk off Bell Island by German submarines, with significant loss of life. The entrance to St. John’s Harbour was hit by submarine torpedoes in an effort to prevent critical supplies from reaching war-torn Europe on merchant ships crossing the Atlantic in Allied convoys. The Constabulary investigated suspected espionage and sabotage, and not the least, dealt with the influx of thousands of servicemen from three nations: the United States, Canada and England.
To meet these challenges, the Constabulary’s numbers were strengthened by new recruits, and a special “Security Division” was established to work with the authorities in dealing with wartime circumstances. During the war period, the Constabulary seized two ships of enemy registration (one on the high seas), guarded prisoners of war in an interment camp, policed an area which was under threat from enemy torpedoes, investigated suspicious fires, did surveillance in dangerous waters frequented by submarines, and policed a jurisdiction which housed critical Allied bases in Gander, Argentia, Torbay, Harmon, and the St. John’s Canadian Navy Escort Base - a proud record of wartime service.
Panel 3:
1949-2010 A Modern Constabulary
Confederation Brings Change
Confederation with Canada in 1949 brought major changes to the Newfoundland Constabulary and its role in policing Canada’s newest province. Canada’s national police service, the RCMP assumed responsibility, under contract with the new Provincial Government, for policing the communities outside St. John’s. This caused the Constabulary to close down its many police stations all over the island, and to relocate its affected members and their families back to the capital city. Despite this change in policing jurisdiction, the Constabulary retained its police status across Newfoundland and Labrador, including its authority to enforce Newfoundland laws across the new province.
A Modern Police Force
1980 marked the beginning of the modern era of the RNC. It was the year the RNC made local policing history by accepting the first five female constables into its ranks. The 1980s were also the start of the RNC returning to some of its former jurisdictions outside St. John’s (Mount Peal and NE Avalon. Corner Brook, Labrador West). Also around this time the RNC received its first dress uniform, and the Mounted Division was re-installed, giving the force a special profile with the general public. In 1999, following considerable public debate, the RNC received the right to carry firearms as a routine, something officies had done only on occasion throughout the history of the force. The RNC Historical Society was created in 1987 with a mandate to recognize and record an important past, and to encourage pride and understanding in RNC officiers; this monument site is part of those efforts.
Today, the RNC’s corporate mantra is “Safer Communities through Policing Excellence.” Its policing philosophy is based on the concept of evidence-based decision-making and intelligence-led policing. To achieve continuing professionalism in the force, new recruits must have not only high moral and ethical character, but also post-secondary education allowing them to enroll in the Police Studies Diploma Program, developed in partnership with Memorial University. RNC officiers deliver 13 community service programs, aimed at connecting with young and old alike while delivering preventative messages on such topics as drug abuse, driving safety, identity theft, and internet safety. By 2009 the RNC had come a long way from the initial policing efforts of 1729: it had grown to 383 officiers, 142 civilian staff, and with a budget over $45 million, operated three branches of service (Patrol Operations, Criminal Operations, Support Services). And in the process, the proud traditions of policing, rooted in the Irish system of the 16th century, continue to be upheld.
20th Century Milestones
1970 - The (Royal) Newfoundland Constabulary Police Association was formed under the leadership of Constable Tom Fraize. The association contributed greatly to the improvement of working conditions and related matters on behalf of its police members.
1987 - The RNC Museum, supported by the RNC Historical Society, opened with a permanent display of artefacts and interpretation in the foyer of the Fort Townshend Headquarters.
2005 - On September 2nd, the first RNC Recruit Class graduated from Memorial University with a Diploma in Police Studies.
Proud Past - Promising Future
The road that lies ahead for this proud and historic police force has been cleared by competent and forward-looking leaders. In their drive to deliver a high standard of police service to their entire constituency, these leaders have been strongly supported by a loyal and dedicated staff, all levels of government, and a caring community. The social and economic future of out Province is very bright and promising, but there will be many policing challenges to go along with the anticipated progress, and the RNC, like its policing forefathers, will embrace the future through sound planning and operational and administrative excellence in a community atmosphere.
(Government) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
Last Homesteaded 1986
This monument includes three panels outlining the history of the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary.
During the 1840s and 1850s, the locals knew Reverend Samuel Green as a literate, highly respected Methodist Episcopal preacher and community leader. His church once stood here on land donated in 1843 by free woman Sarah Young. While the building no longer survives, the congregation remains active.
Like most African Americans in the region, Green’s family lived in fear of separation. His wife Kitty and children Sam Jr. and Sarah were enslaved. When Sam Jr. escaped in 1854, his owner was so enraged that he sold Sam Jr.’s sister Sarah to slave traders from Missouri.
Founded in 1947 at Alabama College. Erected at tenth annual meeting held there in 1957.
Carver Historic District
Captions, clockwise from the top left. (English / French):
Totopotomy Creek separated the armies here between May 29 and 31, 1864. Twice the men of the Union 2nd Corps (Barlow's Division) charged down this slope. They hoped to cross the "deep morass" and seize the opposite heights. Darkness halted the first assault, on May 30, after partial success.
Named because of contentment of this valley. Founded 1881 by Dan W. Hale. Michael C. Bright, 1882 settler, early county commissioner, had a general store at this site. Family worked for progress of the area. Renamed “Tokeen”, town bypassed by railroad in 1909. Post office was discontinued in 1916.
Earliest known interment was that of a child, Mary Louisa Hale, on Nov. 30, 1880. In Jan. 1884, Andy and Christian Fannin sold 4 acres to M.C. Bright, J.M. Carter, R.F. Counts, John A. Chambers, J.M. Givens, D.W. and William Hale, Alf. A. Hanscomb, J.T. Hardegree, P. Hawkins, F.B. Massengale, Jesse Rogers, and C.C. Simmons as a public cemetery for the rural community of “Content”. The plot was named for R.F. Counts, who bought the surrounding property in 1889. An additional 4 acres were donated by Sidney Bright in the 1930s. An unknown number of Confederate veterans of the Civil War are buried here.
Civil War soldier from Lemon Gap (7 miles northwest). Was buried here in an unmarked grave prior to 1897.
Settled in 1880's. Named for C.R. Crews, Ballinger businessman. Mrs. Betty Sims was earliest voluntary teacher–mail carrier. School was built 1890 (with the Rev. Mr. Lockhart, first teacher). Post office established 1892 in Wise & Broughten store; first postmaster, J.D. Wise. Methodist Church was organized in 1890; Baptist Church in 1894. Later 11 businesses were in operation; by 1930 school had 7 teachers. The doctors serving longest were F.M. Hale, C.A. Watson, R.E. Burrus.
You are standing on the Great Dune, the largest sand hill between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. This is the dune's highest point, about 80 feet above the Atlantic Ocean.
For more than 150 years, the Cape Henlopen Lighthouse guided ships into Delaware Bay on their way to the ports of Wilmington and Philadelphia. 
