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Daley Ranch

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California, San Diego, Escondido
Livestock has always been the major land use at Daley Ranch. Besides cattle, for dairying and beef, the Daley's would raise horses. Some were specialty breeds, like the Hamiltonians used for pulling carts in a racing walk. When the automobile became commonplace, this use faded. The dairy was on the property from 1910 to 1925. In the 1920s one irrigation pond was constructed of concrete on the hill top. A series of ponds were built in the 1940s and 1950s to provide irrigation water. These were built by two operators with hovels and tractors with scrapers. Work began at 6 am! The ranch was farmed for various grain crops until the early 1960s, when it was again used for grazing cattle. In hay season, the farm hands solicited help from their friends and hay was put up on Daley Ranch for sixteen years, ending in 1935.

(Agriculture • Environment • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 14 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Pittsburgh Point

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Pennsylvania, Allegheny County, Pittsburgh
Few cities have the visual drama of Pittsburgh, or so rich a collection of national memories. At the Pittsburgh Point two rivers converge: The Allegheny River flowing from the north and the Monongahela River from the south. These rivers drain the Allegheny Mountains, and unite to form the mighty Ohio River which flows west to the Mississippi.

Geography is Destiny. The history of this city was determined by its rivers. Native Americans named these waterways long ago. French and British armies fought to dominate them in the 18th century. Fort Pitt was built in 1758 as a control point for the British Empire in America. After the Revolution, pioneers saw Pittsburgh as the Gateway to the West. In the mid-19th century, slaves saw Pittsburgh as the Crossroads to Freedom, and escaped north via river routes from the south.

During the 19th century thousands of steamboats built along these shores carried immigrants and cargoes to the West. The rivers became busy commercial routes. Great fortunes were made in Pittsburgh's "Golden Triangle" as the city benefited from the inland water highways.

Located in a region rich in fuel and mineral resources, Pittsburgh became a vital center of industry, commerce and transportation. Railways eventually paralleled the rivers, further linking the city to all parts of the expanding nation.

After World War II, Pittsburgh rebuilt itself in a famous urban "Renaissance" and became the first major American city in the 20th century to undertake a complete renewal of its downtown core. Today Pittsburgh is a center of banking, medicine and education. When the era of "Big Steel" ended in the 1970s, the diversity of Pittsburgh industry was a key to the future.

The Pittsburgh Point has always been a symbol. It represents the promises of American history, and new directions for the future city.

(Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features • Native Americans • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ukiah Vichy Springs Resort

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California, Mendocino County, near Ukiah
Native Americans used these springs for thousands of years before Frank Marble "discovered" them in 1848. William Day established the resort here in 1854. Ukiah Vichy represents one of the oldest continuously operating mineral springs resorts in California. Its waters remain among the most important of the thermal, alkaline-carbonated waters so highly valued by both European and American believers in hydrotherapy. It is the only mineral spring in California that resembles the famed Grand Grille Springs of Vichy, France.

(Natural Resources) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Battle of Moraviantown, 1813

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Ontario, The Municipality of Chatham-Kent, Thamesville
English
In September 1813, during the second year of the War of 1812, the United States won control of Lake Erie, cutting British supply lines with the east and forcing the British to withdraw from the Detroit River region. Then, on October 5, 1813, 3,000 Americans, including their Aboriginal allies, defeated 950 British, Canadians, and Natives at this site. Among those killed was the famous Shawnee leader, Tecumseh, who had worked to unite the First Nations in neighbouring American territory to resist settlers expansion into their homelands and unwanted influence in their lives. The battle place a small part of Upper Canada under enemy occupation until 1815, when the War of 1812 ended and it returned to British control. Tecumseh’s dream, however, largely died with him, as the war only delayed American expansion into Indigenous territory in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois.

French
En septembre 1813, au cours de la deuxième année de la guerre de 1812, le États-Unis s’emparent du contrôle du lac Erie, coupant les voies d’approvisionnement britanniques avec l’Est et forçent les Britanniques à se retirer de la région de la riviére Detroit. Le 5 octobre 1813, 3 000 Américains et leurs alliés autochtones battent ici 950 Britanniques, Canadiens, et Autochtones. Citons au nombre des personnes que périssent le célèbre chef shawnee, Tecumseh, qui avait oeuvé à l’unification des Premières Nations sur le territoire américain avoisinant pour lutter contre la colonisation de leurs terres et s’opposer à l’influence indésirable des colons sur leur mode de vie. À l’issue de cette bataille, une petit partie du Haut-Canada est occupée par l’ennemi jusqu’à la fin de la guerre de 1812, en 1815, dateà laquelle elle repasse sous contrôle britannique. Cependant, le rêve de Tecumseh meurt en grande partie avec lui, car la guerre n’aura fait que retarder l’expansion américaine sur les territories autochtones de l’Ohio, du Michigan, de l’Indiana et de l’Illinois.

(Native Americans • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Battle of Longwoods

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Ontario, Southwest Middlesex County, near Glencoe
The view from the British side (left side)

Commanded by Captain James Basden
Royal Scots Light • Western (Caldwell) Rangers • 89th Foot Light • Kent and Middlesex Militia • British Indian Department

On March 3, 1814, the Western (Caldwell) Rangers observed an American military camp on the western edge of Twenty Mile Camp (20 miles west of Delaware), straddling the Longwood’s Road. Captain William Caldwell sent word to the British detachment in Delaware. The next morning, Colonel Andrew Stewart sent 250 regulars, militia and natives under the command of Captain James Basden to meet with Caldwell. They marched to Strathburn through more than 30 centimeters of snow which had fallen during the night. Meanwhile, while waiting for the British reinforcements, Caldwell had unsuccessfully attempted to draw the Americans from their abattis and his men withdrew towards Delaware.

Caldwell met up with Basden and the Delaware reinforcements at Strathburn and, in late afternoon, they proceeded to the eastern edge to the Twenty Mile Creek to prepare for battle. Disregarding the advice of Caldwell and others to flank the Americans, Basden decided to drive the enemy out of their position with a frontal attack by his British regulars. The rangers, militia and natives took to the north and south flanks. About an hour before sunset, to the sound of bugles, Basden lead the British regulars across the bridge charging up the snow-covered slope. The Americans unleashed an “uncommon fire” which decimated the front ranks of the British regulars who tried vainly to attack up the slippery slope but suffered severe casualties. The militia and natives were also pinned down by very determined American fire from the flanks of the abattis. Almost all the British officers, including Basden, were wounded or killed, leaving only Ensign Frances Miles of the 89th, who sounded the retreat at sunset.

The British withdrew with 52 wounded and leaving 16 dead on the snow-coverd field. At Strathburn, they met Captain Stewart with additional reinforcements from Delaware. But it was too late; they had been soundly defeated and they returned to Delaware.

The Battle of Longwoods represented a major turning point in the war in the London district. The British subsequently withdrew from Delaware to Burford, turning this part of Upper Canada into a no-man’s land, subject to American raids from Detroit against area farms in search of food and supplies. Settlers in Thames Valley were constantly robbed and pillaged. Many frightened families abandoned their farms and did not return when the war ended in late 1814.

British Casualties
Capt. D. Johnstone • Lieut. P. Graeme • John Bunn • Wm. Condon • Thom Connors • John Hazeldine • James Hogan • Tomas Jones • Thomas Murphy • Wm. Shaw • James Sheldon • Alex Smith • Abraham Taylor • Uriah Trimm • Lawrence Wall

The view from the American side (right side)

Commanded by Captain Andrew Hunter Holmes
24th U.S. Infantry • 27th U.S. Infantry • 28th U.S. Infantry • Michigan Mounted Infantry • Michigan Militia Cavalry

Near the end of February, 1814, Captain Andrew Hunter Holmes led American Forces from Detroit along the shore of Lake Erie thence to the ruined village of Fairfield, destined for Delaware. Traveling on the Longwoods Road they were joined by about 89 men led by Lt. Lee of the Michigan Militia Cavalry who were in pursuit of Canadian Militia. On March 3, 1814, traveling along the Longwoods Road, they arrived at Twenty Mile Creek, On the western edge of the bank overlooking the creek, they constructed an abattis of brush and logs to protect the men and horses. They had left Detroit a week earlier and many were suffering the effects of cold, wetness and hunger. As a result, Captain Holmes sent 20 of his men back to Detroit, leaving 160 to attack at Delaware.

When they arrived, they spotted Canadian defenders encamped on the eastern slope of the creek. However, on the morning of March 4, they discovered that the Canadian force had withdrawn. The Americans dispatched a small group of cavalry who followed the Canadians’ trail in the snow to the east. Seeing a large number of British regulars, rangers, militia and natives at Strathburn, they hurried back to the abattis to inform Captain Holmes. Many of the Americans were anxious to retreat, but with the encouragement of Captain Holmes and Ensign Heard, they decided to make their stand or die in the effort.

Late in the afternoon, the British attacked. The Americans, protected by the abattis, responded by firing rapidly and tellingly on the massed British regulars. The British struggled to climb the icy slope and the American fire caused severe casualties. The British regulars attempted to breach the abattis, but the Americans were able to keep them at bay; few managed to get close. The Canadian militia, rangers and natives attacked the Americans flanks with little success.

After over an hour of continuous gunfire exchange, the British began to withdraw. Soon the area was empty, except for the dead British regulars. Even though his men had won a clear victory, Captain Holmes would not allow then to rob the dead British soldiers of their shoes and clothes, in respect for the bravery the British had shown. The Americans casualties amounted to 5 killed and 3 wounded.

Captain Holmes and his officiers were concerned that the British would counterattack and they withdrew.

American Casualties
Philip Beard • Levi Bunnell • Joseph Donahoe • Thomas Watkins • Eri Wooden

God and the soldier we alike adore,
In time of danger, not before,
The danger past and all things righted,
God is forgotten, the soldier slighted.
—(Thomas Jordan)

(War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Little Forest Baptist Church

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Virginia, Stafford County, Stafford
Founding members met in homes or under a persimmon tree. Led by Pastor Uriah Johnson, in 1905 they built their first church west of here. In 1959 that building was demolished to make a road later renamed Interstate-95. Some church members met at nearby Hills Texaco Service Station, but feared losing their congregation! In 1960 land was donated by B. A. and Eva Moyler so this church could be constructed.

(African Americans • Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Petty's Run

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New Jersey, Mercer County, Trenton

The stone-lined channel that plunges over the bluff edge below you was once a free-flowing water course. Today it is a partially abandoned segment of the city's storm drain system drawing in run-off from West State Street and a handful of buildings and properties in the vicinity of the New Jersey State House. Downstream from this point, just beyond the arch of the West Front Street Bridge, the run connects to a much larger and more active drain that passes beneath the Old Barracks and heads down to the Delaware River at the mouth of the Assunpink Creek. Upstream, Petty's Run is contained within a culvert that extends for more than 300 feet almost to Willow Street.

A Ravine Behind the Barracks
Before industrial and urban development, Petty's Run (named fr the Pettit family that settled here around 1700) drained an area of perhaps five square miles, gathering water from several small tributaries. The stream, fast-flowing after heavy rains, was substantial enough to serve as a barrier to the western expansion of the colonial town. Here, behind the Old Barracks, Petty's Run descended the bluff edge bordering the Delaware in a steep ravine.

In the bed of the run at other locations within the archaeological site can be seen the tough gneiss bedrock, formed more than a billion years ago. This material, along with the younger Wissahickon schist, underlies much of downtown Trenton and gives form to the "falls of the Delaware." In colonial and early federal times, these rocks were quarried and used as building stone, including here on this very site.

Water for Power
At this point in the landscape, Petty's Run drops down more than 20 feet in a horizontal distance of around 80 feet. From the early 1730s until the 1870s this break in slope allowed the energy of flowing and falling water to be harnessed for a variety of industrial purposes. A dam and millpond delivered water power to the 18th-century mills at this spot.

Further upstream, Petty's Run supplied water to a pair of tanneries and a brewery, and also powered a bark mill, all during the colonial period. Early in the 19th century the stream was channelized and the culvert's stone sidewalls were built; around the same time springs along Petty's Run in the Pennington Avenue area were tapped for the growing city's first water supply system.

The construction of the Delaware and Raritan Feeder Canal in the early 1830s reduced the amount of water in the run, necessitating agreements between the canal company and downstream water users to ensure an adequate flow, supplemented as needed with water from the canal itself.

Hazardous to the Public Health
By the 1870s, Petty's Run was notorious for its filthy, noxious waters and recognized as a health risk. Residents, merchants and hoteliers routinely dumped waste into the creek, adding to the pollution already caused by the tanneries and other industrial water users. Around this time, in an effort to control the pollution, much of the stream in the downtown was progressively covered over with a brick-vaulted arch set on top of the channel's stone sidewalls.

In the late 1880s and early 1890s, Trenton built a city-wide sewer system, designed by sanitary engineer Rudolph Hering, which incorporated the flow of Petty's Run and led to the isolation of the storm drain segment between West Front Street and Willow Street. The creation of Mahlon Stacy Park in 1914-16 resulted in the deeper burial of the Petty's Run culvert beneath several feet of landscaping fill, rendering the run largely inaccessible until its archaeological rediscovery in the mid-1980s.

(Colonial Era • Environment • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Six Points, Goshen Township

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Ohio, Hardin County, near Kenton
In memory of John R. and Stella E. Hastings for their community service and their generous and caring support of the youth of Hardin County.

Oh, blest are they who walk in love. They also walk with God above.

John R. Hastings / / / Stella E. Hastings

1891 -- 1977 / / / 1893 -- 1983

Hardin County Bicentennial Committee

Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Black Hawk War Campsite

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Illinois, Rock Island County, near Hillsdale
In 1832 when Black Hawk and his Sauk and Fox followers returned to Illinois, 1500 mounted volunteers advanced along the banks of the Rock River to capture them. 505 men under Colonel Zachary Taylor followed in supply boats and late at night on May 12, 1832 camped in this area.

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Prophetstown

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Illinois, Whiteside County, Prophetstown
Prophetstown occupies the site of the village of the Winnebago Prophet, which the Illinois volunteers destroyed on May 10, 1832, in the first act of hostility in the Black Hawk War.

(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Illinois and Mississippi Canal

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Illinois, Whiteside County, Rock Falls
Construction on the “Hennepin Canal,” as it was commonly known, began in 1892 and was completed in 1907 at a cost of more than seven million dollars. The main canal extended 75 miles from the Illinois River near Hennepin to the Rock River near its juncture with the Mississippi. A feeder canal from the Rock River at Rock Falls joined the main canal 29 miles to the south near Mineral. Utilization of the Hennepin Canal never reached expected proportions because of rapid technological advances in other modes of transportation, and in 1951 it was closed to traffic.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lincoln in Sterling

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Illinois, Whiteside County, Sterling
On July 18, 1856, Abraham Lincoln spent the night in this house as the guest of William Manahan. Lincoln had been invited by Robert Lange Wilson to address a John C. Fremont rally in Sterling. Wilson was a member of the famous Long Nine of the Illinois legislature during the 1830's.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Abraham Lincoln

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Illinois, Lee County, Dixon
Was stationed here during the Black Hawk War in 1832, as captain of volunteers. On April 21, 1832, he enlisted at Richland Creek, Sangamon County, and was elected captain. He was mustered into state service at Beardstown on April 22 and into United States service at the mouth of Rock River May 3. At the mouth of Fox River on May 27, he was mustered out and on the same day re-enlisted as a private in Captain Elijah Iles' Company. At the expiration of this enlistment, he re-enlisted on June 16, at Fort Wilbourn in Captain Jacob M. Early's Company, and was finally mustered out of service on July 10, 1832, at White Water River, Wisconsin.

(Politics • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

First Christian Church

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Illinois, Lee County, Dixon
On June 21, 1922, Ronald Reagan, with his brother Neil, was baptized at this church. Ronald and Mother Nelle were active members of the church from 1921 - 1937. Ronald Reagan taught a Sunday school class here. Mother Nelle taught Sunday school, snag in the church choir, and directed plays. This church has been designated as a historical landmark by the Dixon Historical Preservation commission.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dixon Public Library

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Illinois, Lee County, Dixon
Books which young Ronald Reagan borrowed from the Dixon Public Library helped him shape lifelong values. At nine years of age in 1920 he received card number 3695, becoming a frequent Library visitor and an avid reader throughout his Dixon years. This building has been designated as a historical landmark by the Dixon Historical Preservation commission.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lincoln Supports Fremont for President

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Illinois, Lee County, Dixon
On June 19, 1856, John Fremont was nominated as the first Republican candidate for President. Fremont, who had explored and pioneered the opening of the west, was a former U.S. Senator from California and an open and vocal opponent of slavery, which caused his defeat in the 1856 election. Abraham Lincoln campaigned for Fremont in Dixon, Oregon and Sterling and gave a two-hour speech on the courthouse lawn to about 1500 citizens here in Dixon on Thursday, July 17, 1856. That night, Lincoln stayed at the Nachusa house across the street from the courthouse.

(Politics) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Wings of Peace and Freedom

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Illinois, Lee County, Dixon
In 1991 Nick Tanev, an immigrant to the United States from Bulgaria, presented to then Mayor James Dixon and the City of Dixon, the sculpture called “The Wings of Peace and Freedom.” The presentation was made during a sister cities convocation of Dixonites and Russians who had come together in peace and friendship following years of conflict between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union.

The sculpture is an expression of Mr. Tanev's gratitude to President Ronald Reagan for his part in ending the Cold War. Because Dixon was the President's boyhood home, Mr Tanev sought to award the town that had produced such a courageous and strong leader. Mr Tanev attributed his own success and good fortune to his having left the oppression of Bulgaria for the prosperity and hope he found in the United States of America. The sculpture is for his the very symbol of the joy and triumph he found in the peace and freedom of his adopted homeland.

(War, Cold) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Berlin Wall Replica

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Illinois, Lee County, Dixon
General Secretary Gorbachev,
if you seek peace--
if you seek prosperity
for the Soviet Union
and Eastern Europe--
if you seek liberalization.
come here, to this gate.

Mr. Gorbachev. Open this gate.
Mr. Gorbachev. Tear down this wall.

President Reagan's speech card from his
remarks in Berlin, June 12, 1987
National Archives, Ronald Reagan Library,
Simi Valley, California


(War, Cold) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dixon Historic Center

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Illinois, Lee County, Dixon
The Dixon Historic Center, in Dixon's old South Central School building, celebrates Ronald Reagan's years in Dixon and his attendance at South Central School. Ronald attended sixth and seventh grades in this building. This building has been designated as a historical landmark by the Dixon Historical Preservation Commission.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Chief Shabbona

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Illinois, DeKalb County, near Shabbona
It was 1775, one year before the American Revolution that an Indian boy was born near the banks of the Kankakee River. A boy who would grow up to befriend the new nation's people. His Ottawa parents named him “Shab-eh-nay” (Shabbona), which means “Built like a Bear”. And true to his name, he grew up to be a muscular 200 lbs., standing 5'9” tall.
Around 1800, Shab-eh-ney was part of an Ottawa hunting party that wandered into a Potawatomi camp near the southern shore of Lake Michigan. All of the Ottawa returned to their own village, except Shab-eh-nay, who stayed through the winter.
Within a year he married Pa-kwuk-no-quah (Pokanoka), daughter of Spotka, Chief of the Potawatoni. His band grew crops such as corn and beans, and hunting animals from deer to prairie chickens. Shab-eh-nay and the Potawatomi lived peacefully on their ancestral homeland.
Shab-eh-nay fought with the British against the Americans in the War of 1812. He was second in command to Tecumseh. When Tecumseh was killed, Shab-eh-nay made a vow that if he were to escape death or capture; he would seek a path of peace – which he did faithfully for the rest of his life.
Shab-eh-ney returned to his Potawatomi village, located in Southern DeKalb County. Shortly thereafter Chief Spotka died, and Shab-eh-nay was elected Chief, not only because of his marriage to Spotka's daughter, but because of his leadership, courage and diplomacy. He also became a peace chief for the “Three Fires Nation”, a group including Potawatomi, Ottawa and Chippewa, deciding questions of tribal law and settling squabbles between Indians and the settlers.

Shab-eh-nay was interested in the welfare of both Indians and settlers. The newcomers taught him how to grow better crops and Shab-eh-nay shared his knowledge of nature – especially the medicinal powers of plants.
In 1827, the Winnebago planned an attack on the frontier village of Chicago; Shab-eh-nay rode to Fort Chicago to warn the white men. In 1832, he made a heroic ride when Blackhawk planned a raid to reclaim Indian land. The 54 year old Potawatomi Chief rode 48 hours to warn settlers through unmapped forest and vast prairies to prevent bloodshed of both settlers and Indians.
In gratitude for his peacemaking efforts, the United States, in Article III of the 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien, reserved 1,280 acres of land for Chief Shab-eh-nay and his Band. These lands were historically occupied by the Potawatomi in what is now DeKalb County, Illinois. All other Native Americans were forced to go west of the Mississippi.
On this reserved Tribal land, which includes the site of this sign, the Chief Shabbona Forest Preserve, the Shabbona Lake State Park, and nearby Village of Shabbona (which all bear his name), Shab-eh-nay and his family lived from 1836-1845. But, because Shab-eh-nay made trips west of the Mississippi to visit relatives, the land was declared forfeited and sold to settlers in 1849.
The Chief felt deeply betrayed when he returned to discover his land sold. For 7 years he wandered with his family until a 20 acre tract was bought and given to him by supportive settlers near Morris. Although a cabin was erected for him there, he preferred to eat and sleep beneath the big sky under the watchful eye of the “Great Spirit”.
Shab-eh-nay died in 1859 and is buried alongside his wife, Pa-kwuk-no-quah at Evergreen Cemetery in Morris.

(Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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