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Route of the Southern Overland Mail Line

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Texas, Coke County, near Bronte
One mile southeast to Fort Chadbourne, a station on the Butterfield Mail and Stage Line, which linked St. Louis and San Francisco, 1858-1861. The fort was established in 1852, occupied until its surrender to State forces in 1861, and garrisoned at times after the Civil War.

(Communications • Forts, Castles • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Southern Overland Mail, 1858-1861

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Texas, Coke County, near Bronte
Passed near this site, providing for the first time combined passenger and mail service between Pacific and Atlantic Coasts. Operating west from St. Louis and Memphis, John Butterfield’s company used 1350 horses and mules and 90 Concord coaches and wagons.
     Stage traveled at a run, despite lack of good roads. A signal given approaching a station would have fresh horses ready and food on the table for crew and passengers. Route had stations 12 to 113 miles apart, and was sometimes changed to get water. Crew and passengers wore guns; to reduce danger of Indian attacks, mules (less coveted than horses) were used weest of Ft. Belknap. The trip one way took 25 days—seven spent crossing Texas, from Preston (now under Lake Texoma) to Jacksboro, Ft. Belknap, Ft. Chadbourne and El Paso. One way fare for the 2700 miles was $200. Passengers rarely stopped off, because they might not find seats on a later stage. Merchants in Jacksboro and other towns used Butterfield’s light freight service to make mail-order sales.
     Greatest contribution of the Overland stage was its carrying news; coaches also brought mail from the west one to 10 days faster than it came by ship.
     Service was ended in 1861 by the Civil War.

(Communications • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Poe Chapel

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Texas, Runnels County, near Winters
Named in honor of William Wyatt Poe, who came to Texas from his native Alabama in late 1870. Married Jerusha Evaline Cline in 1885; had ten children.
     Moved family to Runnels County, 1904. Gave land for school and church buildings. Was school trustee. Three sons were later on school board.
     Family active in farming, civic and church affairs. Son, Howard, introduced 4-row tractor farming to area in 1930. Upon W.W. Poe’s death, 1945, each child inherited a farm. Land is still farmed mainly by his grandsons.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Peggy's Cove

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Nova Scotia, Halifax Regional Municipality, Peggy's Cove
This picturesque village and lighthouse are among the most photographed places in Canada. A romantic folk tale is told about how the Cove got its name. Young Peggy was traveling to Halifax to meet her fiance when the ship she was in foundered on the rocks. She was rescued by local folk, and when visitors went to see her they would say they were going to see “Peggy of the Cove.”

Collision of crustal plates beneath the ocean floor forced molten material to the surface, which solidified as grey-white coarse-grained granite. The rocks have been here for 350 million years, give or take a few million; the crustal plates are still moving but no more than an inch a century, and there hasn’t been a(glac?)ier hereabouts for 10,000 years. Enjoy and be careful, especially when venturing on the rocks. And please be considerate of villager’s private property.

Peggy’s Cove is home to friendly fishermen, the nearby barrens are a controlled conservation area, and the irresistible sea, as it has for millions of years, still breaks on the immovable shore.

The Halifax Foundation and the Halifax Regional Municipality Millennium Committee are pleased to present the “Markers of Distinction” program as a cooperative project to celebrate 250 years of Halifax-Darmouth history, and the arrival of the new millennium, in 1999-2000.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Peggy's Cove

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Nova Scotia, Halifax Regional Municipality, Peggy's Cove
Peggy’s Cove Lighthouse Built in 1868, the first lighthouse at Peggy’s Cove consisted of a wooden house topped by a beacon, Each evening, the lighthouse keeper lit a kerosene oil lamp magnified by a catoptric reflector (a silver-plated mirror) creating the red light, which marked the eastern entrance to St. Margaret’s Bay. In 1914, an octagon-shaped lighthouse built of concrete and reinforced steel, standing nearly 15 m (50 ft.) high, replaced the old structure and is the very lighthouse you see here today. The old lighthouse keeper’s dwelling remained next to the current lighthouse until it was damaged by Hurricane Edna in 1954.

The lighthouse was manned until 1958, when it became automated. Several changes have occurred over the years, including the switch from a red to white lens, then to a green light in the late 1970s. During the summer months the lower level serves as the village post office from where visitors can send postcards and letters. Each piece of mail receives a special cancellation mark in the shape of the lighthouse.

The Cove The village of Peggy’s Cove was founded in 1811 when the province of Nova Scotia issued a grant entitling six families to over 800 acres of land. Building their community around the Cove, the settlers relied on fishing as the mainstay of their economy, but also planted gardens where the soil was fertile and used the lands surrounding the village to pasture cattle.

In the early years many artists and photographers flocked to Peggy’s Cove, and as road travel improved, the number of visitor’s grew. Today the population is much smaller but Peggy’s Cove still remains a working fishing village as well as a favourite tourist destination.

The Great Atlantic The rise and fall of the Atlantic tide varies between 1.5 and 2 m (4 an 6 ft.) while water temperature ranges between 10º and 15º C (50º to 60º F) in the summer and falls to between .5º and 4.5º C (33º to 40º F) in the winter. The ocean keeps our temperatures moderate year-round.

A combination of the shape of the ocean floor and various ocean current creates a rich diversity of marine life along the Atlantic Coast. Flowing south from the Arctic past Nova Scotia, the Labrador Current cools the water during the summer, while offshore, the Gulf Stream, traveling northwest from the Caribbean to northern Europe, warms our waters. This mixing of waters has brought unusual Arctic and tropical species to St. Margaret’s Bay. Regular visitors include bluefin tuna as well as white-sided and white-beaked dolphins. Whale are often sighted and endangered Atlantic leatherback turtles occasionally visit our waters.

Geology This unique landscape has been shaped by the action of glaciers and the ocean. Approximately 20,000 years ago, an ice ridge moving south from Canada’s Arctic Region covered all of North America. This ice melted, shifted and scooped away large portions of rock, vegetation and topsoil. Over time rising sea levels filled these areas with water, forming coves and inlets. Large boulders, lifted by the ice, were carries many miles and deposited upon the landscape as the ice receded, leaving rugged barrens. The movement of the glacial ice and rocks also left scouring marks, or deep scratches in the bedrock that can still be seen today.

In an effort to preserve the unique beauty of the area, Peggy’s Cove has been declared a preservation area. Passed in 1962, the Peggy’s Cove Commission Act prohibits development in the lans surrounding the Village and restricts development within Peggy’s Cove. The area encompasses 2000 acres of land, stretching from Indian Harbour to West Dover. This environmentally sensitive area includes barrens, bogs, inland ponds and rocky coastline; please tread lightly.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Camp Pond Creek & Fort Wallace on the BOD

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Kansas, Wallace County, near Wallace
In 1865 David Butterfield opened the 592-mile long Smoky Hill route from Atchison, Kansas to Denver, Colorado. His new line cut nearly tow days from the Platte River route used by most freighters. The first wagon train along Butterfield's route left Atchison on June 25, 1865, accompanied by a military escort. Stages began running along the route after several way stations were built. The first stage, with Butterfield on board arrived in Denver after only twelve days on the trail. The Butterfield Overland Dispatch (BOD) initially was a great success, offering tri-weekly express service between Atchison and Denver.

Pond Creek Station in Wallace County, a home station along the BOD, was laid out in September 1865. Home stations provided meals for passengers and fresh draft animals for the stage. A two-story wood station building, a stable, and three dugouts that served as rifle pits were build close together and joined by underground tunnels for defense. A stone corral for livestock and a rock enclosure for hay storage were located nearby.

Objecting to increased traffic across their lands, some Native Americans caused great problems for the BOD and other travelers, especially in western Kansas, from 1865 to 1867. Several stations were attacked and burned, stages were waylaid, and a number of drivers, passengers, and Indians were killed.

In September 1865 Camp Pond Creek, a military post, was established near Pond Creek Station (see map). This post initially was garrisoned by H Company, 2nd U.S. Cavalry, consisting of ex-Confederate soldiers some-times called “Galvanized Yankees.” The next spring the post was moved about three miles east and renamed Fort Wallace in honor of General William H.L. Wallace, who died during the Civil War. Troops stationed at Fort Wallace spent much of their time providing military escorts for stages and freight wagons, and protecting construction crews building the Kansas Pacific Railroad. In 1870 the railroad was completed to Denver. Fort Wallace continued as an active military post until May 31, 1882, when the final abandonment order was given. By an Act of Congress on October 19, 1888, the Fort Wallace Military Reservation was ordered sold.

(Forts, Castles • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Last Indian Fight in Osborne County

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Kansas, Osborne County, near Osborne
Last Indian Fight
in Osborne County
July 3, 1870
200 yds S of this spot
near
Bullock Bros Ranch


(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Familia Diaz Cafe

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California, Ventura County, Santa Paula
Jose Angel Diaz and Josepha De La Torre came to Santa Paula from Mexico with their parents. They met in 1916 while working at Limoneira Packing House, married in 1919 and started the first cafe at their home in 1935. In 1936 they moved into a larger building on this site, the family home and cafe for 10 years.

Antonio and Celia Diaz came into the family business in 1952. Dan and Sandra Diaz joined their parents in 1980. A few years later, the cafe was enlarged and the name changed to Familia Diaz.

The Familia Diaz cafe has become a part of the cultural and social history of Ventura County, after 55 years and three generations.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Prairie Flower Garden

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Kansas, Brown County, Everest


The Hutchison family's roots run deep in Kansas. Both Ted and Betty were born near Huron, Kansas where their parents and grandparents lived before them. Ted and Betty married in 1938 and after farming east of Everest during the early 1940's, they moved to Everest with their three young children, Sharon, Tom and Peggy. Life on the farm had been good for the family but Ted decided to participate in a different way in the economic growth that had begun following the war. He owned and operated the Hutchison Implement Company from 1949 to 1962 and in 1956 was awarded an "Appreciation Day" by Allis-Chalmers Corporation for Hutchison Implements 1955 sales achievement. The entire community was invited to celebrate the event - more than 2,800 were treated to a barbeque pork and beef lunch on main street while the Everest High School Band entertainment. Betty was a book-keeper and Ted's number one cheerleader as he developed the business and the best Mom a child could hope for according to their children.

(Agriculture • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Shubenacadie Canal, Port Wallace

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Nova Scotia, Halifax Regional Municipality, Dartmouth
From 1826 to 1831, canal labourers constructed two locks and the “deep cut” between Lake Charles and Lake Micmac. During these years, upwards of 250 workers and their families lived here. The locks were rebuilt and operated between 1858 and 1870.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Captain / Capitaine James Cook

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Nova Scotia, Halifax Regional Municipality, Halifax
English
Before the voyages that brought him world fame as Captain Cook, this British Royal Navy officier complied navigational charts for the coasts of Quebec and Nova Scotia. While based in Halifax from 1758 to 1762, he learned triangulation and other valuable skills, which later enabled him to produce the first scientific, large-scale hydrographic survey of the dangerous coast of Newfoundland. His charts were to remain standard for a century. Cook’s masterful work prompted the Admiralty to choose him to lead three voyages to the Pacific, where his superior skills yielded a rich legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge.

French
Avant les expéditions qui firent sa renommée, cet officier de la marine royale britannique dressa de cartes de navigation pour les côtes du Québec et de la Nouvelle-Écosse. En poste à Halifax de 1758 à 1762, il apprit la triangulation et d’autres habiletés qui l’aidèrent à réaliser la premier levé hydrographique scientifique à grand échelle des côtes périlleuses de Terre-Neuve. Ses cartes firent autorité durant un siècle. Ce travail remarquable incita l’Amirauté à le nommer à la tête de trois voyages d’exploration dans la Pacifique, où ses talents exceptionnels permirent de réaliser de grands avancées pour la science.

(Exploration) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War and Cuban Veterans Monument

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Wisconsin, Kewaunee County, Kewaunee

Erected to the Memory of the
Soldiers and Marines of Kewaunee County
Who Fought for Freedom
in
1861 to 1865

————

Also to Those Who Fought for
the Liberty of Cuba
in 1898


1861 - 1865 - 1898

(War, Spanish-American • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Allegheny River Watershed

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Pennsylvania, Warren County, Mead
The Allegheny River rises from a spring in Potter County in north central Pennsylvania, 130 miles upstream of the Kinzua Dam, flowing northwest into New York then southwest into Pennsylvania again. The Iroquois and Shawnee Indians who lived along the river referred to it as the "O Hi Yo." The Iroquois who inhabited western Pennsylvania considered the Allegheny to be the upper part of the Ohio River. Iroquois Ohio means "beautiful river." When the Delaware, an Algonquin people, moved to western Pennsylvania in the 18th century and displaced the Iroquois, they translated Iroquoian Ohio into Delaware, yielding welhik-heny, "most beautiful stream." The name Welhik-heny was then anglicized as Allegheny.

Kinzua Dam and Allegheny Reservoir
Construction of Kinzua Dam, the only flood control project on the river, was completed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1965. It created a 24-mile long reservoir. The dam lies eight miles upstream of Warren, PA and 195 miles upstream of Pittsburgh, PA.

The Allegheny's zigzag course south
Designated a Wild and Scenic River downstream of the dam, the Allegheny River flows in a broad zigzag course southward across Western Pennsylvania, flowing past Warren, Tidioute, Tionesta, Oil City, and Franklin. The river was important for coal and lumber transportation before railroads. The river now is important for recreation for many people and continues to provide valuable wildlife habitat.

Where does it end?
From the small spring in Potter County to Point State Park in Pittsburgh, the river flows 325 miles. In Pittsburgh it joins with the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River. Water from the Allegheny eventually flows down the Ohio River and the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.

What is a watershed?
Simply stated, it is an area of land which water flows across or under on its way to a stream, river, or lake. Think of a watershed as a funnel. We all live in a watershed. You and everyone in your community ar a part of that watershed community. Watersheds are natural systems that link the land and water resources and the living organisms, including people, within its boundaries. How we live on the land affects the quality and quantity of the resources within the watershed. So whatever factors impact the water quality here at Big Bend, these factors also influence the water quality in the Ohio River watershed and the Mississippi River watershed.

Water
Water Resources Education Network
This panel has been partially funded by the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania Citizen Education Fund under a grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.

(Environment • Native Americans • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Raven and the Sun

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Maryland, Montgomery County, Bethesda

The carvings on this bench depict a story from the Salish people of the northwestern United States and British Columbia, Canada. The story explains how Raven delivered the sun, moon, stars, and fire to humanity. These treasures are necessary for human survival, but came at the cost of Raven’s suffering. A powerful shaman, hostile toward people, had kept them hidden beneath the sea. Raven, disguised as a white owl, was able to win the shaman’s trust and grab the treasures. Raven then released them one by one for the benefit of humanity. When Raven carried the Sun his feathers were burned black and his claws shriveled, because he had to carry it so high and so long before he let it go in the sky.

This bench and carvings are from a western red cedar tree used for the 9/11 Pentagon totem pole.

Symbols and colors on this bench:

Sun:          Healing energy, guardian of the earth by day
Raven:      Creation and knowledge—bringer of the light
Red:         Blood, valor
Black:       Power
White:      Skies and spacious heavens

(Native Americans • Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

D.A.A. Buck Home

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New York, Orleans County, Medina
1840-1904
D.A.A. Buck Home
Inventor of the Waterbury
watch and builder of the
smallest steam engine in
the world. Invented Medina's
first clock, the "Monitor".

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bear and the Steelhead

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Maryland, Montgomery County, Bethesda
The carvings on this bench depict a story from the Salish people of the northwestern United States and British Columbia, Canada. The story teaches respect for natural cycles, represented by the salmon’s annual migration upriver from the sea to freshwater breeding grounds. Salmon Woman created the cycle when people who depended on the fish for food took the year-round abundance for granted and abused the resource. After Bear defied warnings not to harvest the fish in their breeding grounds, all salmon except the steelhead (the only one he had not disturbed) died. Today, it is only the steelhead that survives spawning and returns year after year to breed, while other salmon species die in the spawning beds. The proper time to catch the salmon is based on the tides that are controlled by the Moon.

This bench and carvings are from a western red cedar tree used for the 9/11 Pentagon totem pole.

Symbols and colors in this bench:
Moon:    Protector and guardian of the earth by night
Salmon:  Dependability and renewal—the provider
Bear:      Strength, learned humility, motherhood and teaching
Red:       Blood, valor
Black:    Power
White:    Skies and spacious heavens
Yellow:  Sun, light and happiness


(Native Americans • Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Church that Named a Community

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Maryland, Montgomery County, Bethesda
The Church that Named a Community was built on this site in 1820 and called Bethesda House of Mercy. The entire district came to be called by that name.
The community of Bethesda is known the world over as a center of Healing.
This marker is erected by the
Chevy Chase Chapter
Daughters of the American Revolution
February 1958


(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Grover Cleveland Alexander

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Nebraska, Howard County, St. Paul
Grover Cleveland Alexander, the third winningest pitcher in major league baseball history, was born near Elba, Nebraska, on February 26, 1887. After pitching for local and minor league teams, Alexander signed with the Philadelphia Phillies. In 1911, his first season, he amassed twenty-eight victories, still a rookie record. In a career that included stints with the Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals, "Alexander the Great" compiled 373 victories; ninety shutouts, a National League record; and a major league record of sixteen shutouts in a season. Military service and bouts with epilepsy and alcoholism probably limited his career totals.

Renowned for pinpoint control, Alexander threw one of baseball's most famous strikeouts in the seventh game of the 1926 World Series. Pitching in relief for the Cardinals, the veteran righthander, then called "Old Pete," struck out the Yankees' Tony Lazerri with the bases loaded.

In 1938 Alexander was among the first thirteen inductees to baseball's Hall of Fame. He died in St. Paul, Nebraska, on November 4, 1950. In "The Winning Team," Alexander's 1952 film biography, the baseball immortal was portrayed by Ronald Reagan.

(Sports) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Needham Memorial Park

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Nova Scotia, Halifax Regional Municipality, Halifax
This marker is composted exclusively pictures and their captions. There is a left side and a right side to the marker. Captions are presented left to right, then top to bottom. Click on the marker image to enlarge it.

Left side
• This view from Fort Needham was drawn and engraved by Lieutenant Colonel Edward Hick, a British officier stationed in Halifax with the 70th Regiment of Foot from 1778 to 1782. The fort consisted of wooden buildings, for the defence of the Dockyard. Later fortifications, on George’s Island, Point Pleasant and the Citadel made Fort Needham of less importance and the fort was allowed to deteriorate, leaving little trace.

Fort Needham is part of the field of egg-shaped hills or drumlins left from glaciers that crossed the region c. 20,000 years ago. The topographic map shows the site of Fort Needham (marked with (bell)) and water depth of the harbour.

On the morning of December, 6, 1917, two ships, the Norwegian Imo and the French Mont- Blanc, which carried a full cargo of munitions bound for the war in France, collided. Sparks ignited the barrels of benzol on its deck. The fire quickly spead to the munitions, causing a spectacular cloud of smoke and flashes of flame. The burning ship remained afloat for nearly twenty minutes, drifting ever closer to the busy docks and to Richmond. This gave time for people, seemingly unaware of the danger, to gather, some on Fort Needham, to watch the exciting spectacle. Seconds before 9:05 a.m., touching Pier 6, Mont-Blanc exploded, its thick steel shattering into fragments that flew over a radius of more than three miles.

• A thick, oily fog covered the area. Wooden houses were smashed, factories destroyed, adding to the toll of death and injuries. Final figures, in this - the largest pre-atomic man-made explosion, listed over two thousand killed, many thousand injured, nine thousand left homeless.

• The area of complete devastation lay around Fort Needham like an apron. S.S. Imo was beached against the Dartmouth shore.

The map produced for the Halifax Relief Commission created in January 1918 to take over relief organization, shows the extent of the devastation and damage of the explosion.

• Crews cleared up the wreckage of all that remained of the once thriving district of Richmond.

• Construction of the row of streets and the stores between Novalea Drive (formerly Gottingen Street), where it borders Fort Needham, and Isleville Street began in September 1918. They were built of blocks of a type of cement, called hydrostone. The material gave this district its name …The Hydrostone. The design was by British planner Thomas Adams, known for garden cities. Houses, originally for those who had been left homeless, and stores, were rented by the Halifax Relief Commission for over fifty years before being sold. The Commission gave the funds to create the Fort Needham Memorial Park.

Right side
•The 1910 Panorama for the Dartmouth Shore shows the settlement known as Richmond. Industries, railway and docks had been built along the harbour, giving plentiful employment. Among them was the Acadia Sugar Refinery, the tallest building east of Montreal (center of panorama). There were churches, schools and variety of stores.

•Damage to the houses on this part of Gottingen Street, sheltered by Fort Needham, was very serious, but they did not catch fire.

•The snowstorm that began on December 7 covered the devastation and made rescue work more difficult. These ruins are the remains of the Acadia Sugar Refinery.

•Postcards, like this one of Hills & Sons Foundry, where forty one workers died, were issued soon after the event.

•Four churches were demolished in the blast. Presbyterians and Methodists later decided to share one new building. It became the United Memorial Church. In its towner was hung a carillon of bells, given by Barbara Orr, in memory of her mother, father, two sisters and three brothers, all of whom were killed. The family home and printing works were wrecked. The weight and vibration prove too much for the towner, and the bells were removed. In 1985 the new tower was dedicated. Designed by Keith Graham, it represented the jagged ruins, and with is upward thrust, hope for the future. As she had done in 1921, Barbara once more played the carillon, this time on a keyboard inside the towner, not with great levers as before. The Memorial Bell Tower overlooks Richmond Street, which leads to the site of the former Pier 6, where the burning ship blew up, and also the reconstructed area that was once Richmond, destroyed in the Halifax Explosion of December 6, 1917.

(Disasters • Forts, Castles • War, World I) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dedicated to All Military Veterans

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New York, Orleans County, Medina
Dedicated to all
military veterans
who have served
unselfishly in the
defense of our
nation's freedom

(Military) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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