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Guitar Slim

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Mississippi, Leflore County, near Greenwood

Front
Eddie Lee “Guitar Slim” Jones brought new levels of energy and intensity to electric guitar playing with his raw, incendiary approach in the 1950s. An impassioned singer and a flamboyant showman, Jones was best known for his classic recording "Things That I Used To Do." Documentation of his early years is scant, but according to biographies, he was born in Greenwood on December 10, 1926. His father, Sam Jones, later lived on Race Track Plantation and is buried in the Salem M. B. Church Cemetery here.

Rear
Guitar Slim was the hottest name in the blues world in 1954 when he burst out of New Orleans with the smash hit “The Things That I Used to Do,” but in the Mississippi Delta where he was born and raised, people still knew him as Eddie Jones, a choir boy turned jitterbug dancer. Jones, whose mother died when he was a child, spent only his first few years in the Greenwood area and grew up in Hollandale with his maternal grandmother Mollie Edwards. Jones first attracted attention there for his sensational dancing, earning nicknames like “Limber Leg Eddie” or “Rubber Legs.” After Jones returned home from World War II service, Delta bluesmen Willie D. Warren and Little Bill Wallace recruited him to join them to perform in Arkansas and Louisiana. Jones, also known for his ability to imitate Louis Jordan and other singers at the time, ended up on his own in New Orleans where he first played the streets and house parties but soon emerged with a freshly developed command of the guitar and a new name, “Guitar Slim.” Guitarist Robert Nighthawk had been an early inspiration in Hollandale, but it was Texas maestro Gatemouth Brown whose style impacted Slim the most.

His recording of “The Things That I Used to Do” was the biggest rhythm & blues hit of 1954 and one of the three top R&B records of the entire ‘50s decade, according to Billboard magazine. Guitar Slim never had another hit of such proportions, but he thrilled audiences from coast to coast with his exciting live performances. Decked out in brightly colored suits and shoes with hair sometimes dyed to match or contrast, he combined dancing acrobatics with his guitar work, often strolled out the door with a 50- to 350-foot cord (estimates vary) to play guitar, and sang with the fervor of a fire-and-brimstone preacher. His offstage party life was just as wild. A troubled and serious side came through, however, in his heartfelt original lyrics, enough so that Atco Records advertised in 1958: “Guitar Slim is a philosopher. His songs are exclusively concerned with the earthy truisms of life.” The fast life finally wore Guitar Slim down and he succumbed to pneumonia in New York City on February 7, 1959. He was reportedly 32, although some documents suggest he may have been about two years older.

Guitar Slim has been cited as a major influence by many blues and rock guitarists, from Buddy Guy, Chick Willis, and Lonnie Brooks to Frank Zappa, Stevie Ray Vaughan, and Billy Gibbons, and he has been called the predecessor of Jimi Hendrix for the free-spirited, ferocious way he attacked his guitar. He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 2007.

(African Americans • Arts, Letters, Music • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Lincoln Highway in La Porte County

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Indiana, LaPorte County, La Porte
French fur traders came to Northwest Indiana in the 1600's. A natural opening through the forest served as a gateway to the prairies beyond. They called this opening, La Porte, meaning, “the door”, from which the county received its name.

La Porte County became the second largest county in geographic area (608 square miles) in Indiana and was organized in 1832. Fur traders and early settlers used the Sauk Trail that had been created by Native Americans who lived in and traveled through this area.
(Paraphrased from Jan Shupert-Arick’s book The Lincoln Highway Across Indiana.)

(Top Row Image Captions from left to right)
Bob’s Bar-B-Q - Beginning in the 1920's Bob’s Bar-B-Q was a popular stop on the Lincoln Highway and is one that is still remembered by the local old timers. Located near the junction of Indiana 2 (Lincoln Highway) and U.S. 20 in Rolling Prairie, it remains a busy eatery. Now known as Jennie Rae’s, the slogan is “Where our family meets yours.”
(Courtesy Jennie Rae’s)

Downtown La Porte, 1954 The American Restaurant, now B&J’s American Café at 607 Lincoln Way, was built in 1915. The restaurant continues to be a favorite stop for Lincoln Highway tourists. The café has been owned by the Pappas family for 90 years.
(Courtesy John Pappas)

The Hotel Rumely, 800 Michigan Avenue, is now the restored Rumely Historic Apartments. Built in 1912, the 100 room hotel opened in 1913. It was a popular overnight stay for Lincoln Highway travelers. According to an advertisement in the 1915 Complete Official Road Guide of the Lincoln Highway the rooms were fireproof, modern throughout, and used the European plan with rates of $1.00 and up. Rooms with baths were $1.50 and up. “Special Attention Given to Automobile Parties”.
(Courtesy Russell Rein.)

Lincoln Highway Day in La Porte, June 25, 1915. The Lincoln Highway Association made a film of scenes along the Lincoln Highway and La Porte was one of 65 cities represented. The thousands of people attending witnessed the greatest industrial parade in the history of La Porte. After the parade, LH Field Secretary H.C. Ostermann selected Miss Dorothy Dolan as the prettiest girl from the La Porte Bay Tree Inn basketball team float. Dorothy is pictured riding in the official Lincoln Highway Car, a Stutz.
(Courtesy John Pappas)

(Middle Row Image Captions from left to right)
The Interurban (Northern Indiana Railway) was the means of travel that used trolley or street cars. The interurban ran down Main Street (now Lincoln Way) in La Porte from 1902 to 1934. The street cars connected La Porte with Michigan City, South Bend and beyond. The automobile brought about its demise. Note the blankets covering the auto radiators.
(Courtesy La Porte County Historical Society)

Munson Company Today a hybrid car is viewed as a new innovation. However America’s first gasoline-electric hybrid was built on April 25, 1898 by the Munson Company of La Porte. The factory was located on the corner of Michigan Avenue and Washington Street. The “horseless carriage” was produced here between 1896 and 1902. Only four Munson automobiles were manufactured in La Porte.
(Courtesy Dennis Horvath, Photo, La Porte County Historical Society.)

The Current New York Central Depot was built to take the place of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Depot that burned in 1907. It was constructed by Lawson and Danielson in 1909-10, with a passenger/ticket office and a baggage express building. The platform with a roof in between the buildings was added later. A tunnel was built between the buildings to convey the baggage. The depot was restored and dedicated in 2009. It is now the home of the La Porte Chamber of Commerce and the Economic Development Corporation.
(Courtesy La Porte County Historical Society.)

The La Porte County Courthouse. Two courthouses have been built on this site prior to the present one, built in 1892-94. It is built of Lake Superior red sandstone.
(Courtesy La Porte County Historical Society)

(Bottom Row Image Captions from left to right)
Pinhook Methodist Church Located west of La Porte on State Road 2, this church was built on an old Indian trail that became part of the Lincoln Highway in 1913. Erected in 1847, the church was built out of hand-hewn walnut logs. Originally the front entry had two door openings, one for men and one for the women. Restored in 1989, the church is the oldest church building in La Porte County and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
(Courtesy Phyllis Marks.)

Westville Lincoln Highway Baseball Team John Jerome was born in 1885 and was a member of the team called “Lincoln Highway” because players lived in and around Westville on the Lincoln Highway. At that time (1915) there were many local ball teams.
(Courtesy Mike Fleming, Westville Historical Society)

At the Monon Railroad (removed) site in downtown Westville, at Lincoln funeral marker, the La Porte County Parks Department is planning a bike and walking trail. The trail leading north will be called the Lincoln Memorial Trail. It will continue to Michigan City and Lake Michigan with other names, providing many parking trail heads.
(Courtesy Jim Bevins.)

Wanatah This image captures a view of the Richman House in 1893. The house still stands today at 10351 W. U.S. 30. William and Augusta Richman raised 9 children here. William was the president of the Wanatah State Bank and a prosperous farmer. This house sat just north of the original Lincoln Highway until it was moved further north when the Lincoln Highway, (by then U.S. 30) was made a 4-lane highway.
(Courtesy Wanatah Historical Society)

Hanna This photo is of Hanna’s principal business section at the corner of West Street (old Lincoln Highway) and Thompson Street in the early 1900's. Shown are the Denison and the Grieger Bros. store buildings.
(Courtesy Hanna Historical Society)


(Railroads & Streetcars • Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Lincoln Highway

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Indiana, LaPorte County, La Porte


How It All Began

     The time was 1912. One million plus motor vehicles were in use in America, primarily in urban settings. To that time only eight recorded motor car travelers had ventured a trip across America. Paved roads were rare beyond city limits and interurban automobile travel was difficult and nearly impossible after heavy rain. Of approximately 2,199,600 miles of rural road only 190,476 miles (8.66%) had improved surfaces of gravel, sand-clay, brick, shells, oiled earth, or macadam. All improvements were through local efforts. East of the Mississippi River roads were prevalent, but west of the Mississippi, road conditions deteriorated dramatically. America’s highway system was a disorganized series of roads from place to place and from town to town via pioneer trails, Native American trails and Pony Express routes. Railroads and steamships were the principal modes of long distance travel.
     Auto manufacturers continued to produce automobiles and component manufacturers were supplying parts for the car makers and for repair beyond the factory. Citizens had vehicles to drive but little opportunity or incentive to travel by automobile from town to town, let alone far from town.
     Indiana-born Carl Fisher, owner of Prest-O-Lite Corporation, maker of carbide fueled auto lamps, realized the need for improved roads to provide interurban travel. He conceived the idea of a “Coast to Coast Rock Road”. Fisher also had a great business sense and so, invited auto manufacturers and automotive parts suppliers to a banquet at the Athenaeum (German House) in Indianapolis to present his idea.
     At that meeting Fisher encouraged donations to the venture and received pledges of approximately one million dollars, $300,000 of which was donated by Frank Seiberling, President of Goodyear Tire Company of Akron, Ohio.
     Henry Joy, Packard Motor Car Company President, proposed the road be named “The Lincoln Highway” in honor of Abraham Lincoln, our nation’s 16th President. On July 1, 1913 the Lincoln Highway Association was established and Henry Joy became President. On July 7, Henry Joy with a Packard Twin Six began a tour from Detroit to San Francisco to decide upon a direct route.
     On July 1, Carl Fisher led a group of motorists in seventeen touring cars followed by two trucks carrying spare tires and supplies from Indianapolis to San Francisco to solidify the route and demonstrate the need for an improved trans-continental paved highway. The thirty four day trip generated a wealth of publicity and excitement.
     By 1915 the official route of the Lincoln Highway was established and The Complete Official Road Guide was published. The Lincoln Highway from Times Square in New York, traversed thirteen states and ended at Lincoln Park in San Francisco, California. This route ran 3,389 miles and was a true Coast-to-Coast “continuous improved highway from Atlantic to Pacific.” Existing roadbeds were chosen, along with new sections to be built by local supporters and governments to complete the path.
     The time was right. San Francisco, devastated by the great earthquake of 1906 was rebuilt, alive and well and was hosting the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition, a World’s Fair commemorating the recent opening of the Panama Canal and the four hundredth anniversary of Vasco de Balboa’s discovery of the Pacific Ocean. Motorists had good reason to venture west on the Lincoln Highway.
     Between 1912 and 1915 much took place to promote the Highway’s growth and popularity across the land. For example:
  • The Lincoln Highway Association had established and marked a definite route.
  • The Complete Official Road Guide of 1915 provided travel information from state to state noting hotels, fuel stops, travel supply locations and points of interest. The guide offered a list of supplies recommended for the trip including shovel, rope, block and tackle, spare tires, skid chains, tent, cook stove, and large canvas water bags.
  • The Association later published strip maps of each state, seventeen in all, showing the towns through which to travel and the distance between them.
  • In cities and towns along the way the LH Association designated a Consul, an individual who was available to provide local information for supplies, repair, meals, lodging, and road conditions in both directions. The motorist could verify his/her mileage and reset the odometer to zero if desired, knowing the distance to the next point.
  • The familiar red, white and blue bands with large blue L in the white field on telephone poles assured the Lincoln Highway traveler of the correct route. A painted arrow showed which way to turn or to continue straight ahead.
  • Seedling Miles, mile long stretches of smooth concrete road, strategically constructed between towns pressured communities at both ends to build better roads.
Public enthusiasm for travel brought about the Federal Aid Road Act authorizing $75 million for sturdy all-weather roads. WWI halted progress until it ended in 1918. On July 7, 1919, the U.S. Military formed a convoy to assess road capability for the movement of large numbers of troops and heavy equipment. Lt. Col. Dwight Eisenhower, who later became the nation’s 34th President, was assigned to report events of the journey that began at the White House in Washington, D.C. and followed the Lincoln Highway to San Francisco. The journey proved roads too frail for heavy trucks and too narrow for efficient movement of military personnel and equipment. “Ike’s” report gave rise to what became “The Ideal Section”, and as President he supported the building of the U.S. Interstate highway system.

The Ideal Section was a 1.3 mile section of highway constructed from 1921 to 1923 between Dyer and Schererville, Indiana along the Lincoln Highway. In 1920 the LHA, determined to establish a highway that would for many years survive heavy traffic under variable weather extremes, convened a group of 17 of the nation’s foremost highway engineers to design such a highway. The result was the Ideal Section, a 40-foot wide concrete pavement 10 inches thick, steel reinforced, and 4 lanes wide for two-way traffic. The original road survived until 1997 when that section of U.S. 30 between the Illinois state line and Indianapolis Boulevard was removed and rebuilt to create a wider highway.

     The map above is one example of seventeen such Strip Maps published by the Lincoln Highway Association. The maps directed travelers along the 1915 route from Times Square in New York City, through thirteen states and four state capitals to its terminus in San Francisco at the Panama Pacific International Exposition.
     The bold line shows the original LH route through Indiana. The north route through South Bend was considered more “vehicle friendly” than that to the south. As auto travel increased road quality improved. In 1925 the LHA changed the alignment, represented by the red line from Valparaiso to Fort Wayne. On November 11, 1926 the American Association of State Highways established the current national highway numbering system and the Lincoln Highway across most of the Midwest became U.S. 30.
     Of the thirteen Indiana counties through which the Lincoln Highway passes, La Porte County is one of four the claims the history of both (1915 and 1926) alignments. Over the years the alignments have been modified to provide smoother curves and to bypass towns. Most of both LH alignments in Indiana still exist in well maintained condition. The familiar red, white and blue Lincoln Highway signs erected by the Indiana Lincoln Highway Association, guide travelers through the countryside where they may stop at a friendly diner for a bite to eat or simply enjoy the scenery.
     To assist travelers the LH Association set up Lincoln Highway Control Stations in cities and towns along the route. The Courthouse was La Porte’s Control Station. Judge John C. Richter served as judge on the La Porte Circuit Court and also served as the La Porte Lincoln Highway Consult. He answered questions and provided travel information about the route.
     To promote the Lincoln Highway and draw motorists through towns the association encouraged towns to rename their main streets Lincoln Way.
     Another encouragement to travel was the Seedling Mile, a sixteen foot wide one mile long stretch of concrete paved road between towns to demonstrate the joys of smooth open-road motoring. Portland Cement and other concrete companies donated the concrete and local business and communities provided the manpower and equipment. Indiana received funding for a Seedling Mile in 1916. It was constructed about seven miles east of New Carlisle on what is now U.S. 20 just west of South Bend.

A Lincoln Highway Timeline
  • 1912 - Carl Fisher proposes a “Coast-to-Coast Rock Highway” (Sept.) And raises $1 million in pledges (Oct.); Henry Joy suggests it be named for Abraham Lincoln (Dec.)
  • 1913 - LHA formed in Detroit (July 1st) with Joy as president; “Appeal to Patriots” & public proclamation of LH (Oct. 31st)
  • 1914 - LHA begins financing “seedling miles” to spur wider road-building, promotes “Lincoln Way” street-naming, and begins lobbying effort for public highway funding; LH first marked using bands with “L” painted on poles.
  • 1915 - Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco; Emily Post auto trip; LHA Complete Official Road Guide published
  • 1916 - Road Aid Act provides first federal highway funding
  • 1918 - World War I ends; Frank Seiberling new LHA president
  • 1919 - U.S. Army truck convoy from Washington DC to San Francisco (July-Sept.); last LHA-funded seedling mile
  • 1920 - LHA Field Secretary Henry Ostermann dies in car crash (Gael Hoag succeeds); Newton Gunn new LHA president
  • 1921 - Federal Highway Act authorizes $75 million just for state-designated “primary roads” (7% of total miles)
  • 1922 - The LH “Ideal Section” completed near Dyer, Indiana
  • 1924 - Final edition of LHA Complete Official Road Guidepublished
  • 1926 - Congress approves American Association of State Highway Official (AASHO) plan for numbering U.S. highways; LHA winds up its affairs after approving the marker project
  • 1928 - Boy Scouts mark last LH route using concrete posts with Lincoln’s image in rural areas and signs in cities
  • 1956 - Eisenhower signs Interstate & Defense Highway Act
  • 1992 - Modern LHA formed to preserve and promote the LH
  • 2011 - The Lincoln Highway across Indiana is designated an official state byway.
This information kiosk has been made possible by contributions from the national Lincoln Highway Association, the Indiana Lincoln Highway Association, the City of La Porte, the La Porte County Historical Society and Museum, Jennie Rae’s Restaurant, Jeff and Carol Blair, the Michiana Antique Auto Club, Alcoa, Inc., and many others. Special thanks to Jim Bevins and Fred Sachtleben of the Indiana Lincoln Highway Association and to Fern Eddie Schultz, La Porte County Historian, for long hours of commitment to the successful completion of this project. For more information about the Lincoln Highway, visit: www.IndianaLincolnHighway.org

(Center Top Row Image Captions from left to right)
In 1915 roads were difficult to travel in wet weather. This photo was taken 14 miles east of the Indiana-Illinois state line.
(Courtesy University of Michigan.)

After a heavy rain, getting bogged in gumbo mud was an all too common occurrence. A.F. Bement and Henry Joy - 1915 Nebraska.
(Courtesy University of Michigan.)

The Conestoga wagon, soon to be part of American history, passes Henry Joy’s Packard in 1915.
(Courtesy University of Michigan.)

(Center Upper Middle Row Image Captions from left to right)
The Lincoln Highway route established, the LHA soon began to mark it with signs displaying the familiar “L”.
(Courtesy University of Michigan.)

Henry Joy points to LH marker along the way in Utah, 1915.
(Courtesy University of Michigan.)

Main Street, Westville, IN - 1921. Garage on left and Inn on far right corner had changed their names to Lincoln. The Lincoln Highway brought demand for fuel, auto repairs, food and lodging.
(Courtesy Mike Fleming, Westville, IN photo historian)

LH marker placed by Boy Scouts of America in 1928. On display at La Porte County Historical Society Museum.

(Center Lower Middle Row Image Captions from left to right)
Auto camping in a typical Car Tent. This family was traveling the Lincoln Highway in 1915. There were hotels in town but not in the country.
(Courtesy Fred Sachtleben)

This campsite in North Aurora, IL, had everything a Lincoln Highway traveler might need.
(Courtesy University of Michigan)

Motor courts sprang up along the LH offering convenience and comfort. Wiley’s Camp was located several miles east of La Porte on the site of the rest area at the intersection of U.S. 20 and Oak Knoll Road.
(Courtesy La Porte Historical Society)

(Center Bottom Row Image Captions from left to right)
1919 Lincoln Highway Military Convoy in eastern Wyoming.
(Courtesy University of Michigan)

1919 Lincoln Highway Military Convoy
(Courtesy University of Michigan)

Constructing the Ideal Section
(Courtesy University of Michigan)

Cars and a truck on the 4 lane Ideal Section
(Courtesy University of Michigan)

(Upper Right Corner Image Caption)
Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the U.S.A. This image is a photo of the medallion embedded in a concrete marker, one of 2436 placed across America in September, 1928 by the Boy Scouts of America commemorating the Lincoln Highway and Abraham Lincoln. The marker, one of few remaining, is on display at the La Porte County Historical Society Museum.
(Courtesy Fred Sachtleben)

(Lower Right Corner Image Caption)
The photos above show Indiana’s only Seedling Mile under construction west of South Bend in Warren Township-St. Joseph county.
(Courtesy Historic New Carlisle)

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Diamond Lake Camp

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Minnesota, Kandiyohi County, near Atwater

At the start of the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 settlers around Columbia (now Spencer) hastily formed an oxcart train and started for the stockade at Forest City. On the way to Diamond Lake, the refugees ran into other settlers fleeing from the Eagle Lake area. The two groups joined together and traveled towards Forest City. On August 20, 1862 along the Diamond Lake shore, the two groups of refugees fought a running battle with Dakota warriors. The engagement was broken off in the afternoon and the refugees went on to camp for the night at Wheeler Lake, a few miles to the southeast.

This project has been financed in part with funds provided by
the State of Minnesota through the Minnesota Historical Society from the Arts and
Cultural Heritage Fund and the Kandiyohi County Historical Society.


(Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Markland

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Florida, Saint Johns County, St. Augustine
Markland, the Anderson family home, has been a local landmark since 1843. Dr. Andrew Anderson, a prominent civic leader, laid the foundations of the coquina shellstone house in 1839 just before his death in a yellow fever epidemic. The original house, which forms the east wing of the present building was completed by his widow, Clarissa Anderson.

His son, the second Dr. Andrew Anderson, developed the Markland orange grove, which extended from present-day Cordova St. westward to the San Sebastian River, into one of the most famous groves in Florida, after the Civil War.

As a friend and business associate of Dr. Anderson, Henry M. Flagler purchased the eastern portion of the grove in the 1880's for the site of the Hotel Ponce de Leon.

After the death of Dr. Anderson in 1924, the house was purchased by St. Augustine mayor, Herbert E. Wolfe who sold it to Flagler College in 1968.

(Landmarks) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Edwin A. Alderman

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North Carolina, New Hanover County, Wilmington

Crusader for education. President, UNC, 1896-1900; Tulane, 1900-04; Virginia, 1904-31. This was his birthplace.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

St. Stephen A.M.E. Church

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North Carolina, New Hanover County, Wilmington

Congregation formed in 1865. Present church constructed 1880 on land donated by Geo. Peabody. Located 2 blocks east.

(African Americans • Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Wilmington College

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North Carolina, New Hanover County, Wilmington

Founded in 1947 by New Hanover County. The forerunner of UNC Wilmington operated until 1961 in Isaac Bear Elementary School, which stood 75 feet south.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Johnson Jones Hooper

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North Carolina, New Hanover County, Wilmington

Editor and humorist, creator of “Simon Suggs” and other characters of the Southern frontier. Born in this city, 1815.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Communications) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fighting for Homeland

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New York, Niagara County, Lewiston

British and French Compete for Alliances

Both the French and the British negotiated with American Indian tribes, either to gain their support or to convince them to remain neutral. In Canada, Algonquian tribes; the Ottawa, Huron, Abenaki, and Minimac, allied with the French. Iroquois tribes; the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora, were enemies of the Algonquian and were allied to the British, or remained neutral.

Map based on an early English drawing, distortions resulted from the incomplete data available at the time.

Iroquois Warrior
American Indians were originally armed with bow and arrows, spears, tomahawks, and knives made from wood and stone. Through trade with Europeans, they quickly acquired steel blades for tomahawks and knives, and firearms, and mastered their use. Traditional weapons were still used when it was considered advantageous, such as an ambush.

American Indian Tactics
American Indian tactics were different from those of European armies; warriors could not afford heavy losses in battles because they were depended upon to provide food for their villages. They relied on surprise attacks that would result in minimal loss and spread terror among their enemies. Adapting to these conditions, the British rangers and Canadian milice (militia) learned to fight in the same manner, which was called "La Petite Guerre" (the small war.)

"Savage Warrior Taking Leave of His Family."
Benjamin West, 1763. Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons.

Sir William Johnson and the American Indians
William Johnson appreciated the American Indian culture and worked with the Indians to cultivate an environment of friendship and cooperation. His influence with the Iroquois was critical to the British victory in North America.

"General Johnson Saving a Wounded French Officer from a tomahawk of a North American Indian," Benjamin West, c. 1764-1768. Derby Museums and Art Gallery.

Offerings:
This etching shows an American Indian being addressed by both a British and French officer trying to win his loyalty. As the British officer (left) offers a book, the French officer (right) offers a tomahawk, and the Indian ponders which to accept as he leans on a musket. This image was the cover illustration of the American Magazine, c. 1757, and attributed to Benjamin West.

Key American Indian Actions
1760
• American Indians offer no resistance to the British advance on the last French stronghold, Montreal.
1759
• During the siege of Fort Niagara, the Iroquois warriors fighting for both the French and English met and decided to withdraw from the fighting.
1757
• American Indians accompany Marquis de Montcalm on his expedition against Fort William Henry. 1756 • French and American Indians under the command of Lieutenant Gaspard Joseph Chaussegros de Lery attack the Oneida Carrying Place, destroying Fort Bull. • American Indians accompany Marquis de Montcalm on his expedition against the British forts at Oswego, providing security.
1755
• French and American Indians encircle Major General Edward Braddock's army near Fort Duquesne, inflicting significant casualties and forcing the army to retreat.
• American Indians with both French and British forces engage in fighting one another resulting in the defeat of Baron Dieskau's army by General William Johnson and the death of Mohawk chief King Hendrick.
1754
• Lieutenant Colonel George Washington is attacked by French and allied American Indians at Fort Necessity, forcing its surrender.

American Indian trails connected inland villages to the Great Lakes Seaway Trail.

Seaway Trail, Inc. Corner Ray & West Main St., Sackets Harbor, NY 13685. www.seawaytrail.com America's Byways. This project was funded in part by the Federal Highway Administration and administered by the New York State Scenic Byways Program of the New York State Department of Transportation and Seaway Trail, Inc.

(Native Americans • War, French and Indian) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Salisbury

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Massachusetts, Essex County, Salisbury
Early name Colchester settled in 1638. Name changed to Salisbury in 1640 in compliment to is Puritan clergyman William Worcester of Salisbury, England

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Thacher Point

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New York, Albany County, Voorheesville
At this site, on September 14, 1914, this park was formally dedicated in memory of John Boyd Thacher. His widow, Emma Treadwell Thacher, donated the 350 acres to the state of New York to be preserved as a public park. The Thachers, whose summer home was nearby, had a deep appreciation for the area's scenic beauty.

In 1906 and 1907, John B. Thacher had purchased several adjacent farms along the cliff to protect it from development at a time when limestone was becoming a valuable building material. Because of his foresight and actions, this beautiful natural resource will forever be preserved for future generations.

"Here in future years will come people in search of recreation; students in quest of historical inspiration and geologists to study one of the oldest geological formations of the world. History, happiness, and science all meet on this spot and pay tribute to the memory of the man in whose honor this park was presented to the State and gratitude to the generosity of the lady who made this valued spot a State possession." - Governor Martin Glynn, Dedication Speech, September 14, 1914.

(Charity & Public Work • Environment • Paleontology) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Sturgis Stadium

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Kansas, Geary County, Fort Riley
Named in honor of the Sturgis family.

Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis fought in the Indian Wars for 40 years (1846-1886) to expand the American Frontier in the west.

His son, Major General Samuel D. Sturgis Jr., served in the U.S. Army with distinction for 41 years (1884-1925).

General Sturgis' son, Samuel D. Sturgis Jr., as a First Lieutenant commanded Troop A 9th Mounted Engineer Squadron which in 1933 converted this draw into the present stadium. Twenty years later, Lieutenant General Samuel D. Sturgis Jr. rose to become the Chief of Engineers U.S. Army before retiring from Active Duty in 1956.

The three generations of Sturgis served 119 years of active military service in the United States Army.

(Patriots & Patriotism • Sports • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Franchise

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Wyoming, Albany County, Laramie
The Franchise
by
John D. Baker

The title “The Franchise” refers to the recognition and bestowal of the right of women to vote under full civil equality with men. In 1869, Wyoming became the first state or territory to grant this right.

This act was inspirational to both the women’s suffrage movement and the cause of civil rights throughout the nation. The nineteenth amendment to the United States Constitution would not be ratified until 1920 - fifty years later.

70 year old Louisa Swain became the world’s first woman voter when she cast her ballot one block from this site on the morning of September 6, 1870. This memorial commemorates and celebrates this historic event.

(Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Rev. Charles W. Gordon

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Ontario, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Maxville

Born at Indian Lands (St. Elmo), Gordon was ordained a Presbyterian minister in 1890. He served as a missionary in the North West Territories until 1893 and the following year was called to St. Stephens in Winnipeg. A chaplain during the War of 1914-18, he was Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Canada 1921-22. Under the pen name of Ralph Connor, Gordon became one of Canada's leading authors and wrote such books as "The Man From Glengarry", "The Sky Pilot" and "Glengarry School Days". The themes of many of his novels were drawn from his missionary experiences and boyhood memories of Glengarry.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Churches, Etc. • Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Glengarry Congregational Church

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Ontario, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Maxville

This log structure, completed in 1837, is the oldest remaining chapel in Ontario built by Congregationalists. Its first minister, the Reverend William McKillican (1776-1849), emigrated to Canada from Scotland in 1816, and settled in Glengarry the following year. Here, in 1823, he established one of the earliest congregations of his denomination in Upper Canada and ministered throughout the surrounding region. He was succeeded by his son John (1824-1911) who first preached in this chapel in 1850, and was ordained here the following year. During the next sixty years local attendance diminished, and by about 1912 the building fell into disuse. In 1920 it was sold to the nearby Gordon Presbyterian Church.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Meridian Highway: From Canada to Mexico

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Nebraska, Pierce County, South Branch
The Meridian Road was organized in 1911 by a group of "good roads" boosters. Proposed as a direct north-south automobile route through the central United States. Its name and derived from the Sixth Principal Meridian. In 1912 the route was largely established through six states, connecting Winnipeg, Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Meridian Road, later renamed the Meridian Highway, eventually extended to Mexico and became U.S. Highway 81. In northern Nebraska, the road connected Norfolk, Hadar, Pierce, Wausa, and Crofton, crossing the Missouri River at Yankton, South Dakota. The route of the highway was relocated in 1939, eventually bypassing all of the smaller communities from Norfolk to Yankton.

This marker stands on a segment of the original highway laid out in the fall of 1911, which followed section line roads north and west to Pierce. It includes a steel truss bridge built in 1915 and improvements such a concrete culverts and graveled roadbed dating to the 1920s. This segment has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places and is preserved and maintained by Pierce County.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

MacLeod Settlement

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Ontario, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Dalkeith

In 1793 some forty families, including members of several clans, emigrated from Glenelg, Scotland, under the leadership of Alexander MacLeod and landed at St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island). The following year they came to Glengarry County and petitioned for land. In August, 1794, the majority were authorized to occupy 200 acres each in the vicinity of Kirkhill, which was for many years known as Glenelg. Alexander MacLeod, who was located on this property in 1794, was instrumental in founding one of the earliest Presbyterian parishes in Upper Canada here in Lochiel Township. During the War of 1812 he served as a Captain in the 2nd Regiment of the Glengarry Militia and died March 4, 1850.

(Settlements & Settlers • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Point of Rocks Stage Station

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Wyoming, Sweetwater County, near Point of Rocks
Before the Transcontinental Railroad connected the East and West coasts of the United States, stage coach lines transported both passengers and mail across the country. Stations along the route functioned as pit stops, where horses - tired and hungry from a 10-15 mile run - could be switched for fresh ones.

The larger ‘home stations’, like Point of Rocks, were located about 50 miles apart and provided meals, lodging, wagon parts, and repairs. Between home stations were smaller ‘swing stations’ that simply provided a stop to exchange for fresh horses. From 1862 - 1868, Point of Rocks served as both a home and swing station.

When the Transcontinental Railroad reached Point of Rocks in 1868, it became an important junction where the railroad, the Overland Trail, and a north-south stage line intersected. Supplies and passengers were transferred from rail to stagecoach for the 100-mile trip north to the gold mines near South Pass.

Over time, the sod-roofed station at Point of Rocks also served as a store, schoolhouse, ranch headquarters and home before it was transferred to the State of Wyoming in 1947. The station was restored in 1974.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sioux Army Depot

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Nebraska, Cheyenne County, Sidney
Sioux Army Depot was established on 23 March 1942 as Sioux Ordnance Depot. It was the only U.S. Army Ammunition Depot in Nebraska during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The depot was initially under the command of the U.S. Army Ordnance Department and later the U.S. Army Materiel Command.
Sioux Army Depot’s mission during its entire history was the receipt, storage, and issue of all types of ammunition from small arms to 10,000 pound bombs, all types of general supplies from small automobile pars to jeeps, and various strategic and critical materials.
The depot occupied 19,771 acres and included 801 ammunition storage igloos, 22 general supply warehouses, 392 support buildings, 225 family living quarters, 51 miles of railroad track, and 202 miles of roads. Depot personnel assigned ranged from 625 to 2,161 civilian employees and from 4 to 57 military personnel depending on Army activity.
Sioux Army Depot was deactivated on 30 June 1967.

(Military) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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