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Connellsville

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Pennsylvania, Fayette County, Connellsville
Cedar Creek Gorge, 21.8 miles north. Off the main trail in Cedar Creek Park, you will find waterfalls and wildflowers, as well as a suspension bridge over the gorge. photo by Betsy Mandarino.Great

Tufta Formation, 20.5 miles north. A living, ever-growing rock formation made of decaying vegetation and limestone has been dissolved by carbonic acid and water. Photo by Betsy Mandarino.

Banning, 16.9 miles north. Today you see only the remnants of a major coal processing facility operated by the Pittsburgh Coal Company. It processed up to 500,000 tons of coal per year until it closed in 1956. Photo courtesy of University of Pittsburgh Archives Center.

Historic Dawson, 5.5 miles north. Names for George Dawson, this town is home to many historic buildings. Here you'll find Memorial United Methodist Church, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. Photo by Betsy Mandarino.

Sheepskin Trail, 1.9 miles south. This spur leads 2.2 miles to the small historical community of Dunbar, where Dunbar Creek and the Gist Run converge. Photograph courtesy of Trailbook. Ferncliff Peninsula, 16.5 miles south. A sharp bend in the north-flowing river creates the Ferncliff Peninsula, which is edged with steep, rocky ledges. Walking trails wind through the oak forest, a designated a [sic] National Natural Landmark that supports many rare plants. Photo by Stacie Faust.

The Great Allegheny Passage is part of a trail system that connects Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C. Conceived in 1975, the 150-mile long Passage connects to the C&O Canal Towpath in Cumberland, Maryland. Together, they make up a significant segment of the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail, a component of the National Trail System.

25 miles to West Newton * 17 miles to Ohiopyle

(Environment • Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Chestnut Ridge

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Pennsylvania, Fayette County, Connellsville
The Youghiogheny River has cut a winding gorge through the Chestnut Ridge, the western-most uplift of the Appalachian Mountains. The tall ridges bordering the river are heavily forested but lack the tree species for which the ridge is names: the American Chestnut.

The American Chestnut was a large, dominant tree of our eastern forests. It succumbed to an Asian fungal pestilence called "chestnut blight." The blight was first observed in New York City in 1904, and it spread rapidly throughout the distribution of the tree. By the early 1950's, even the most remote stands of chestnuts had become infected. The fungus blocks nutrient transport in infected trees causing the above ground tissues to die. The roots, however, are not affected and are able to re-sprout. These newly sprouted stems can grow several ears but will eventually become infected by the fungus and die back to roots.

The chestnut and Laurel Ridges are at the western edge of the Allegheny Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountain chain. The Youghiogheny River is older than these mountains and has been cutting through Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge since they rose up 300 million years ago. This rugged topography was a formidable barrier to 18th century pioneers.

A healthy American Chestnut Tree. For more information, check out the American Chestnut Foundation at www.act.org [sic]. Photo: American Chestnut Foundation.

Virgin American Chestnut Trees, circa 1911. The American Chestnut grew to be a very large tree, up to 70 to 90 feet in height and, on average, three to four feet in diameter. Photo: Forest History Society.

Great Allegheny Passage. For more information: www.gaptrail.org

(Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Connellsville War Memorial

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Pennsylvania, Fayette County, Connellsville
Dedicated to the veterans of all wars. Their devotion, sacrifices and ideals have assured our liberties.

[left plaque]
This memorial presented by the Connellsville Sesqui-Centennial Association 1956. Dedicated November 11, 1958.

[right plaque]
This plaque dedicated to Connellsville veterans of World War I that initiated the movement to have November 11th of each year designated as a national holiday commemorating the close of that war. The day was to be known as Armistice Day and legislation finally enacted accomplished this. Some years later the name was changed to Veterans Day. Spearheading this successful endeavor were Max. C. Floto and Thomas W. Scott.

(Military) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Connellsville Coke

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Pennsylvania, Fayette County, Dunbar
Coal was mined in this region and transformed into coke in beehive ovens. Almost pure carbon, coke burns hotter than coal and was crucial to the success of Pittsburgh's steel making.

One of the largest coking complexes was Adelaide, founded by Henry Clay Frick in 1888 and named for his wife. By 1910 it consisted of a coal mine, 375 coke ovens and housing for employees. It stretched from this area to nearly one mile downstream where a few partial ovens remain. In 1916, at peak production, 223,908 tons of coal were mined here and reduced to 149,270 tons of coke.

"...Pittsburgh built some of the new hot-blast furnaces and fueled them with Connelsville coke, easily available over the new railroad.* After that, if Pittsburgh made the Coke Region, the Coke Region made Pittsburgh because it was her coal fields that gave Pittsburgh a running start." Cloud by Day, 1947.

* The new railroad was the: "P.McK & Y. RR" (see map at right), now the trail.

In this 1899 photograph, you can see the wooden coal tipple behind the coke workers. Men used the fourteen-tine coke forks to transfer the steaming coke into wheelbarrows which were then dumped into waiting railroad car for the trip to the blast furnaces. Coal and Coke Heritage Center, Penn State Fayette.

From atop, lorry wagons emptied coal into the hot ovens. The front openings were bricked up to control the burn. Two or three days later, the finished coke was pulled out. By 1910, 44,252 of the 55,166 coke ovens in Pennsylvania were located in the Connellsville Coke Region. Coal and Coke Heritage Center, Penn State Fayette.

From the late 1800s and into the early 1900s, the Connellsville region was the world's coke producing center. This map shows the many coke works near Adelaide in 1899. Notice how many are owned by the H.C. Frick Coke Company. Coal and Coke Heritage Center, Penn State Fayette.

Great Allegheny Passage. For more information: www.gaptrail.org , www.coalandcokepsu.org [sic].

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ebenezer Emmons

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New York, Rensselaer County, Troy
Rensselaer graduate of the first class of 1826
Rensselaer Professor of Geology 1830-1840
State Geologist, New York Geological Survey
The first State Geologist of North Carolina 1851

Created the standard for American stratigraphic surveys
and established the local stratigraphic and structural
geology now know as the "Taconic System." The Taconic
frontal fault, which extends from Canada through
southern New York, runs through the Rensselaer
campus and is know as the "Emmons' Line."

Wrote classic texts on geology and other aspects of natural
history. Named the Adirondack and Taconic Mountains.
Acquainted the public with these regions through his writings.

Wrote classic texts on geology and other aspects of
history. Named the Adirondack and Taconic Mountains.
Acquainted the public with these regions through his writings.

The Association of American Geologists, which later
became the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, was founded in his home in 1840.


(Education • Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ross Leffler School of Conservation

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Pennsylvania, Jefferson County, near Brockway
Within State Game Lands 54 is the original site of the first academy in the nation devoted entirely to the training of Game Protectors, later known as Wildlife Conservation Officers. Established in 1932, it was an important component in the professionalism of game management in Pa. It was named for Ross L. Leffler, a 30-year member of the Game Commission and Asst. Secretary of the Interior, appointed by President Eisenhower..

(Animals • Education • Environment) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tom Mix

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Pennsylvania, Cameron County, near Driftwood
The famous cowboy star of cinema and circus was born here, January 6, 1880. A soldier during the Spanish- American War, he won renown for his "wild west" roles in hundreds of motion pictures - both silent and sound - between 1910 and 1935. Tom Mix died in an auto accident in Arizona on October 12, 1940.

(Entertainment • War, Spanish-American) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fayetteville Town Park

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West Virginia, Fayette County, Fayetteville
Memorial Park was presented to citizens of Fayetteville to honor all veterans who served to defend their country. LaFayette Post No. 149, The American Legion, obtained lease for this property on August 4, 1958 from the New River Pocahontas Coal Co. On November 6, 1972, Berwind Land Co., a holding company, with LaFayette Post No. 149, deeded the 11.42 acres to the town of Fayetteville for a park.

(Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Battle of Smithfield

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Virginia, Isle of Wight County, Smithfield
This section of the Pagan River in front of you is where the Union gunboat, USS Smith-Briggs, was run aground and destroyed by local Confederate troops during the January 31-February 1, 1864, Battle of Smithfield.

Smithfield was the only town in the Hampton Roads/Tidewater region not occupied by Union forces during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign. Todd's Battery, defending the Pagan River at Battery Park, had been destroyed and Confederate soldiers had evacuated the town.

In late January 1864, a Federal steamer on the James River was fired upon and run aground by a Confederate force from the Isle of Wight shore. Immediately, the Union retaliated by sending the gunboat, Smith-Briggs, to Smithfield. The vessel disembarked 90 soldiers at the old abandoned shipyard at the foot of Church Street. The troops marched inland, skirmished with local Confederates, then returned to Smithfield, only to find that the Smith-Briggs had not returned to retrieve them. The next day, February 1, 1864, the Confederates disputed the Union retreat by positioning two cannon, one at the county dock and the other at the foot of Church Street.

When the Smith-Briggs finally returned for the Federal soldiers it was greeted with shot and shell, one of which pierced the steam drum of the Union vessel. The gunboat, now disabled, drifted away from the wharf into a mud bank on the opposite side of the Pagan River and surrendered. The Smith-Briggs was set on fire. When the flames reached the magazine with its two tons of gun powder, the vessel was blown to pieces. Before the explosion, however, a local Confederate went aboard and wrenched the gilded eagle from the pilothouse as a trophy of war. The eagle remains a proud symbol of one Southern town that refused to surrender to the Northern invaders.

(captions)
(upper left) Gilded eagle from the USS Smith-Briggs pilothouse. Courtesy of Isle of Wight Museum
(lower right) USS Smith-Briggs - Courtesy of Isle of Wight Museum

(War, US Civil • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

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Virginia, Portsmouth
World War I ushered in a new period of growth for the shipyard. Three new dry docks and a major ship building way were added, in addition to new shop facilities. With the focus on ship repairs, along with construction of destroyers and 110-foot subchasers, employment at the shipyard rose from 2,718 in June 1914 to a then peak of 11,234 in early 1919.

Two war-housing projects, the planned communities of Cradock and Truxtun, were built to accommodate the thousands of workers migrating to the area for employment in the shipyard.

(captions)
(left) George Leary Construction Company men and machines are sculpting Dry Dock 4 on August 2, 1917.
(center) Work in progress at Dry Dock 7, funded by the Emergency Fleet Corporation of the U.S. Shipping Board, on December 5, 1918.
(right) Torpedo boat destroyers and other small warships crowded the St. Helena Annex piers during World War I.

(Industry & Commerce • War, World I • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

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Virginia, Portsmouth
The yard’s employment peak of 43,000 workers was reached during World War II when the yard bustled with activity, building nearly 30 major vessels and repairing 6,850 U.S. and Allied ships. The shipyard also built 20 tank-landing ships and 50 medium-landing craft.

The shipyard expanded from 352 acres to 747 acres with more than four miles of waterfront. Dry Dock 8 was built to accommodate the Navy’s largest ships.

With the close of World War II, the shipyard resumed a peacetime role thatwas accompanied by a reduction in activity and in the number of employees.

(captions)
(left) These landing craft were given a high priority when the Allies began preparing for amphibious assaults on European shores and Japanese-held Pacific islands.
(center) More than 100,00 persons watched and millions listened on the radio as the Navy launched the aircraft carrier Shangri-La on February 24, 1944. Shipyarders, who had worked 750,000 man-days building the warship were given an hour off to view the event. Given its name as a result 0f America’s first air raid on Japan from the aircraft carrier Hornet, the ship launched its own attack on Tokyo.
(right) Shift change in 1943 for many of nearly 43,000 employees of the Norfolk Navy Yard.

(Industry & Commerce • War, World II • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

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Virginia, Portsmouth
The outbreak of hostilities in Korea in 1950 increased the workload once again. The shipyard completed work on more than 1,250 naval vessels and also built its last two warships, the wooden-hulled minesweepers Bold and Bulwark.

Wide-ranging technological advances continued to bring changes to the shipyard’s role and mission. Changes in fleet components triggered adjustments in the nature and scope of overhaul and repair. One development was the shipyard’s attainment of nuclear power capability in the early part of 1965 when the USS Skate (SSN-578) became the first modern submarine to undergo a major overhaul at the shipyard.

(captions)
(left) Shop 62 performed lead roles in the laminated wood construction of the non-magnetic minesweepers Bold and Bulwark from December 12, 1951 to March 28, 1953. Mrs. Porter Hardy christened the USS Bold and Mrs. J.L. Maloney christened the USS Bulwark.
(right) The first overhaul and refueling of a nuclear vessel at NNSY commenced with the arrival of the submarine Skate in April 1965. Launched in 1957, the USS Skate was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole. It also the first to transit the Atlantic Ocean completely submerged. The USS Skate also 31 days submerged in 1958 with a sealed atmosphere.

(Industry & Commerce • War, Korean • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

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Virginia, Portsmouth
In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt launched the "Great White Fleet" from the shipyard as it began its journey around the world.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard built the first flight deck on a ship, the USS Birmingham (CS-2). When Eugene B. Ely took off from the deck of the Birmingham on November 14, 1910, his intended destination was the Marine Barracks parade ground at NNSY; however, he touched down instead on Willoughby Spit.

Additionally, the first aircraft carrier in the Navy's history, the USS Langley, was converted here between 1919 and 1922 from the collier Jupiter.

(captions)
(left) USS Birmingham
(center) USS Jupiter
(right) U.S. Navy’s first aircraft carrier, Langley, was created from the electrically-powered collier Jupiter.

(Air & Space • Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Sail portion of the USS Thomas Jefferson

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Virginia, Portsmouth
During USS Thomas Jefferson's 22 years of service, it was both a ballistic missile submarine and an attack vessel. Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company built USS Thomas Jefferson, which was commissioned on January 4th, 1963. The wife of then Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, was the ship's sponsor.
General Characteristics:
Length: 410 Feet • Beam: 33 feet • Crew: 12 officers, 128 enlisted • Propulsion: Nuclear powered • Decommissioned: January 24, 1985

(Industry & Commerce • War, Cold • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

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Virginia, Portsmouth
Convinced of the need to more quickly and efficiently repair the nation's Navy ships, President John Quincy Adams and Congress agreed in 1827 to follow engineers' recommendations to build two dry docks, one here and one in Boston.

The construction of the dry dock in Boston was begun first. However, Gosport opened its $974,365 granite creation first by docking the line-of-battle ship Delaware on June 17, 1833. This marked the first dry docking in the Western Hemisphere. Construction was completed on the dry dock in March of 1834.

(caption)
The day of careening vessels to repair them ended at Gosport June 17, 1833 when sailors powering a capstan slowly drew the 74-gun USS Delaware into Dry Dock 1. Designed by a famed civil engineer, Colonel Loammi Baldwin, the dry dock could then host the nation’s largest ships.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

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Virginia, Portsmouth
Following the evacuation and burning of the yard by Federal forces, Dry Dock 1 was used by the Confederate States Navy to convert the partly burned steam frigate Merrimack into an ironclad, renamed CSS Virginia.

In March 1862, the CSS Virginia engaged and sank the wooden-constructed Union ships Congress and Cumberland. A day later, the CSS Virginia and the USS Monitor fought the first "battle of ironclads" in Hampton Roads.

On May 10, 1862, the Navy Yard was “put to the torch” for the fourth time in its history, this time by evacuating Confederate forces. The shipyard’s wartime usefulness was severely limited and it was ten years before substantial rebuilding commenced.

(caption)
USS Merrimack – CSS Virginia

(Industry & Commerce • War, US Civil • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

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Virginia, Portsmouth
After the War of 1812, the shipyard helped repel an invasion of Craney Island and the USS Chesapeake was captured off Nova Scotia. Gosport continued to expand and improve. The keel of the USS Delaware was laid in the summer of 1817. The ship, launched October 21, 1820, was one of the largest warships in the world.

Construction of the first graving dock in the Western Hemisphere began in November 1827. On June 17, 1833, during the administration of President Andrew Jackson, who had twice visited to watch the dock's construction, the USS Delaware became the first American vessel to be dry docked. Dry Dock 1 continues to be utilized.

(caption)
(left) This illustration shows some of the procedures used in building and repairing wooden ships in the early 1800s.
(right) Dry docking skills and equipment have changed many times through the years and so have the vessels accommodated.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

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Virginia, Portsmouth
Three prominent structures stand out along a one-block stretch of Portsmouth's Lincoln Street – Quarters A, B and C. On an 1827 map of the shipyard they are designated as the “Proposed Commandant's House,” the “Proposed Master Commandant’s House" and the “Proposed Surgeon’s House.”

Located just inside Norfolk Naval Shipyard, they have housed key shipyard personnel for more than one and a half centuries. Most prominent, Quarters A, is located closest to the river and houses the Commander of Norfolk Naval Shipyard.

In 1838, Captain Lewis Warrington became the first Shipyard Commander to occupy Quarters A. Long-standing traditions continue with all of the Shipyard’s Commanding Officers having resided in Quarters A since that date.

(captions)
(left) Construction of the central brick core of Quarters A began in 1837 and was completed during 1838. Together with Quarters B and C, which were commenced in 1830, the shipyard commander's residence was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
(center) Quarters A has provided a gracious residence for shipyard commanders and their families since 1838. The central portion has been supplemented by two wings and the large back porch. Furnishings have reflected evolving styles and occupant preferences.
(right) Living in Quarters A has been a treasured experience according to residents’ accounts and a variety of newspaper articles since Captain Warrington became the first resident in 1838.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Site of the First Church

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Virginia, Suffolk
The site of the
first Church erected
in Suffolk, 1753
To the memory of the men
of Nansemond County
whose love of God and
Country helped to found
this Commonwealth

Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lewis’ March

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West Virginia, Kanawha County, Charleston
Near this place, the army of Gen. Andrew Lewis camped, Sept. 21, 1774, enroute from Lewisburg. From Charleston, Lewis led his men by land and water to Point Pleasant where Cornstalk’s Indians were defeated, Oct. 10, 1774.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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