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The Wabash River

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
The Wabash River begins as a small stream near Fort Recovery, Ohio and passes through 16 Indiana counties on its 500 mile journey to its confluence with the Ohio River.

The river was named Wah-Bah-Shi -Ka, meaning “water over the white rocks” by the Miami Indians. The French named it Quabache, from which the modern day name of Wabash is derived.

Created by the run-off from receding glaciers, the Wabash River is rich in history. It served as a major transportation route for Indians, explorers, canal barges and river boats.

(Colonial Era • Native Americans • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Wabash River and the Big Four Cut

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
In 1896, with the aid of dynamite, mules, and strong backs, railroad workers began cutting through the ancient Wabash Reef thus creating the “Big Four Cut.”
The Wabash Reef, located northeast of the park and visible from where you are standing, is estimated to be 400 million years old.
Archaeologists believe that such formations are a result of the Silurian Sea that, at one time, covered part of Indiana and the Great Lakes region.
It is believed that reefs such as this were exposed and modified by the rise and fall of the ancient Wabash River.
The partially exposed Wabash Reef is approximately 5.7 acres in size and is composed of dolomite. The reef is nationally recognized as a fine example of Silurian Reef.
The reef is located on private property. Please view it from afar.

(Environment • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Paradise Spring Historical Park

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
Paradise Spring Historical Park is rich with history. In 1826, United States representatives met on this site with the chiefs of the Miami and the Potowatami tribes. A treaty was signed allowing for white settlement of land in northern Indiana and southern Michigan.

A portion of the Wabash and Erie Canal ran though the site from 1834 to 1872. In 1902 an electric urban railroad was built on the towpath of the abandoned canal. The Public Service Corporation operated the electric rail until 1938.

In 1856 the first train arrived in Wabash. The Cincinnati, Wabash, and Michigan Railroad, long since known as the Big Four (Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis Railroad) was constructed through Wabash County. A portion of that railroad line passes to the east of the park and remains in operation to this day.

(Native Americans • Railroads & Streetcars • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Turchin's Brigade.

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Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Turchin's Brigade
Reynolds' Division, - Thomas' Corps.
Brigadier General John B. Turchin.
September 20, 1863, 6 P.M.
18th Kentucky, - Captain John B. Heltemes.
11th Ohio, - Colonel Philander P. Lane.
36th Ohio, - Lieutenant Colonel Hiram F. Devol.
92nd Ohio, - Lieutenant Colonel Douglas Putnam, Jr.
Indiana Light 21st Battery, - Captain William F. Andrew.

The brigade by order of General Thomas withdrew from its position southeast of the Kelly field about 5 p.m. and formed line to protect the retirement of other troops on the left moved by the flank across the Lafayette road formed in two lines facing north with the right resting on the road and charged through the fields south and west of McDonald's upon the flank of Liddell's division which had just crossed the Lafayette road at that point from the east. With the aid of artillery and the skirmish line of Dan McCook's brigade after compelling Liddell to retire from this position with the loss of over 200 prisoners and two guns temporarily abandoned, the brigade turned to the left and joined the column retiring on Rossville. Losses for the battle, killed 30 wounded 227 captured or missing 86 total 343.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Battle of Chickamauga

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Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe
Control of the strategic city of Chattanooga was the goal. A brilliant Union advance, led by General William S. Rosecrans, forced the Confederates to abandon Chattanooga in early September, 1863. Soon after, however, the reinforced Confederate army under General Braxton Bragg maneuvered to bring Rosecrans to battle before his Union troops could cement their grasp on Chattanooga. The result was the two-day Battle of Chickamauga eight miles south of Chattanooga, in which 34,000 Americans became casualties. While the battle was a spectacular Confederate victory, the Union army managed to retreat into Chattanooga and fortify it, maintaining their hold on the goal of the campaign.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Governor Arthur St. Clair 1734-1818

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Ohio, Belmont County, St. Clairsville
Born in Scotland. From 1787-1802, was first governor of the Northwest Territory, which included Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota. St. Clair established territorial court system and Ohio’s first nine counties including Belmont in 1801 and named St. Clairsville its county seat. St. Clair’s promotion to major general in 1777 recognized his exemplary service to Washington in New Jersey during American victories at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. St. Clair was a delegate to Congress under Articles of Confederation in 1786 and in 1787 was its president when it adopted the Northwest Ordinance and authorized the convention that wrote the U.S. Constitution. His 1791 attempt to break Indian resistance to American settlement in the Ohio Country ended in bitter defeat. A Federalist, St. Clair disagreed with Jeffersonian-Republicans over the timing of Ohio statehood. This led to his dismissal as governor after 15 years in office.

(Politics • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

3rd Wisconsin Battery

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Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe

Front Side of Monument:

Third Wisconsin Battery
3rd Brigade, 3rd Division.
21st Army Corps.

Back Side of Monument:

• • This battery under command of 1st Lieutenant Courtland Livingston was engaged on the morning of September 19, 1863, in front of the Viniard House until forced to retire, occupying and holding this position until night. Successfully aiding in the repulse of the enemy's advance from Hall's Ford to the Lafayette Road north of Viniard House, by a fire on his flank. On the morning of the 20th changed position to the hill north of the Dyer House. About 11:30 a.m. was involved in the disaster from the enemy's charge through the Dyer Field, losing five guns, 26 men killed, wounded and missing. Captain Lu. H. Drury was wounded September 13, 1863, near Lee and Gordon's Mills. • • • • •

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

88th Indiana Regiment

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Georgia, Catoosa County, near Fort Oglethorpe

Front Side of Monument:

88th Regiment Indiana Infantry
1st Brigade, John Beatty
2nd Division, Negley
14th Corps, Thomas

Back Side of Monument:

Indiana's Tribute
To Her
Eighty-Eighth Regiment Infantry.
Colonel George Humphrey, Commanding.
First Brigade (John Beatty). Second Division (Negley). Fourteenth Corps (Thomas).

On September 19, 1863, up to 5 p.m., this Regiment was in the vicinity of Glass' Mill, where with its Brigade it supported Bridges' and Schultz's Batteries in an engagement with the enemy. In the evening it moved to the Brotherton place and bivouacked. On Sunday morning, September 20, it moved with its Brigade to this position where the Brigade being assailed by the Brigades of Adams and Stovall, was broken, and the regiment forced southwestward toward Snodgrass Hill. It there took position in support of General Negley's artillery, and afterwards accompanied this officer to Rossville.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Council House

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
The Council House was used by the commissioners during negotiations and preparation of the Treaty of 1826. Following the completion of the treaty signing, it continued to play an important role in the development of the area.
In the spring of 1827, the Samuel McClure Sr. family relocated from Ohio and lived a short time in the Council House. They are regarded as the first permanent settlers in Wabash County.
In 1830 the first post office in Wabash County was established in this building with David Burr as post master.
In 1832 David Burr utilized the Council House to award contracts for the construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal. In 1834 Mr. Burr and Hugh Hanna platted Wabash Town at this site.
For a short time in 1834, the Council House was used for a school.
Following the establishment of Wabash in 1834, David Burr and Hugh Hanna began holding meetings and strategy sessions in the building in an attempt to get Wabash designated as the county seat.
In 1835 Wabash won a close race with Lagro and was designated the county seat.

(Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Storage Cabin

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
The original treaty camp had four storage cabins. In addition to storing goods and supplies for the camp, they also stored items for Indian trade.
Traders were instructed to arrive with an attractive selection of items to be used in the treaty negotiations.
These items included brilliantly colored cloth and blankets, items of clothing, furs, guns, glittering ornaments, barrels of whiskey, and tobacco.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Quarters of Captain Frederick R. Kintner

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
During treaty negotiations, military guards stood around-the-clock watch. Captain Kintner was the officer in charge of these men.
Guards were provided shelter when in camp, sufficient ration of beef and bread or flour with salt, and one gill (one-fourth pint) of liquor per day.
They were compensated for their services a sum of money not less than fifty cents and not more than one dollar per day of service.
In the fall of 1827, Kintner and his brother James Kintner located a saddle and harness making business on the north side of the Wabash River. It was located near a small stream that is presently known as Kintner Creek.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Quarters of Major General John Tipton

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
A veteran of the Battle of Tippecanoe, General Tipton was apointed to the Indian Agency located in Ft. Wayne Indiana, by President Monroe.
John Quincy Adams appointed Major General Tipton Indian Commissionder to oversee treaties with the Indians located in his jurisdiction. He served in this capacity until 1831.
He was elected to the United States Senate in 1831 and distinguished himself by working for the good of the nation without reference to politics.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Quarters of Lewis Cass

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
Born in New Hampshire and a veteran of the War of 1812, Governor Cass was a skilled maker of treaties.
In 1831 President Andrew Jackson appointed Governor Cass Secretary of War. He later served as Minister to France.
In the mid 1840's, he was elected to the United States Senate. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1848, but lost to Zachery Taylor.
In 1857 President Buchanan appointed Cass Secretary of State. His public service ended when he resigned in 1860 and returned to Michigan.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Quarters of James B. Ray

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Indiana, Wabash County, Wabash
Born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, Governor Ray studied law at the University of Cincinnati and established a practice in Brookville, Indiana.
Prior to being elected governor, he served one term as a state representative and two terms as a state senator.
He later became a major supporter of railroad development and visioned Indianapolis with railroads radiating from its center.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Liberty Pole and Bridge

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New Hampshire, Rockingham County, Portsmouth

Legend Records "Liberty, Property & no Stamps" on a flag flown on the first Portsmouth Liberty Pole in January 1766, in response to British attempts to tax products without American representation in Parliament, the Portsmouth Sons of Liberty returned the royal commission of the local stamp agent to England. They then erected a flagstaff and rechristened the old span "Liberty Bridge" - a name it bore until the City filled the waterway in 1899. A new pole, erected with public donations in 1824 was "adorned with a cap, and surmounted with a splendid eagle" as a patriotic memorial. In 1857, a shield was attached to the pole and in 1899 the pole was again replaced to hold the regilded 1824 eagle.

"A Splendid Eagle"
In 1824, the new Liberty Pole was topped by a liberty cap and eagle carved by Laban S. Beecher of Boston. The eagle is now displayed in the Portsmouth Public Library.
Photograph courtesy of the City of Portsmouth

Liberty Bridge, 1813
In 1731, the town authorized several individuals to build a swing bridge, which was constructed so that its span swung sideways to allow tall masts to pass through the opening. The new span was the first deep-water bridge to connect the northern and southern sections of Portsmouth. The bridge transformed a small lane, which ran along the shore, into an important riverfront thoroughfare later named Water Street-today called Marcy Street.
Map of the Compact Part of the Town of Portsmouth in the State of New Hampshire, 1813, J. Gl Hales cartographer Courtesy of the Portsmouth Athenaeum.

The Liberty Shield
In 1857, a wooden shield carved by the Bow Street firm of Gleason and Henderson was fastened to the lower part of the staff. The old shield, now located in teh Sheafe warehouse, was replaced in the 1970s by a new one carved by Don Ricklefs.
Painting of liberty shield by Arthur A. Harriman, 1932. Courtesy of the Portsmouth Athenaeum.

Two Photographs
After 1766, when the first Portsmouth Liberty Pole was raised, Swing Bridge, as it has been called, was renamed Liberty Bridge. Again in 1795, when the citizens of Portsmouth met to protest the government's unpopular commercial restrictions, Liberty Bridge was the scene of fiery oratory. Even as late as 1834, the nearby intersection of Charles and Marcy Streets retained the name of Liberty Square. In 1899, the City finally filled the waterway beneath the bridge and removed it.
At left: View of the Liberty Pole and Bridge, circa 1895. Photograph courtesy of Staples-Herald Collection, Strawbery Banke Museum
At right: View of the Liberty Pole, circa 1870s. Photograph courtesy of Patch Collection, Strawbery Banke Museum.

(Colonial Era • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


The Men of the North End

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Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Boston
In honor of
The men of the North End
who at the call of their country
served as volunteers in
The Spanish-American War
1898

In honor of
The men of the North End
who served their country
in the
World War
1917 - 1918

(War, Spanish-American • War, World I) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Point of Graves

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New Hampshire, Rockingham County, Portsmouth

This burial ground has some of the finest Colonial Era gravestones in northern New England. Portsmouth residents patronized Massachusetts gravestone carvers until the early 1800s. Among the artists whose work can be found here are Bostonians William Mumford, a Quaker; Nathaniel Emmes; John Homer; and the carver known only by his initials "JN" (possibly the silversmith John Noyes). Other carvers include brothers Caleb and Nathaniel Lamson and possibly their father and mentor, Joseph, of Charlestown; James Foster of Dorchester; and John Hartshorne and Joseph Mullicken of Haverhill.

William Button d. 1693
One of the wealthiest men in New Hampshire, Button drowned after falling overboard from his ship the Lyon in Portsmouth harbor. This elaborate stone was crafted by the carver known only as "JN".

Alice Ayers d. 1718
James Foster carved this striking stone for the wife of a blacksmith. The light-bulb shape of the skull and the use of the winged hourglass are both Foster trademarks.

Elisha Briard d. 1718
Briard made blocks for ships' rigging and also made coffins. His unusual stone was carved by John Hartshorne, whose style was a radical departure from that of Puritan-influenced Boston. This work represents the start of the Merrimac Valley style of carving. The unusual design motifs on this stone are hallmarks of this early American folk artist.

Joseph Small d. 1720
Little is known about Small. The stone is an early work of Caleb Lamson, whose initials are found below the jaw of the death's-head. Signed stones are rare, but Caleb signed six other stones still in Point of Graves, perhaps to distinguish this early work from that of his father and brother Nathaniel. Only five other signed stones by him are known to be in existence, all in Massachusetts or Connecticut.

Obadiah Marshall d. 1746
Marshall was a blockmaker. The gravestone is called a "pumpkin" stone from the oval shape of the angel's head. This stone, with its unique style of carving, was crafted by Joseph Mullicken.

Francis Messer d. 1692
This stone, carved by William Mumford for a Portsmouth carpenter, is unusual for its Latin inscription "Memento Mori" meaning "Remember Death." Gravestones with this wording are common in Boston but rare in Portsmouth.

Captain Tobias Lear d. 1781
Lear was a mariner of Portsmouth whose home, now a historic site, is a few blocks from Point of Graves on Hunking Street. His son Tobias Jr. served as President George Washington's private secretary. The elder Lear's gravestone was carved by John Homer and displays the realistic skull and crossbones for which he is best known.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Point of Graves

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New Hampshire, Rockingham County, Portsmouth

This cemetery was formally established in 1671 on land given to the town by Captain John Pickering. The land was used for burials prior to this time, but because Pickering retained the right to graze his cattle here, many of the earliest gravestones were probably knocked down and lost. Many people important in Portsmouth's early history are buried here.

Anne Jaffrey d. 1682
The wife of a Scottish merchant and shipowner, Anne died shortly after bearing her son, George Jr. The oldest stone remaining here, it was likely carved by the prolific William Mumford.

Elizabeth Elatson d. 1704-05 Elizabeth Rogers d. 1704
This double-stone, also carved by Mumford, hints at a tragedy that befell the family of Reverend Nathaniel Rogers, whose daughter and mother-in-law are buried here. Daughter Elizabeth and an African-American servant died when the Rogers house burned. His mother-in-law, Elizabeth Elatson, saved his young son by throwing him out a window to Rogers, but she herself died from his injuries two months later. The news of this fire in the Boston News-Letter was the first published account of a house fire in the American colonies.

James Lovett d. 1718
Lovett was a bookkeeper for provincial court president John Cutts. This diminutive stone was carved by Nathaniel Emmes. The wings of the death's head curve up and over to form a heart.

Jane Meserve d. 1747
Jane was the wife of Colonel Nathaniel Meserve, a prominent shipbuilder who died in 1756 while commanding a New Hampshire regiment during the French and Indian War. One of the largest in Point of Graves, Jane's stone was carved by either Nathaniel or Caleb Lamson.

John Jackson d.1690-91
Jackson was a mariner of Portsmouth who owned land on Little Harbor as well as Jackson Island in the Piscataqua River. The square shape and design of this stone are unusual for the time. Its carver's identity is uncertain, perhaps John Noyes or James Foster.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Colonial Era) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Benjamin Franklin

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Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Boston
Printer, Scientist, Philanthropist,
Diplomat and Statesman
A Man of Towering Eminence
As Publisher of Poor Richard's Almanac
he provided America in its upbuilding
with a practical Philosophy
and enriched its common speech
with a wealth of proverbs
He believed that reason and work
ar the paths to progress
His humorous, realistic, far-ranging mind
the liberalism of his political and social philosophy.
The manifold services he rendered to his fellowmen,
made him one of the greatest Americans.

He lived as a boy at the corner of Union>br>and Hanover Streets.
The house formerly standing in Unity Street
at the head of this Mall was owned by him
and occupied by his sisters.

(Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Christ Church

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Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Boston
The oldest church building in Boston
after its spire was blown down in a gale
October 1804
the present spire, sixteen feet shorter than the original
was erected under the supervision of
Charles Bulfinch
Its peal of bells
the first in America
has rung in peach and war
throughout the history of Boston
since 1744
The first rector was
the Reverend Timothy Cutler
Rector of Yale College
1719 - 1722

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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