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The Grand Lodge of Rhode Island

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Rhode Island, Providence County, Providence
Saint Johns Lodge Number One F & A. M. of Providence Added and used third story of this building Dedicated by Grand Master Jabez Brown December 27, 1798 Meeting Place of The most Worshipful Grand Lodge F & A. M. of Rhode Island Providence Royal Arch Chapter Number One 1797 Thomas Smith Webb here organized Saint Johns Commandery Number One Knights Templar 1802 Providence Council Number One of Royal and Select Masters here organized 1818 Mount Vernon Lodge Number Four F & A.M. 1824 Grand Commandery of Knights Templars and the Appendant Order of Massachusetts and Rhode Island Here organized 1805 This tablet erected 1916

(Fraternal or Sororal Organizations) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Gettysburg College Veterans Memorial

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg
Text on Left Panel
Dedicated to all Gettysburg College veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces, who have served, or are serving their Nation in peace and war. We honor their valor, dedication to duty, personal sacrifice, and service to our Country. Let us remember that to preserve our freedom, all of these veterans gave some, and some gave all.

Text on Right Panel
Established through a generous gift from the family of Allison Reese '50 and other gifts from Alumni, Parents, Faculty and Friends of Gettysburg College.

Dedicated October 22, 2011

(Military) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Charter House

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Vermont, Addison County, Middlebury

In this house, the home of
SAMUEL MILLER, ESQ.
September 30, 1798
Timothy Dwight, President of Yale College, counseled with Gamaliel Painter and other citizens of Middlebury concerning the founding of Middlebury College.
This conference led to the granting of the charter of Middlebury College November 1, 1800 and the appointment of Jeremiah Atwater as the first President

(Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Silver Spring Shopping Center

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Maryland, Montgomery County, Silver Spring
Silver Spring's heyday as a commercial center began in 1938 with the opening of the Silver Theatre and Shopping complex, designed by John Eberson. These streamlined buildings housed a wide variety of shops, as well as a 1,100 seat movie theatre, and were among the first in the region that were built to accommodate the use of automobiles.

Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, the county's population exploded and Silver Spring grew into a major shopping district with large department stores like Hecht's, J.C. Penney's and Jelleff's. The monumental growth made Silver Spring not only a major suburban community, but also an important economic center for the entire state.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Brandon Training School

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Vermont, Rutland County, Brandon

Established in 1915, the program served Vermonters with mental retardation and developmental disabilities continuously until 1993. Founded as the Brandon State School for Feebleminded Children, the name was changed to Brandon State School in 1929 and later to the Brandon Training School. Begun as a working farm, many original structures still exist, including remnants of a horse racetrack visible from Route 7. The campus grew to include over 30 buildings and 400 acres, and served over 650 persons at its peak in 1968. In the 1980s the population of the facility declined as persons were served in community based programs. The Brandon Training School maintained a proud tradition of quality care and active training throughout its history.

(Charity & Public Work • Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The S.S. Black Point

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Rhode Island, Washington County, Narragansett
The S.S. Black Point was built in 1918 at Camden, New Jersey as a coal collier. She was owned by Sprague Steamship Co. of Boston, Mass. And was 369’ long 55’ at the beam and was carrying 7500 tons of coal. Captain Charles Prior was master with a complement of 41 merchant seamen and 5 U.S. Navy Armed Guard gun crew. Eleven Merchant Seamen and one Armed Guard were killed when a torpedo struck the aft magazine, and tore away 40 feet of the stern section at 1740 hrs, and sank the S.S. Black Point at 1755 hrs. The S.S. Kamen, which was in the area, sent an S.O.S., and the signal was picked up at 1742 hrs by the frigate USS Moberly (PF-83), and was joined in the search for the enemy by the USS Atherton (DE-169) and USS Amick (DE-168). At 1930 hrs their sonar pinpointed the submarine. The S.S. Kamen and U.S. Coast Guard vessels in the area rescued the 34 survivors.

She was torpedoed at by the German submarine U-853, in 95 feet of water at Lat/Lon position: 41-19.30 N/71-25.45W Loran C position: 14456.2/43938.5; 3.2 nautical miles from this site. The U-853 was sunk in a water depth of 127 feet, 8.7 nautical miles from this site at Lat/Lon position: 41-13.31 N/71-24.85 W. Loran position: 14472.9/43894.8, as she tried to escape into open sea, but 2029 hrs, 13 magnetic depth charges were dropped on her by the USS Atherton (DE-169), and at 2324 hrs, she dropped a pattern of hedgehogs, and the USS Moberly (PF-63) dropped hedgehogs at 0200 hrs. At 0605 hrs, the ZNP blimps K-58 and K-16 from Lakehurst, New Jersey arrived and dropped a sonobouy into the oil slick. They heard a hammering sound on metal. About 10 minutes later, “A long, shrill, shriek” sound was heard, hammering stopped, and all was silent.

Later, an attack was made from one of the blimps with 7.2’ rocket bombs and at 1045 hrs the U-853 was officially declared sunk with no survivors. A diver from the U.S.S. Penguin (ASR-12), who followed a bouy line down to the sub to verify the names, reported bodies were strewn about inside. The sub’s hull was split from the depth charges and hedgehogs; a terrible price to pay for aggression.

The German High Command had issued orders on May 4, 1945 to cease hostilities at once. Whether the U-853 had received the orders is unknown.

To the men who lost their lives, to their families and loved ones, to the men of the ships that sank the U-853, to the men who rescued the survivors; we, the crews of the U.S. Navy Armed Guard and U.S. Merchant Marine Veterans of WWI and WWII, and the Sprague Steamship Co., dedicate this plaque so others in the future may know the facts.

In Honor of :
The 144, 970 U.S.N Armed Guard and 250,652 Merchant Seamen of World War II who served on tankers, cargo, troopships, and various types of vessels, carrying vital war material, men and women to ports throughout the world and back to the place whence they came.

In memory of:
The S.S. Black Point and crew. The last ship sunk in the Atlantic Theatre of War, on May 5, 1945 (1740 EWT). Killed were:
Merchant Seamen:
William Antilley Z-560607 Abiline, Texas
Geo. P. Balser Z-491747 Queens Village, NY
Leo H. Beck Z-340191 St. Louis, MO
Milton Matthews Z-340191 St. Louis, MO
Laurel F. Clark Z-660554 Brinkman, Oklahoma
Cleo Hand Z-586169 Hazelhurst, GA
Robert L. Korb Z-623302 Newport News, VA
Ansey L. Morgan Z-622706 Virginia
Marvin A. Mertinek Z Z-532427 Warda, Texas
Richard C. Shepson Z-621600 So. Boundbrook, NJ

May all these men rest in peace forever

Survivors
Armed Guard:
Alcester R. Colella S1/C Maudin, MA
Stephen Svetz S1/C
Harry T. Berryhill S1/C
Gustav A. Vogelbacher SM1/C New York City
Merchant Seamen
Clair V. Berry Chief Mate Cape Elizabeth, ME
L.P. Pelleti Z-107825 Portland, ME
Homer P. Small Z-288805 East Machias, ME
Calvin Baumgartner Z-284367 Baltimore, MD
Glennen W. Ryan Z-614659 Portae Des Souix, MO
Rufus K. Nash Z-622674 New Port News, VA
Marcus L. Rowe Z-424396 Portsmouth, VA
John N. Smithe Z-105332 Messick, VA
Gordon Nelson Z-533784 Oryramo, MN
Thomas P. Mello Z-317558 W. Concord, MA
Earl Campbell Z-500932 St. Hyde, VA
Joseph J. Tharl Z-339336 Franklin, VA
Patrick N. Leary Z-564196 S. Dorchester, VA
Lawrence Drayton Z-82886 S. Dorchester, VA
Joseph W. Kelly Z-358910 McKinley, Maine
Francis R. Curran Z-443906 Waltham, MA
Joseph R. Desourdy Z-439007 So. Bridge, MA
Francis L. Kelly Z-191950 Chelsea, MA
James N. Lane Z-415485 W. Concord, MA
John E. Shoaff, Jr Z-619579 Beaver Falls, PA
James Davis Z-98707 Gloucester, VA
Steward M. Whitehouse Z-424396 Arlington, MA
James C. Fowlkes Z-660554 Milton, NC
Howard A. Locke Z-616576 Reynolds, GA
Rivard Nehls Z-619710 Watertown, WI
Sanfred Navma Z-425382 Finland
Joseph S. Pires Z-82881 So Dartsmouth, MA
Abel Gomez Z-202652 Providence, RI
Argvris P Economou Z-438354 Bronx, NY


(War, World II • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Welcome to the Seneca Council Grounds

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New York, Wyoming County, Genesee Falls
William Pryor Letchworth first became interested in Native American culture after hearing his father's stories about Cornplanter, the Seneca Chief, meeting with Letchworth's great-uncle, John Letchworth, a Quaker preacher in Philadelphia. Sensitive to the injustices that Native Americans suffered on reservations and their fast-disappearing cultural heritage, Letchworth became determined to collect and preserve Native American artifacts. One of his most significant acquisitions was the Revolutionary War-era Seneca Council House, which he rescued from decay in Caneadea, New York, and moved here in 1871.

On October 1, 1872, Letchworth organized what he called a "rededication ceremony" at the Council House, inviting Seneca and Mohawk descendants of Revolutionary war leaders and other notable Native Americans. They called the ceremony "The last Council Fire in the Genesee Valley."

Former President Millard Fillmore, on behalf of Mr. Letchworth, gave each Council Fire participant a silver coin, which depicted two hands joined in friendship. In recognition of this event and Letchworth's efforts on their behalf, the Seneca delegation adopted him into the Wolf Clan and named him "Hai-wa-ye-is-tah," the man who always does right.

This stereograph shows William P. Letchworth (left) and John Stearns Minard, o [sic] surveyor interested in local history, examining the Council House at Caneadea.

This photograph, taken at "The Last Council Fire" in 1872, includes all of the Native American guests that Mr. Letchworth invited. Former President Millard Fillmore is fourth from the right.

The Council House was carefully dismantled and each of its logs numbered. It was shipped by barge on the Genesee Valley Canal and reassembled here in 1871.

(Native Americans • Peace) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Stephen A. Douglas

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Vermont, Rutland County, Brandon

The ‘little giant’ of national politics, born in Brandon in 1813, later moved to Middlebury to learn cabinet making. Returning to Brandon, he attended the Academy. Moving to Illinois in 1833, his career merged with the stream of American politics, reaching the height in his famous debates with Abraham Lincoln in 1858. Although Lincoln’s opponent during the campaign, he supported the Union until his death in June, 1861.

(Notable Persons • Politics) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Birthing Tree

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Tennessee, Warren County, McMinnville
Standing as a silent sentinel to the town, this enormous white oak (Quercus alba) welcomes travelers into the city of McMinnville. This tree is 85 feet tall, a crown spread of 125 feet, and a possible age of over 250 years old. It has several lower limbs larger than many trees. However, it is not size that gives this white oak notoriety; the Birthing Tree is steeped in local folklore. The tree was a local landmark for settlers passing through the area. Travelers from North Carolina, Kentucky and Virginia would travel through Knoxville on the Old Kentucky Trail. These roads converged at Rock Island (the closest city at that time), and then passed under the spreading branches of this giant tree before continuing south to Alabama. The huge oak was a well-known meeting place for these weary travelers. Some waited for long periods of time for fellow settlers, bad weather, or lack of supplies.

Entered on the Tennessee Landmark & Historic Tree Register in 2000 as a Landmark Tree.

(Landmarks • Natural Features) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Rock House

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Tennessee, White County, near Sparta
On Old Stage Road from Nashville to Knoxville
- - - - -
Rock House Chapter D.A.R.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Leland Historical District (Fishtown)

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Michigan, Leelanau County, Leland
This commercial fishing district has provided a livelihood for residents of the town for over a century. Fishermen reached the fishing grounds of Lake Michigan by way of the Leland River (Carp River) using small sailboats until the introduction of primitive gas powered oak boats around 1900. Small fishing shanties and related buildings such as ice and smoke houses were constructed during the peak years of the industry which spanned the first three decades of the twentieth century. Now gray and weather-beaten, some still serve their original purpose. Other buildings in the district date back to Leland's lumbering and iron smelting era in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Leland continues to be a commercial fishing area as well as the headquarters for transportation to the Manitou Islands.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Grand Traverse Lighthouse

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Michigan, Leelanau County, near Northport
Grand Traverse Lighthouse Built in 1858

(Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Great Storm of 1913 and Sailors Memorial

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Michigan, Saint Clair County, Port Huron


[Side A]
On November 7-10, 1913, two major storms collided over the Great Lakes. This created hurricane like winds that lasted over 16 hours, producing waves over forty feet tall. As the storm intensified, temperatures dropped below freezing, triggering a major blizzard across the Great Lakes region, preventing many ships from reaching the safety of the St. Clair River.

When the storm passed, fears became reality. The overturned hull of a large ship could be seen offshore, just 11 miles North of where you stand. Days later, this "Mystery Ship" was confirmed to be the Charles S Price, from which there were no survivors.

The losses were staggering. All told, over 19 ships were a total loss, another 50 ships were damaged and over 250 lives were lost in the Great Storm of 1913.

[Side B]
Dedicated to the memory of those who are taken from us on our inland seas.

Close in our hearts, you will always stay, Honored and remembered every day.

(Disasters • Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Seeing the Light

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Michigan, Saint Clair County, Port Huron


Evolution of Lighting the Way
It has long been documented that the first shoreline lights were wood burning fires set on hillsides. Later, these wood fires were moved to the top of man-made towers. Wood however proved to be inefficient, as it would burn rapidly, being very difficult to maintain. Candles offered a cleaner and less labor intensive solution, but were not as bright. The introduction of the oil lamp revolutionized lighthouse technology. The oil based lamps would be used well into the 20th century. Electricity would ultimately lead to automated lights, and the end for the need of a full time light keeper.

Lewis Lamp
In 1810, American Winslow Lewis patented an adaptation of the Argand lamp for use in the United States. Lewis increased the light by hanging many lamps together in chandeliers which could be rotated to provide a flashing light. By 1820 all 49 United States lighthouses were outfitted with Lewis Lamps.

Fresnel Lens
French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel developed a lens which surrounded a single lamp. A series of glass prisms would reflect and refract the light into a single beam, allowing it to be seen from greater distances. In the 1850's, the Lighthouse Service decided to use the new technology in all its lighthouses.

Fuels
When oil lamps were introduced, whale oil was the fuel used in almost all lighthouses. Its demand however, led to higher costs, and the search for cheaper alternative. Various oils were tested, and lard oil proved to be the most economical and became the most utilized. Lard oil however did not burn cleanly, and would soon be replaced by the cleaner burning mineral oil (kerosene). Mineral oil would be used until the introduction of electric lights.

(Communications • Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Gratiot Light

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Michigan, Saint Clair County, Port Huron


In 1825, A lighthouse was established near the mouth of the St. Clair River, at the southern end of Lake Huron. It sat just north of Fort Gratiot, a military outpost that would give the lighthouse its name. That light, of poor construction and location, crumbled during a September storm in 1828.

Bids were soon offered for the replacement of the light, and in 1829 Lucius Lyon received the contract to build the new tower for a price of $4,445. The new tower's location was moved a half mile north of the original tower, which would prove more visible by the mariners navigating on the lake. The tower and keeper's dwelling were completed in late winter of 1829.

Since 1829, a few changes have taken place. The tower height was raised from 65 feet to 82 feet in 1862 and in 2011, a massive restoration effort replaced 35,000 damaged bricks on the outer shell of the tower.

The Fort Gratiot Lighthouse is the oldest in the State of Michigan and the second oldest in all the Great Lakes.

[Photos of lighthouse in]
1870, 1904, 1913, 1945, 2011

(Communications • Forts, Castles • Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Storm

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Michigan, Saint Clair County, Port Huron


The Great Storm of 1913 lasted from November 7th through the 11th. It is often referred to as the "Big Blow", the "Freshwater Fury" or the "White Hurricane". The storm hit four of the five Great Lakes, and was particularly ferocious in Lake Huron.

After weathering the storm within the tower, Captain Frank Kimball (seen below in the background photo taken after the storm), was quoted as saying,

"I watched waves as high as 30 to 40 feet pounding on the Light Station, and I think if the storm had lasted another hour the Light Station would have been wiped-out."

At the end of the storm, 19 ships were destroyed, and 19 others were stranded. Over 250 lives were lost.

(Disasters • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Learning from Lake Huron

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Michigan, Saint Clair County, Port Huron


Lake Huron's basin was formed by glacier movement over 20,000 years ago. The lake was created when melting ice filled the basin gouged by the glaciers. Lake Huron took its present shape around 3,000 years ago.

Lake Huron is the second largest Great Lake, based on a subsurface area of 23,000 square miles. It is the third biggest lake based on volume, behind Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface of the lake is 577 feet above sea level with an average depth of 195 feet, and a maximum depth of 750 feet.

In 1970, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, pronounced no-ah), became a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce to give better protection of life and property from natural disasters. NOAA's mission is "to understand and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our nation's economic, social and environmental needs."

At the Fort Gratiot Light Station, NOAA measures temperature, wind speed and barometric pressure from the top of the tower and uses the information to predict weather changes. The gage house, seen in front of you, measures water levels on the lake.

Lake Huron Statistics
Length - 206 mi / 332 km
Breadth - 183 mi /295 km
Depth - 195 ft / 59 m average
750 ft / 229 m maximum
Volume - 849 cubic mi / 3,538 cubic km
Shoreline - 3,830 mi / 6,164 km
[Water] Retention/Replacement Time - 22 years
Outlet - St. Clair River to Lake Erie

[Top right photo caption reads]
NOAA topography map showing Lake Huron depth range, based on color. Underwater land formations can be seen.

[Bottom left photo caption reads]
MODIS satellite image of the Great Lakes

This project was funded, in part, by the Michigan Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Environmental Quality and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce

(Education • Environment • Science & Medicine • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sending a Signal

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Michigan, Saint Clair County, Port Huron


Dense fog on Lake Huron could spell disaster to vessels filled with passengers and valuable cargo. When fog was present and visibility was poor, mariners were forced to rely on sound to navigate their way into the St. Clair River. Early fog signals were simple hand bells rung from shore. With increased traffic on the lake, a more reliable system was added in 1871.

Fort Gratiot's original fog signal was a[n] eight-inch steam whistle installed in 1871 north of the tower (seen on the right in the background photo). A second unit was added in 1881 to the south of the tower. In 1900 a new brick Fog Signal Building with a larger steam-powered diaphone replaced the two older whistles. An electric diaphone replaced the steam-powered system in the 1920's when the station was electrified. An electric oscillating signal tower was added to the site in the 1930's and in the 1970's, the fog horn systems where [sic] removed and replaced with a fog horn on buoy #7 in Lake Huron.

[Bottom photo captions, from left to right, read]
The third fog signal building, built in 1900. Note the tall chimney, designed to keep hot ashes away from the building. Restoration of the building began in 2011.

Blueprint showing the diaphone system, circa 1900.

Assistant Keeper Wilkinson oiling the compressor on the diaphone system.

The oscillating signal tower (electric) added in the 1930s.

(Communications • Environment • Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Mansion on Delaware Avenue

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New York, Erie County, Buffalo

Millionaire's Row
Charles F. Sternberg, who owned a grain elevator on Ohio Street, commissioned the Mansion as a private residence in 1869 at an estimated cost of $200,000. Architect George M. Allison, about whom little is known, designed several costly dwellings in the Second Empire Style on Delaware Avenue in the 1860s and mid 1870s. Only the Sternberg house remains.

What is the Second Empire Style?
The Second Empire Style combined features from various styles. Mid-19th century architects reasoned that no age produced the perfect architectural expression and that they could benefit from all the best of the past. The Second Empire style was borrowed from France. It is named for the reign of Napoleon III (1852-70).

A Colorful Past.
Samuel Curtis Trubee purchased this house in the 1880s, built an annex and turned the estate into a 100-room hotel. During Buffalo's turn-of-the-century heyday it was the most expensive hotel in town at $3 a night. It also served for many years as Victor Hugo's Wine Cellar, a legendary Buffalo restaurant and nightspot.

Gargoyles.
These grotesquely carved figures project from a gutter and are intended to throw rainwater clear of a building. In the case of the Mansion, this Griffin-like gargoyle serves as a symbol of the building's rebirth and new identity.

The House of LIght.
The Mansion has more than 175 windows, 14 of which are large bay windows. The windows and 18 feet high ceilings were an indication of great wealth due to the enormous expense of heating with coal.

An Exciting Restoration.
After standing vacant for 25 years, the property underwent a $3 million restoration and was reopened in 2001 as The Mansion on Delaware Avenue, an historic 28 guestroom and Suite luxury hotel. In 2004, The Mansion received the prestigious AAA Four Diamond award, making it the first and only Four Diamond hotel in the Buffalo/Niagara region.

The Mansion on Delaware Avenue For more information on Buffalo Niagara's architecture, click on www.visitbuffaloniagara.com

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Battle of Ringgold Gap

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Georgia, Catoosa County, Ringgold
The Fall of Ringgold

Cleburne holds gap for Confederate retreat; Sherman prepares Fiery path to Savannah
As Union General William S. Roecrans moved his forces off Catoosa soil at the Chickamauga battlefield September 20, 1863, and back to Chattanooga, residents took a short break from the intensity of day-after-day combat and tried to move forward.

After the fighting, most were left without any food or stock to feed their families, and the hollow Chickamauga victory changed to defeat after General Braxton Bragg's loss at Missionary Ridge in November.

Confederate forces retreated from the ridge on Nov. 25, 1863, to Ringgold and on to Dalton with Federal forces hot on their heels. Bragg chose General Patrick Cleburne, an Irish-born settler from Arkansas, to be the rear guard of the retreat in an attempt to buy time for the Confederates to reach their destination.

After skirmishes on November 26, including an engagement with General William T. Sherman's advance column north of Catoosa's Graysville community, Cleburne camped his 4,000 men close to Ringgold Gap west of South Chickamauga Creek. Several hours before sunrise, Cleburne received his orders to hold the gap at all costs.

William H.H. Clark's "History of Catoosa County" yields some firsthand accounts of those moments. Captain John R. Kennard with the 10th Texas Infantry wrote:

"... We were ordered up to strip and prepare for wading the river, which was soon accomplished. After the river had been crossed the men redressed and, the morning being very cold, were formed in line and arms stacked, and fires built to warm by. About break of day, we were ordered to fall in and commenced the march through the town of Ringgold. ..."

The soldiers were ordered to create lines of defense facing west in the dense young timber growth at the foot of White Oak Mountain near the Ringgold Depot and today's Welcome Hill community and Taylor's Ridge near the gap. Cleburne sent a regiment to the top of White Oak Mountain and placed several companies on Taylor's Ridge, dispatching his men and artillery out of sight of the oncoming forces of Union Brigadier General Peter J. Osterhaus, serving under Major General Joseph Hooker.

Confederates covered their cannons with brush and waited quietly in the natural hiding places on White Oak Mountain and Taylor's Ridge.

Into Ringgold

As Hooker came through Ringgold on November 27, he sought information from residents, including slaves, on the condition of the enemy, but none of the reports foretold what was to come.

According to the Ringgold Gap Preservation Plan prepared in 1997 by Keith Bohannon, General Osterhaus deployed his lead brigade of about 400 Missourians under Brigadier General Charles R. Wood to advance beyond the Ringgold Depot towards the gap in White Oak Mountain. The group faced a group of Texans fighting under Major William Taylor.

As the men reached the timberline, the fighting began, and the Confederates forced the Missourians back. Taylor's forces captured between 60 and 100 of the group.

At the same time, 278 soldiers from Illinois were ordered through the gap to occupy the Isaac Jobe house. The "Military History of the 13th Illinois Infantry" describes the Illinois boys as "chipper as could be ... hardly expecting so much danger near at hand."

Cleburne watched the group advance with his field glasses. he told Lieutenant Richard W. Goldthwaute to hold artillery fire until the Federals reached the farm.

According to Bohannon: "Suddenly, Cleburne almost sprang into the air, clapped his knee and in his broad Irish brogue shouted 'Now then boys, give it to 'em boys!'"

Confederate Private William Gibson recognized how the Federal troops fell on the ground and, from the way their hats caps, guns and accoutrements went flying in the air, he said he had no doubt the whole line was annihilated, exclaiming, "By Jove, boys, it killed them all."

Cleburne heard the soldier and chastised him to get down, or he would discover "that there are enough left for you to get the top of your head shot off."

The Retreat

Cleburne's forces held White Oak Mountain and Ringgold Gap until the army trains were safely away. He was then ordered to withdraw.

As Cleburne and his men were setting the scene for retreat, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant arrived in Ringgold with his staff. Grant's staff member Ely Parker commented that despite enemy fire, the group rode through town at "an ordinary trot." "Not once," wrote Parker, "do I believe did it enter the General's mind that he was in danger."

Grant arrived at the Ringgold Depot and immediately began issuing orders to dislodge the Confederates from the gap but not pursue the group any farther.

Forces on both sides battled throughout the day, with Union forces trying to scale White Oak, only to be repelled by the Confederates entrenched at the top.

The Federal forces only took the gap and the mountain after Cleburne's forces left the field of battle.

The Casualties

While the Federals eventually took the gap, it was at great human cost.

In his official report, Cleburne listed 20 men dead, 190 wounded and 11 missing. On the Federal side, Hooker reported 65 dead, 424 wounded and 20 missing. Grant, Hooker and Sherman later stood at the Ringgold Depot to analyze maps, then took lodging that night at the William L. Whitman house that still stands on Tennessee Street.

According to Chaplain Arnold T. Needham, the Jobe house was littered with wounded soldiers. One female member of the family, after emerging from the root cellar that served as the family's haven during battle, was outraged that her bed was now soaked with the blood of a wounded Federal officer.

The Catoosa House, the courthouse and the bank sheltered about 261 Federal wounded.

The Confederate Congress acknowledged the valor of the Confederate forces that fought at the Battle of Ringgold Gap in a special resolution Jan. 22, 1864.

During the winter of 1863-4, Federal troops made Chattanooga and Catoosa County their home, while residents saw Confederates from nearby camps at Tunnel Hill, Varnell and Dalton raid and harry Union occupiers until the beginning of Sherman's March to the Sea in May 1864. Major General George Thomas controlled the Ringgold area.

Historian Clark writes that when the Yankees moved back, they burned what they did not take with them.

"Ringgold was a ghost town," he wrote. "What had been the most enterprising town in North Georgia, with flourishing businesses, nice stores and beautiful homes, was left a forest of soot covered chimneys."

Clark included a letter in his book from Ophelia Gordon, wife of Thomas Gordon, written December 29, 1863.
"Yankee rule is nothing to boast of. It does not take but one person to make a trade. If you have an article they want, they'll tell you so and take it. Ma, I never hated a race of people before and I do believe it would gladden my soul to see the last Yankee killed, man woman and child. There is but two or three families in town. Tal McAfee's family and the Whitmans are all I know of."

Union Major James Austin Connelly of Illinois wrote home about his stay with the Whitman family. "The family consists of the merchant, his wife, her sister, and his two children, a little boy five-years-old and a little girl eight-years-old. The little boy did not like me at first; said I was a Yankee and wouldn't speak to me; didn't like Yankees 'Because they burned Pa's store and killed our cow.' ...

When Wilder's Brigade first came through last fall, before the battle of Chickamauga, it carried away on horseback his entire stock of goods, whereupon he put the key to his store in his pocket and retired ..."

In the first week of May before Sherman's March to the Sea, Clark estimates that the population of Catoosa County increased by 100,000 males, all dressed in Union blue. The soldiers camped at locations throughout the county, including Catoosa Springs.

Once the march began and the majority of the occupying force left Catoosa, families were able to try to pick up the pieces of their shattered lives, while waiting to hear if loved ones would ever return from the fields of battle to once again plow the now blood-stained soil.

Patrick Cleburne
Patrick Ronayne Cleburne was born in Ovens, County Cork Ireland on March 16, 1828, the second son of Doctor William Cleburne and Mary Anne Ronayne Cleburne, members of the minority Protestant population of Ireland. Doctor Cleburne died when Patrick was young, and the financial straits of his death combined with the potato famine in the 1840s hit the family hard. After an apprenticeship with a surgeon, and three years of service in the British Army, Patrick and two brothers left Ireland to seek their fortunes in America, landing in New Orleans in 1850.

He settled in Helena, Arkansas as a druggist, passed the Arkansas bar exam, and became a lawyer. When Arkansas seceded in 1861, he was elected captain of the Yell Rifles, a company that became part of the 1st Arkansas Regiment. Cleburne rose through the ranks after participation in battles in the west to become a major general. He commanded Cleburne's Division in the Confederate Army of Tennessee through the Atlanta Campaign until his death at the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee on November 30, 1864.

Among his significant accomplishments was a Proposal to Make Soldiers of Slaves and Grant Freedom to All Loyal Negroes. He presented this idea to his commanders in Dalton, Georgia in January 1864. The reaction was mixed although General Robert E. Lee supported the idea and it was implemented at the end of the war. Cleburne is buried in Helena, Arkansas.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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