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McMahon House

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Alabama, Lawrence County, Courtland
Built about 1830 for merchant Joseph Trotter, this house was purchased in 1838 by John J. McMahon, a Virginia-born cotton factor who divided his time between Courtland and New Orleans. The house remained the home of McMahon's descendants for nearly 150 years. John McMahon's wife, Harriet, was the daughter of Dr. Jack Shackelford, who in 1836 organized a military company, the Courtland "Red Rovers," to fight for Texas independence. Donated by the family to the Alabama Historical Commission in 1987, the house was privately restored under protective covenant. The McMahon house is a notable example of the Federal-period architecture brought to this area by early settlers from the Atlantic seaboard.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Courtland Army Air Field (CAAF): Beginnings/Flight Schools

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Alabama, Lawrence County, Courtland
(side 1)
Courtland Army Air Field (CAAF): Beginnings

Following the onset of WWII the Army Air Corps initiated an ambitious pilot training program. During its most active period, this program would train over 100,000 pilots per year. To meet this demand, more than 450 air fields were constructed or improved across the US. North Alabama was considered a desirable location for a large training base because it possessed a climate that permitted year-round flight instruction and enjoyed low congestion of airways. Of three potential North Alabama locations surveyed, the Courtland area was considered the best overall choice. In April 1942, the site was officially selected through a board headed by Colonel Aubrey Hornsby and Lt Colonel Joseph Duckworth. Within an 8-month period, runways, roads, and most of the buildings were constructed on 2200 acres of land acquired from the Bynum and Shackelford estates. Four smaller auxiliary air fields were built nearby for flight emergencies and to provide greater training flexibility. CAAF was activated on 14 Dec 1942 under the command of the Southeast Air Corps Training Center. The first cadet class arrived on 26 Jan 1943. (Continued on other side) (side 2)
Courtland Army Air Field (CAAF): Flight Schools
(Continued from other side) Cadet pilots attended four schools: Preflight, Primary, Basic and Advanced. Courtland Army Air Field began service as a Basic Flight School. Signal Corps training supplemented the flight school. The Basic Flight School included ground school classroom facilities in addition to flight instruction. Cadet performance at Basic determined progressive paths toward advanced fighter or bomber training, or involved transfer to other schools that addressed topics such as navigation and aerial photography. The arrangement of four interlocking 5000-ft runways made CAAF an ideal site to accommodate both day and night training schedules 7 days per week and in a variety of wind conditions. Up to 700 cadets and 240 aircraft were posted at CAAF. The primary Basic Flight School training aircraft was the single-engine BT-13A Valiant. As Air Corps training needs evolved, the Basic Flight School was replaced by a Four-Engine Specialized School in September 1944. This involved the transfer to Courtland of personnel and B-24 Liberator bombers from Chanute Field, Illinois. Twin-engine trainers such as the Beechcraft AT-10 and the Cessna UC-78 also saw service at CAAF.

(Air & Space • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Courtland Army Air Field (CAAF): Facilities/Deactivation

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Alabama, Lawrence County, Courtland
(side 1)
Courtland Army Air Field (CAAF): Facilities

At its greatest strength, CAAF was home to 4600 officers, enlisted servicemen, and cadets. During the war years it was the largest population center within Lawrence County. Over 370 structures were constructed, including aircraft hangars, operations buildings, warehouses, barracks, mess halls, maintenance facilities, water supply/sewage treatment facilities, a weather station, and a hospital. To help accommodate the sudden influx of personnel during construction and following activation, locals opened their homes to servicemen and their wives. Electricity was supplied by TVA, and a railroad spur was constructed to accept delivery of materials and fuel. A small arms range and a chemical/gas chamber were onsite to support training requirements. Other facilities that provided day-to-day needs and recreation included a PX, officers/enlisted clubs, a chapel, and two theaters. An Army band posted at the base also toured local communities to boost morale and support War Bond drives. As schedules allowed, servicemen took advantage of leisure opportunities on the nearby Tennessee River. (Continued on other side) (side 2)
Courtland Army Air Field (CAAF): Deactivation
(Continued from other side) Demand for pilot training fell during 1943-44, and many airfields were gradually deactivated nationwide. As an emergency temporary construction, CAAF was also slated for closure, and was officially deactivated on 30 June 1945. Over the next three decades, most of the buildings were removed or destroyed. By request of the Ala Air National Guard, a steel-framed hangar was moved to the Birmingham Municipal Airport around 1950. Until the mid-1980s the CAAF property was used as a poultry farm, an auto race course, an auction facility, and a home for crop duster aircraft. Proposed uses included a horse race track, a coal gasification plant, and a prison, but none of those materialized. Lawrence County acquired the land in 1985 for use as an industrial park and a public airport was activated using two of the original runways. The 1990s saw a rebirth of the site with the advent of several light industrial businesses and a Lockheed-Martin missile assembly plant. US Army aviation returned to the site when the Redstone Test Center began using the property for helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft testing in 2010.

(Air & Space • Industry & Commerce • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Veterans Memorial Park

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Alabama, Lauderdale County, Florence
In the late 1960s, Point Park was developed by the City of Florence on this 82-acre site, leased from TVA, for outdoor recreation. It was the first multi-use sport complex in the State of Alabama. In the early 1970s, plans were developed for a Veterans Memorial in the park. The Memorial was built in 1975 and dedicated on Memorial Day of 1977. In April 1983, the name of the park was changed from Point Park to Veterans Memorial Park to honor all Veterans of Lauderdale County who served and died for their country. In 2002, the City of Florence and American Legion Post #11 implemented plans to enhance the Veterans Memorial by restoring and adding static displays to the grounds. These displays include an AH-1F cobra helicopter, a F-4D Phantom jet, a Medal of Honor recipient display, and markers listing Lauderdale County Veterans of WWI, WWII, Korean and Vietnam Wars who paid the ultimate sacrifice in defense of their country. These memorials stand as symbols of the patriotism of the citizens of Lauderdale County. The cornerstone of the Memorial tells it all, "Built By Those Who Care."

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Island Paradise

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Wisconsin, Door County, near Fish Creek
Northern white cedar trees cling to the rocky rim of 38-acre Horseshoe Island. A tangle of birch and balsam fir, with pale blossoms of climbing fumitory, grow on the island, too. Long ago, people lived on Horseshoe Island.

Indian people, including the ancestors of the Menomini, have lived in this area for over 2,500 years. In historic times other tribes visited Horseshoe Island, including Potawatomi. They fished for sturgeon and lake trout, no doubt finding refuge from storms in Horseshoe Island's south facing harbor. In 1850, Norwegian immigrant Ole Larsen settled here. Larsen supplied boiler fuel wood for vessels sailing Green Bay waters.

Later, the island captured the imagination of a wealthy Nebraska family, the Foldas. Bankers by trade, they purchased Horseshoe Island for $500 in 1888. When the State of Wisconsin established Peninsula State Park in 1909, E.F. Folda negotiated a selling price of $5,000 and a life estate for himself as well as his wife and sister. In time, he built an impressive summer lodge, Engelmar. But Folda fell on hard times during the Great Depression of the 1930s. He sold and moved the lodge and all other island possessions. When he died in 1944, his widow, Alma, relinquished ownership.

Today, Horseshoe Island is part of Peninsula State Park. Only the alert visitor will detect the lodge foundation, a root cellar, and openings where gardens once thrived.

You are traveling around Welcker's Point. About 1900, German immigrant and physician Hermann Welcker established a health spa and resort in Fish Creek. Select guests enjoyed cherry kuchen, friendly card games of bridge and mah-jong, and Peninsula hikes.

Old maps identify Horseshoe Island as Eagle Island. The majestic birds once nested there and may one day return again.


(Man-Made Features • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Butchart Gardens / Les Jardins Butchart

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British Columbia, Capital Regional District, near Brentwood Bay


Jennie Butchart began to shape this magnificent landscape in 1904. She established, in the style of the grand estates of the period, several distinct gardens to evoke a range of aesthetic experiences. An abandoned limestone quarry was transformed into the dramatic Sunken Garden, a reflection of the early 20th-century beautification movement and an exceptional achievement in Canadian gardening history. Through successive generations of the Butchart family, this site has retained much of its original design, and continues the Victorian tradition of seasonally changing the outstanding floral displays.
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Jennie Butchart commença à façonner ce magnifique paysage en 1904. Elle conçut, à la manière des grands domaines de l'époque, une variété de jardins pour créer autant d'expériences esthétiques. Une ancienne carrière de calcaire devint le spectaculaire Jardin en contrebas, témoin de mouvement d'embellissement du début du XXe siècle et constituant une réalisation exceptionnelle de l'histoire horticole au Canada. Au fil des ans, la famille Butchart a su conserver en grande partie le plan d'origine du site et perpétuer l'approche victorienne de changer, sur une base saisonnière, les superbes massifs floraux.

(Charity & Public Work • Horticulture & Forestry • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Sunken Garden

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British Columbia, Capital Regional District, near Brentwood Bay


The Limestone deposit was exhausted in 1908 and the quarry abandoned. Mrs. Butchart conceived the idea of transforming the barren pit into a garden and thus the Sunken Garden came into being. In 1910 she planted Lombardy poplar trees in an attempt to block the view of the cement factory. By 1912 the development of the garden was underway and it was completed in 1921.

(Environment • Horticulture & Forestry • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sunken Garden Lake Sit-in

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British Columbia, Capital Regional District, near Brentwood Bay


Limestone was also quarried up the hill from the Sunken Garden. It was transported in ore buckets suspended on cables high above ground from some half a mile away.

(Horticulture & Forestry • Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Quarry Walls

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British Columbia, Capital Regional District, near Brentwood Bay


The barren rock face of the quarry presented Jennie Butchart with a challenge. She hung in a bosun's chair to plant ivy in the crevices in the rock walls.

(Environment • Horticulture & Forestry • Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

United States Colored Troops at Johnsonville

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Tennessee, Humphreys County, New Johnsonville
United States Colored Troops formed the majority of Johnsonville's garrison. They played a crucial role in the construction of the depot and its defensive works. They garrisoned the blockhouse defending the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad and fought at the Battle of Johnsonville.

Battle of Johnsonville
November 4, 1864


Johnsonville's 2,500-man garrison consisted of the 12th and 13th U.S. Colored Infantries, the 43rd Wisconsin Infantry and Meig's Battery—Company A, 2nd U.S. Colored Light Artillery.

The garrison faced Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest in early November 1864. While Forrest's attach succeeded, the men fought well. The gunners of Meig's Battery hit one of the Confederate guns, forcing them to pull back. Sharpshooters of the 13th U.S.C.I. drove Confederate soldiers from the riverbank.

The Battle of Nashville
December 15-16, 1864


All of the United States Colored Troops who fought at Johnsonville faced the Confederates again at the Battle of Nashville. As part of the Second Colored Brigade they were in the forefront of the assault on the Confederate works on Peach Orchard Hill (Overton Hill). Their valor and determination earned them the praise of not only their Union comrades, but also of the Confederates they fought.

(captions)
(lower center) Company A, 2nd U.S. Colored Artillery at Johnsonville. They fought at the Battle of Johnsonville and at the Battle of Nashville.
(upper right) The 13th U.S. Colored Infantry lost 40% of its men in the assault of Overton Hill.

(African Americans • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Town of Johnsonville

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Tennessee, Humphreys County, New Johnsonville
A civilian community grew up beside the army supply depot, providing goods and services to soldiers and civilian workers. After the Civil War, Johnsonville's economy revolved around the river and the railroad. Johnsonville ceased to exist in the early 1940s, when the rising waters of newly-created Kentucky Lake covered the town.

Old Johnsonville

The Union supply depot presented an opportunity for businessmen. Soon hotels, boarding houses, saloons and general stores rose on the lots next to the depot. After the Civil War, the railroad bridged the Tennessee River and Johnsonville became a stopping point for commercial travelers. Excursion steamboats filled with sightseers made regular stops. Farms dotted the fertile floodplain. The river supported commercial fishing and musseling.

The town's location on the unpredictable Tennessee River proved perilous more than once, but the town survived the periodic flooding. Finally, the Tennessee Valley Authority did what Confederate cannon balls and floodwaters could not. The town of Johnsonville went under water for the last time in 1944 with the completion of Kentucky Dam and Lake.

(caption)
Scenes of Old Johnsonville, clockwise from top right: a flood scene, ca 1940; the H.E. Hennen docked near the railroad bridge ca.1930; the railroad bridge built in 1871 and destroyed when Kentucky Lake was created. Flood scene courtesy Humphreys County Public Library and other photographs courtesy Johnsonville State Historic Park

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers • War, US Civil • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Sunken Garden Lake

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British Columbia, Capital Regional District, near Brentwood Bay


The deepest part of the quarry floor was sealed, lined and allowed to fill with water from a natural spring forming a lake 40 ft deep in places. Mr. Butchart stocked the pool with trout which would rise to the surface to be fed when he clapped his hands.

(Environment • Horticulture & Forestry • Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Nashville and Northwestern Railroad

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Tennessee, Humphreys County, New Johnsonville
Before you is the old railbed of the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad. In 1863, the Union army extended the railroad to the Tennessee River, creating a reliable and secure supply line between the Ohio River and Nashville.

Building the Railroad

Construction began in the fall of 1863, supervised by the 1st Michigan Engineers. Several thousand conscripted African Americans made up the bulk of the work force. Companies of the 12th and 13th United States Colored Infantries guarded the laborers from raids by Confederate troops and guerillas.

Supplying Sherman's Atlanta Campaign

After its completion in May 1864, the Nashville and Northwestern served as the major supply route for the Union armies south and east of Nashville.

The supply line began at Paducah, Kentucky on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Tennessee.

Steamboats carried supplies up the Tennessee River to Johnsonville. The Nashville and Northwestern then carried the supplies to Nashville, where they were shipped to Gen. William T. Sherman's army in Georgia.

(captions)
Courtesy of Tennessee State Library and Archives

(African Americans • Railroads & Streetcars • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fenian Raids

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Vermont, Franklin County, Sheldon Junction
After Civil War, two attempts of Irish patriots to invade Canada and set up a free Irish republic were repulsed between Franklin and Cook's Corners. Fenians gathered in St. Albans, marched via Sheldon to the border but were stopped by Canadian arms and U.S. authorities.

(Notable Events • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ross Fountain Lookout

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British Columbia, Capital Regional District, near Brentwood Bay


This smaller quarry was a source of limestone in the 1860s. It was here that Ian Ross, grandson of Mr. and Mrs. Butchart, devised his spectacular fountain with the assistance of his plumber, Adrian Butler and his electrician, Vic Dawson. The Ross Fountain commemorated the 60th Anniversary of The Butchart Gardens when it was installed in 1964.

(Environment • Horticulture & Forestry • Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bassett and Bassett Banking House

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Texas, Washington County, Brenham
Benjamin H. and Thomas J. Bassett opened their newly-created bank and located their law office in this building soon after its completion in 1873. Built with bricks manufactured by the local Wild & Co. Brickyard, the Italianate structure housed the bank until it closed in 1884. An important Brenham landmark, the building features round arches and stucco hood moldings at door and window openings. The third story was added in the early 1900s.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Schmid Bros. Building

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Texas, Washington County, Brenham
Swiss immigrant Josef Schmid began a mercantile business in Brenham in 1880. He was joined by his brothers Benjamin and Sigmund to form Schmid Bros. in 1889, and in 1899-1900 they erected this building to house their business enterprises. Built in the Renaissance revival style, it features multi-bay configurations on both floors and round-arched windows with hood moldings. Sold by Schmid Bros. in 1934, it has remained a vital part of Brenham's business district.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Old Rotation

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Alabama, Lee County, Auburn
Established in 1896 by Professor J.F. Duggar, the Old Rotation at Auburn University is: (1) the oldest, continuous cotton experiment in the U.S.; and (2) the 3rd oldest continuous field crop experiment in the U.S.; and (3) the 1st experiment to demonstrate the benefits of rotating cotton with other crops to improve yields & utilize nitrogen-restoring legumes in a cotton-production system. It continues to document the long-term effect of these rotations in the same soil.

The Old Rotation consists of 13 plots on 1 acre of land. Each plot is a different crop rotation of cotton with corn, summer legumes, winter legumes, and fertilizer nitrogen.

National Register of Historic Places, January 14, 1988.

(Agriculture • Education • Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Founders' Oak

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Alabama, Lee County, Auburn
This post oak started growth in 1850 and was 6 years old when East Alabama Male College was established. It was 33 years old when the Alabama Agricultural Station was established, 91 when the nation entered World War II, and over 100 when this site was made an arboretum. In 1975, Hurricane Eloise wreaked havoc in the arboretum but the Founders’ Oak withstood the storm. It was 150 years old at the start of the twenty-first century and is expected to be here at the start of the next century.

(Disasters • Education • Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cary Hall

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Alabama, Lee County, Auburn

(Side 1)
Dr. Charles Cary, a native of Iowa and graduate of Iowa State in 1887, came to Auburn in 1892 and taught the first class of veterinary medicine at Alabama Polytechnic Institute. He has been called the Father of Veterinary Medicine in the South. In 1896, he helped to establish the first meat and milk inspection system in the United States. Named the first Alabama State Veterinarian in 1905, Dr. Cary became the dean of the newly formed College of Veterinary Medicine at Auburn (API) in 1907, the first in the South. Innovative campaigns to eradicate bovine tuberculosis and Texas tick fever were just a few of Dr. Cary's accomplishments, as well as work with brucellosis. He was President of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Executive Secretary of the Alabama Veterinary Medical Association, Alabama Livestock Association and United States Livestock Sanitary Association. (Continued on other side) (Side 2) (Continued from other side) Dr. Cary's practical teaching methods included performing animal surgery under a campus shade oak to instruct his students. His Saturday clinics and summer institutes taught farmers about the prevention and treatment of animal diseases. When he was nominated to the Alabama Hall of Fame in 1957, it was stated Dr. Cary did more for Alabama livestock production and for the protection of the purity of food products than any other man of his time. Built as a memorial to Dr. Cary in 1940, Cary Hall denotes classical revival architecture with symmetrical design indicative of academic and governmental buildings of the era. Four Tuscan style columns highlight the stair portal. The recessed door consists of an Ovum trim with Scotia stone accents at the top. Stone Quoins are at the vertical recessed steps of the building.

(Education • Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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