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National Distilling Co.

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Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, Milwaukee
This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places National Distilling Co. Designed by Crane & Barthausen Tour Site 17 1893

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hoffmann & Sons Co. Grocers

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Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, Milwaukee
This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places Hoffman & Sons Co. Grocers Designed by Ferry and Clas Tour Site 18 1906

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mercantile Building

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Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, Milwaukee
This property has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places Mercantile Building Built by Original Owner Alfred uihlein Tour Site 19 1908

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Confederate Soldiers Monument

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Florida, Jackson County, Marianna

Front (East Side) In memory of the
Confederate
Soldiers
of
Jackson County Florida North Side We care not whence they came,
Dear in their lifeless clay!
Whether unknown, or known to fame,
Their cause and country
Still the same-
They died - and wore the gray West Side In God We Trust South Side Of the warriors tried and true,
who bore the flag of our
peoples trust,
and fell in a cause, though lost,
still just,
and died for me and you.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

West Goshen Cemetery

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Indiana, Elkhart County, Goshen
Settler John Cripe who died in 1841 is believed to be the first burial at West Goshen. The site was purchased and used by the German Baptist Church beginning in 1859. The cemetery was ceded to the City of Goshen in 1975.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Nappanee World Wars Memorial

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Indiana, Elkhart County, Nappanee


In Memory of those from this community who gave their lives in the World Wars

Orval H. Andrews • William G. Anglin • Arthur Buss • Robert W. Chambers • Dale Junior Cleveland • Robert W. Geyer • Devon R. Hall • Russel R. Huff • Dean M. Lehman • Russel R. Meyer • C. Howard Miller • Carlyle D. Moore • Dale O. Nettrour • William Price • Robert W. Reed • George F. Rehrer • Joe D. Richmond • Monroe R. Schrock • Leonard L. Seeber • Dale O. Stine • Ora F. Stout • Howard Lamar Weaver • John H. Weaver • Robert E. Wise • Jerry M. Burkholder • Dean R. Orn • Clarence E. Meek • Harry R. Middleton

(War, World I • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Francisco de Miranda

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Puerto Rico, San Juan Municipality, San Juan
Precursor de la independencia hispanoamericana. General en Jefe del Ejército del Norte en la revolución Francesa. Luchó por la independencia de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica. Estuvo preso en esta ciudad por sus ideales liberales.

Forerunner of Latin American independence. General in Chief of the Northern Army in the French Revolution. He fought for the independence of the United States of North America. He was imprisoned in this city for his liberal ideals.

The Coat of Arms above the plaque reads, 10 de Abril de 1810 — 20 de Febrero de 1859 — Independencia — Federación — República de Venezuela.

(Colonial Era • Hispanic Americans • Notable Persons • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Father Valentine Sommereisen

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Minnesota, Brown County, near New Ulm
Valentine Sommereisen was the first resident Catholic priest in three large areas of the American West: southwestern Minnesota, the Dakota Territory, and western Kansas. Born 28 May 1829 in Rouffach, Alsace, a German–speaking part of eastern France, he was one of seven theology students who followed the great missionary, Fr. Augustin Ravoux, to Minnesota in 1854. Sommereisen was ordained by Bishop Joseph Cretin 8 March 1856 in the second Cathedral of St. Paul. His first assignment was to SS. Peter & Paul in Mankato. From there he ministered to 36 communities in 14 counties in southwest Minnesota. Many area families can trace ancestors’ baptisms, marriages, and funerals to his signature on parish records.

This is the site of St. Joseph Church, the first Catholic church in Brown County, completed in 1861. Fr. Sommereisen celebrated the first Mass. He ministered to Catholics in nearby Leavenworth, Sleepy Eye, St. George, and St. Peter. During the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, he joined Doctor W.W. Mayo in New Ulm 21–25 August caring for the defenders and their families. Fr. Sommereisen accompanied Fr. Ravoux, baptizing and consoling 33 of the 38 Dakota Sioux who were hanged in Mankato on 26 December 1862.

Fr. Sommereisen moved west in 1871 to Yankton, then the capital of Dakota Territory. From there he visited various forts and stations along the Missouri River. On one occasion in 1873, he provided services as chaplain to general George Armstrong Custer on his Yellowstone Expedition.

In 1876 Father Sommereisen was appointed pastor at Hays, Kansas, with the care of six nearby Volga-German settlements and various railroad towns along the Kansas Pacific. After another appointment at Cottonwood Falls, Kansas, 1878-79, he retired to a homestead near Hays, where he was a successful farmer, orchardman, and vintner. Briefly, during a period of drought, he worked as a section hand on the railroad. He died 25 January 1897 at age 67, and is buried in St. Joseph's Cemetery in Hays.

Dedicated by Bishop John M. Levoir and composed by Bishop Cretin Assembly of The Knights of Columbus, Fr. Eugene Hackert, & George L. Glotzbach 2011

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Churches, Etc. • Settlements & Settlers • Wars, US Indian) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Toronto Skyline

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New York, Niagara County, Wilson
You are looking at Lake Ontario, which is approximately 6,000 years old, 193 miles long, 53 miles wide, with a maximum depth of 802 feet. In surface area, Lake Ontario is the smallest of the Great Lakes. The largest waterway feeding into the lake is the Niagara River located twelve miles west of here. Many smaller lakes flow into the St. Lawrence River east of here.

On a clear day it is possible to see Toronto across the lake. Toronto, originally called York, was founded in 1793 as a defense post to guard against the threat of United States invasions. York was incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834. The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century and immigration after 1945 caused the city to grow tremendously. Toronto, with over 2.5 million residents, is a culturally diverse city with a prosperous economy.

CN Tower This 1,815-foot tall building is the signature piece of Toronto's skyline. Since 1976, Canada's National Tower has been the world's tallest self-supporting structure. In 2006, at 1,465 feet, the tower's Space Deck was the world's highest observation deck.

Toronto Dominion Bank Tower This 731-foot-tall, 56 story building, completed in 1967, was designed by noted architect Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe. It was Canada's tallest building until the CN Tower was constructed.

First Canadian Place This 978-foot-tall, 72-story building, has been Canada's tallest office building since 1975. First Canadian Place has the tallest sign in the world, The Montreal Bank logo, but lost that distinction in 1997. Over 10,000 people work in the building and more than 16 million visit it each year.

Canada Trust Tower This 856-foot-tall, 53-story building is one of the most distinct in Toronto's skyine. Completed in 1990, the building's lobby is connected to a glass galleria designed by world-renowned Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava.

Commerce Court West Completed in 1972, this 784-foot 54-story building with its stainless steel exterior was designed by I. M. Pei, one of the 20th century's most successful architects.

Bay Wellington TowerCompleted in 1991, this 679-foot, 49-story building has totally column-free office floors. The square surfaces of the tower make it appear as two, depending on your view.

Scotia Plaza This 902-foot-tall building was completed in 1988. The unique V-shaped design emphasizes the building's top floors. Over 8,000 people work in this 68-story building.

(Landmarks) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Indian King Tavern State Historic Site (NR)

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New Jersey, Camden County, Haddonfield

In late 1776, the British Army invaded northern New Jersey. The New Jersey Legislature fled south to Haddonfield. In May 1777, Hugh Creighton, keeper of the Indian King Tavern, purchased the dwelling in which the New Jersey Assembly had rented a room. From Creighton’s room, the Assembly approved 20 war measures ranging from the purchase of arms and ammunition to granting militia exemptions to men working in defense industries. Here also it approved a state seal and voted to “establish the Word State instead of Colony in Commissions, Writs and other Process.” In September 1777, the British invaded Pennsylvania and the New Jersey Legislature moved back north. Haddonfield became a Continental Army garrison town, occupied four times by the British. This difficult time in New Jersey’s history is interpreted at the Tavern. Visit and explore a building that started its life in 1732 as a brewery and evolved into a hotel before becoming New Jersey’s first state-owned historic site in 1903.
Discover Revolutionary New Jersey

(War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Clear Lake School

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Minnesota, Brown County, near New Ulm
1864 marked the beginning of District 6 (later known as 179), Sigel township's first of four school districts. The first schoolhouse was built on this site in 1868 with the purchase of 1 acre of land for $10. Civil War general Franz Sigel visited here after the war. The school burned to the ground on September 18, 1881 and was immediately rebuilt at a cost of $760. In 1925, the windows were moved to the wall facing the lake. The building was considered one of the best in Brown County due to its solid construction, distinctive red tin roof and bell tower. Over 23 teachers taught more than 450 students during its 107-year history. Many families had multiple generations taught here. State laws forced closure in 1971 when the school and its contents were sold at an auction. The building survives into the 21st century. Fond memories of life in a one-room farm school are left behind.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Charcoal Depot: warehouse & staging area

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New Jersey, Monmouth County, Farmingdale

On this site once stood the huge three story charcoal depot. This brick building had open, arched bays along its length to allow for the flow of air to keep the tons of charcoal inside from spontaneously catching fire. The depot was also used as storage for the other materials used in the furnace: bog iron ore and flux (seashells). A large wooden ramp allowed access to the top floors.

Into the early 19th century, charcoal was the only fuel source available in America to use in the iron industry. It was made from wood burned in a particular way so that only carbon was left. Hardwoods were best for producing charcoal. It was the standard practice to clear cut forests, however, so everything from oak and chestnut to pine was used. Early iron furnaces relied on vast tracts of forest land to supply an average of 50 cords a day needed to keep furnaces working.

Feeding the furnace.
Men known as fillers dumped the raw materials from iron into the furnace’s charging hole near the top of the stack.*   First the fillers carted 15 bushels of charcoal from the depot to the stack for loading through the hole. Then they brought up to 400 to 500 pounds of bog iron ore, followed by 30 to 40 pounds of seashells for loading into the stack. The procedure was repeated every half hour, 24 hours per day for 7 days per week to feed the furnace.
*   NOTE: The illustration shown here is of a top-loading furnace. Hopewell Works had a vertical charging hole near the top of the stack.

The collier made charcoal for the furnace.
Woodcutters clear cut thousands of cords of wood (1 cord = 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft.) from nearby forests. Colliers stacked the wood in organized piles called kilns or pits. Each pit was made up of 30 to 40 cords of wood. The collier then covered the pit with charcoal dust, dirt, and leaves. The center of the pit was lit from the top, and the burn spread throughout the logs. The pit was left to burn slowly without flame for up to two weeks. A collier would supervise several pits at once as the burn had to be carefully watched for flare-ups. He, and sometimes his family, would live at the charcoal burn site in small, crude, log huts.

When the burn was done and the charcoal cooled, the pit was broken open. The charcoal was moved to the charcoal depot for storage and later use in the furnace.



(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Pineries

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Wisconsin, Marathon County, near Wausau
From the 1840's to 1920's, logging overshadowed all other industries in Wisconsin. The state's northern pine forests became "pineries," providing logs to meet the nation's increasing demand for building materials.

Timber cut from these pineries floated downstream as raw logs or rafts of sawn lumber. The Wisconsin River was the most treacherous of the lumber streams, and many raftsmen lost their lives running logs over the rapids and whitewater.

In 1916, long after the arrival of the railroads, one of the state's last great river drives took place on the Rib River, below you. By the 1920's, most of the northern pineries had been logged off, and Wisconsin's logging era started drawing to a close.

Panel courtesy of the Wausau Area Jaycees and the Friends of Rib Mountain.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Civil War in Tennessee

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Tennessee, Campbell County, Jellico
Tennessee’s mountain residents were bitterly divided about secession in 1861, although most were Unionist. In Huntsville (Exit 141), Scott County residents voted to secede and join Kentucky if Tennessee joined the Confederacy.

Confederate commanders struggled to defend Tennessee’s lengthy border with Kentucky and western Virginia. A confederate fort in LaFollette (Exit 134) overlooked Big Creek Gap, a mountain pass, in case a Federal advance came that way. Other gaps were similarly fortified. Although when Confederated Gen. Simon B. Bruckner inspected the posts from Clinton (Exit 122) east to Cumberland Gap in June 1863, he found them “very imperfect.” Buckner strengthened the Cumberland Gap defenses (Exit 134); today, Cumberland Gap National Historic Park preserves both early Confederate fortifications and later Federal works.

The Confederate forts were intended to protect Knoxville, an important transportation center. In the city (I-275 Exit 1A), Knoxville National Cemetery contains remains of white Federal soldiers and U.S. Colored Troops who died in the area fighting. Both Confederate and Unionist leaders are buried in adjacent Old Gray Cemetery. The East Tennessee History Center on Gay Street interprets the region’s divided loyalties and the effects of the war.

Follow the routes of the armies along the Tennessee Civil War Trails. Colorful markers at each stop tell the story of the war’s interesting people, places, and events. A free map guide to the Tennessee Trails network is available in the Welcome Center. Please drive carefully as you enjoy the beauty and history of the Tennessee Civil War Trails.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

All Veterans Memorial

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Tennessee, Campbell County, Jellico
Tennessee Amvets dedicates this memorial to all veterans living or deceased who have honorably served their country that freedman may reign. Governor Don Sandquist

(Military) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Big Creek Gap

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Tennessee, Campbell County, LaFollette
The road in front of you winds through Big Creek Gap, one of the few natural openings through the Cumberland Mountains in the region. During the Civil War, this corridor was much narrower and steeper, and even lightly loaded wagons found travel extremely hazardous. Cumberland Gap, one the main migration route from the eastern states to the west and a strategic gateway during the Civil War, is about thirty miles northeast of here.

Early in the conflict, Confederate military engineers ringed Cumberland Gap with defensive works and considered the pass impregnable from the north and east. East Tennessee citizens who supported the Union alerted Federal commanders to the possibility of flanking the fortifications via Big Creep Gap. After a rigorous march, a detachment of Union soldiers, including a company of Campbell County men under Capt. Joseph A. Cooper, first penetrated the narrow passage here in March 1862 and routed the Confederate cavalry posted nearby. A more substantial offensive effort under U.S. Gen. George W. Morgan occurred in June, producing a bloodless Confederate withdrawal from Cumberland Gap. Subsequently, control of the Gap changed hands several times.

Across the highway, on a small knoll above and the right of the old rock quarry, are remnants of the earthworks that defended Big Creek Gap. They are the only know Civil War—era fortifications in Campbell County. In the summer of 1861, the 19th Tennessee Infantry (CS) and other units stood watch here to guard the state border and prevent local men from joining the Union army in Kentucky. Rifle pits, gun emplacements, and ammunition dumps used by soldiers from both sides are still extant.

(Inscription under the photo in the upper right)
"Drawing Artillery Across the Mountains" Harper's Weekly, Nov. 21, 1863.

(Inscriptions under the portraits in the lower right)
Gen. Joseph A. Cooper-Courtesy www.generalsandbrevets.com. and Gen. George W. Morgan, Leslie's Illustrated History.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Stone Mill

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Tennessee, Campbell County, Caryville
1.5 miles to the southeast on Cove Creek. Joel E. Stone built a dam, grist mill and a saw mill, which he and his family operated until 1934 when Norris Lake was raised. The mill served the surrounding area as a community center and whistle-stop for the old Southern Railway. Meal, flour, and wood products were produced using local raw materials. The Stones used the mill as a base for building local houses and churches.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Area

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Tennessee, Fentress County, Pall Mall
Welcome to Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Area. Sgt. York was awarded the nation's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for actions near the French village of Chatel-Chehery on Oct 8, 1918, during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive against the German forces. Your free tour of the Valley of the Three Forks of the Wolf River, where America's greatest World War I hero lived all his life, begins inside York General Store and Visitor Center with a 10-minute video "Legacy in Action" narrated by York admirer Walter Cronkite. An audio driving tour and map are available here or at www.sgtyork.org.

(Heroes • War, World I) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sgt. Alvin C. York - America's Greatest Civilian Soldier

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Tennessee, Fentress County, Pall Mall
On Oct. 8, 1918, outside the French village of Chatel-Chenery, Alvin C. York took his fateful walk into history during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive against the German forces. As the sharpshooter for Company G in the 328th Infantry of the U.S. Army, he and 16 other soldiers were given the unenviable task of silencing the machine guns that halted the advance the day before. It was a cold, wet morning. Rain mixed with sleet added to the gloom of fog that draped the landscape. As the soldiers worked their way around the hill, the men on the left flank stood exposed in the creek bottom. German machine gunners opened fire, wounding or killing nine Americans, including York’s best friend Murray Savage. York was on the right flank beneath the crest of the hill in a natural depression, which he used to kill nine of the men who operated the guns. In the meantime his comrades opened fire on the Germans, and in a few minutes 25 were dead. The Germans surrendered to what they thought was a superior force, and York and the American survivors escorted 132 prisoners to American forces at Varennes some 10 miles away. For that he won the Congressional Medal of Honor and a host of other medals. Upon his return from France, he remained an influential state and national figure for the remainder of his life. General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), called him “the greatest civilian soldier” of World War I. Upon York’s death in 1964, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson called him “a symbol of American courage and sacrifice” who epitomized “the gallantry of American fighting men and their sacrifices on behalf of freedom.”

Sgt. York in World War II. *Gov. Prentice Cooper appointed York to the Tennessee Preparedness Committee in 1940-1941 that created plans for transition from peace to wartime. *York tried to re-enlist for service in WWII, but his health was poor, and it was determined that his efforts were best utilized on the home front. *He and his personal assistant, Arthur Bushing, headed up the local draft board. *York spent fewer than eight weeks at home during WWII, traveling the U.S. for the Signal Corps, rallying troops and encouraging enlistment. * He battled verbally with the 800,000-member, anti-war America First Committee and aviator Charles Lindbergh, who urged for US non-involvement in the European war. *York hosted a weekly radio program, “Tennessee Americans,” on the Mutual Broadcasting System, interviewing such prominent guests as Gen. Douglas MacArthur. If he was home, the show was broadcast by remote from the York Institute auditorium. *He wrote a weekly syndicated column, “Sergeant York Says,” to boost morale during wartime. *York toured with the Camel Caravan, a Grand Ole Opry and Camel Cigarettes variety show hosted by Minnie Pearl and Eddie Arnold, which visited every training camp in the lower 48 states. *He sold War Bonds, gave blood to the Red Cross and assisted in any manner requested by the Roosevelt Administration. *The 1941 move Sergeant York played a significant role in persuading Americans to enlist in World War II.

The M247 Sgt. York SPAAG-Often mistaken for a tank, the M247 “Sgt. York” Division Air Defense Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun you see here failed when it was introduced in 1983, contributing to the dismissal of longtime U.S. Secretary Caspar Weinberger. This is one of the few remaining and it has never seen action.

(Inscriptions below the photos on the left side)
Alvin C. York during WWI at Camp Gordon with his friend, Pvt. Carl F. Swanson; York wanted to re-enlist for WWII service, but his efforts were best utilized on the home front; George Edward York at Camp Forrest during WWII with his father, Sgt. York; Alvin C York’s Draft Registration Card; WWI Congressional Medal of Honor winner York with WWII Medal of Honor Winners (Sgt. Huff, Sgt Coolidge, Sgt Cooley.

(Inscriptions below the photos on the right side)
Sgt. York and wife Gracie (third from left) fundraising for the Red Cross; Sgt. York served as Fentress County Draft Board Director during WWII; Sgt York (seated) during “Tennessee Americans” radio broadcast from York Institute during WWII; York was admirer of fellow Tennessean Cordell Hull, America’s longest-serving Secretary of State, who held the position for 11 years (1933-1944) in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during much of World War II. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations and was referred to by Roosevelt as “the Father of the United Nations.” The Cordell Hull Birthplace State Historic Park is in nearby Pickett County and includes a replica of Hull’s log cabin birthplace, his museum and archives, and historic Bunkum Cave.

(War, World I) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Inglehart Church

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Wisconsin, Columbia County, near Friesland
A congregation of German settlers had been worshipping in a log cabin about 200 feet north of this sign, on property homesteaded by James Inglehart in 1846.

In 1867 the congregation decided to build a church.

James Inglehart offered this site as a gift, but the congregation insisted on a legal land purchase. They offered Inglehart $25 but he would only accept $10. The land deed is dated April 6, 1867.

Inglehart hauled lumber and stone for the church, for which he charged nothing, and offered free room and board for the carpenters in his home, which was located about 300 feet to the south.

The church was completed in 1867 and named St. Paul's, but has been commonly known as "Inglehart Church" ever since.
From History of Inglehart Church by Helen Rode Noble

(Churches, Etc. • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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