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Abraham Powell 1877 Cabin

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Utah, Carbon County, Price

Vincent Paul Anella Troop 296
Eagle Scout Project

Reestablished marker recognizing the first cabin built in Price by Abraham Powell in 1877. Original marker was at 600 South Carbon Avenue.

December 22, 2011
Price Centennial 1911 – 2011
Chase Greenhalgh, Scoutmaster


original marker (contained within new marker)
About 1000 ft. west of this spot is the site of the first cabin built in this valley in the summer of 1877 by Abraham Powell.
This marker erected by Explorer Troop #284
Nov. 1936 – Wm Campbell, SM.


(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Nine Mile Road

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Utah, Carbon County, Price

The road through Nine Mile Canyon was constructed in 1886 by the Buffalo Soldiers of the U.S. 9th Cavalry to connect Fort Duchesne to the railroad in Carbon County. Most of the stagecoaches, mail and freight passed through Nine Mile into the Uintah Basin, which lead to the development of the canyon and the small town of Harper, presently known as Preston Nutter Ranch. Harper’s population peaked by 1910. The arrival of the Uintah railroad rerouted traffic away from the canyon and Harper became a ghost town by the early 1920’s.

ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ORDER
OF
E CLAMPUS VITUS
MATT WARNER CHAPTER
No. 1900
July 9th, 2011
6016, The Year of our Order

(Native Americans • Railroads & Streetcars • Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Ridgely Closes

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Minnesota, Nicollet County, near Fairfax

As the frontier moved westward, Fort Ridgely's importance declined. Troops were withdrawn on May 22, 1867, but the buildings and land remained the property of the federal government. Settlers pillaged the fort, carting off stone, wood, and other materials. Squatters turned the commissary into a barn, and even the massive stone barracks—more than 200 feet long and two stories high—was torn down. Ignoring the army's threats to remove them, the illegal homesteaders eventually petitioned the federal government for ownership of the lands they occupied. Legal title was granted in 1874.

The Minnesota Historical Society began archaeological excavations at Fort Ridgely in 1936. Eight building sites were uncovered, and visitors can now see the exposed stone foundations. Site excavations also revealed a long history of Indian occupation prior to the fort's construction. After the excavations were completed, the commissary was rebuilt and used as a museum and assembly hall.

Pillaging the Remains

On one day, no fewer than 100 teams were seen hauling away materials. According to The History of Renville County,

The settlers were all busily engaged picking out the particular material they desired, when word came that a government officer was approaching. One old settler says he never saw anyone move as quickly as did the men there in unloading their wagons and disappearing on the horizon.


Minnesota Historical Society
Fort Ridgely


(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham

Born Jan. 15, 1929
Assassinated Apr. 4. 1968

"...yes, if you want to say that I was a drum major, say that I was a drum major for justice; say that I was a drum major for peace..."

His dream liberated Birmingham from itself and began a new day of love, mutual respect and cooperation.

This statue of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. erected by citizens of Birmingham as an indication of their esteem for him and in appreciation of his sacrificial service to mankind.

Unveiled: Jan. 20, 1986
Carlo Roppa, Sculptor

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Children's Crusade

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
On May 2, 1963, more than 1,000 students skipped school and marched on downtown, gathering at the 16th Street Baptist Church. Bull Connor responded by jailing more than 600 children that day. So the next day, another 1,000 students filled the park in which you stand now. With his cells full and his back against the wall, Connor responded savagely.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Reflecting Pool

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
Throughout May 1963, the pressure continued to build. The downtown business district was closed, a prominent black-owned motel was bombed, and 3,000 federal troops were dispatched to restore order before Birmingham was officially desegregated. This placid fountain mirrors the peace that the brave "Freedom Fighters" helped forge.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

"Peace Be Still"

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
On Palm Sunday, 1963 Rev. N. H. Smith, Rev. John T. Porter and Rev. A. D. King led a sympathy march from St. Paul United Methodist Church down 6th Avenue North in support of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth and Rev. Ralph Abernathy who were in jail. 2,000 marchers assembled behind Smith, Porter and King like a "storm cloud". The march climaxed at Kelly Ingram Park where the marchers were met by billy clubs and police dogs. In the heat of the event these three ministers knelt to pray. This statue was built to capture the photograph taken at that event. These three ministers, along with other clergy and laypersons, were at the core of the movement that changed the world.

This plaque installed in memory of these ministers by Reverend Anthony "Alann" Johnson, grandson of Rev. N. H. Smith and The City of Birmingham

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
No one did more to bring about positive change in Birmingham than the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth. In his struggle for equal rights, he survived a series of assaults, including the bombing of his home and a brutal armed beating by the Ku Klux Klan. In spite of it all, he was instrumental in victory after victory for civil rights in Birmingham and America.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Kneeling Ministers

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
Responsible for much planning and leadership, the clergy played a central role in the Birmingham Campaign--like the famous Palm Sunday incident in 1963 (see nearby plaque). Local clergy like Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth worked with out-of-town ministers, Martin Luther King, Jr., and even a group of rabbis from new York, who likened segregation to the Holocaust.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Jim Crow on the Books

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
The first march to City Hall was organized in 1955 by Rev. Fred L. Shuttlesworth when he petitioned the city to hire Negro policemen. By 1963, thousands of Blacks marched on City Hall to protest Jim Crow laws that were a constant reminder of Blacks' second-class status in America. Such laws robbed them of fair voting, and public facility rights. Separate water fountains, restrooms, schools, public transportation and other facilities were marked with "Whites Only" and Colored" or "Negroes" signs. Separate did not mean equal; facilities for Blacks were substandard to ones for Whites. When Supreme Court rulings in the 1950s began reversing the legal basis for Jim Crow nationally, Blacks in Birmingham and throughout the American South began to disobey segregation laws, demanding that the laws be repealed.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, GPS coordinates, map.

Police Presence

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham

May 1963
Helmeted police stand ready in Kelly Ingram Park outside the Sisteenth Street Baptist Church, one of many strategic hubs from which "Project C" organizers launched marches. Police try to keep marchers away from City Hall, usually stopping them at 17th Street. White police often considered this street to be the great dividing line between them and Black protesters advancing to government sites downtown.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, GPS coordinates, map.

Non-Violent Foot Soldiers

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
Those who participated in the marches and other demonstrations in the Birmingham Campaign agreed to a pledge of nonviolence. A few of the "Ten Commandments" of the pledge were: "Mediate daily on the teaching and life of Jesus. Remember always that the nonviolent movement in Birmingham seeks justice and reconciliation - not victory. Refrain from the violence of the fist, tongue and heart." After protesters knelt to pray in the streets, they were arrested. Here they quietly line=up to get into the paddy wagon to be carted off to jail for "disorderly conduct."

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, GPS coordinates, map.

Non-Violent Foot Soldiers

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
The central principle of the American Civil Rights Movement was non-violence, based on the strategies of Mahatma Gandhi, who led India's independence struggle against the British Empire. Being non-violent did not mean being passive. Using "direct action," protesters aggressively disobeyed unfair segregation laws. This put them on a collision course with the White establishment that refused to change. Protesters were trained to resist, yet not fight violence with violence. They believed that God's devine power and the U.S. Constitution were on their side. They put their beliefs to the test on Birmingham's streets.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth invited Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to Birmingham in 1962. Shuttlesworth saw potential in the young minister, and their combined efforts were instrumental in Birmingham's desegregation. The campaign catapulted King into the spotlight as the foremost leader in America's Civil Rights Movement.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Don't Tread on Me

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
Leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) learned they could apply economic pressure to White businesses with more effective results than moral persuasion alone. Therefore, the central strategy of the Birmingham Campaign targeted the City;s retail base. "Project C" (the "C" stood for "confrontation") started with sit-ins at Birmingham lunch counters and continued with marches, pickets and boycotts of Birmingham retail stores. Movement leaders used these non-violent direct actions to disrupt White businesses and hurt their profit margins. The SCLC's goal was to create an economic crisis, forcing Whites to negotiate with Blacks who demanded equal rights and an end to segregation.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, GPS coordinates, map.

Don't Tread on Me

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham

1963
A female protestor remained defiant as police drag her away from a demonstration in Birmingham's nearby retail district. Activists in Birmingham--led for seven years by Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth before the 1963 Birmingham Campaign--put their lives on the line to rebel against the City's unjust and unconstitutional segregation laws. One such law, City Code Section 369, said, ?It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant in the city at which White and Colored people are served in the same room...." Many Blacks march to the retail district to protest such laws with sit-ins and boycotts of downtown stores. There, some whites spit on or verbally attack the protestors; but the non-violent protestors do not strike back.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

Le Marché Bonsecours / Bonsecours Market

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Quebec, Ville-Marie Borough, Montréal
Entrepris en 1844 par l’architecte William Footner, cet imposant édifice, d’inspiration néoclassique, rappelle l’accession de Montréal au rang de métropole. Complete par George Brown en 1860, il a servi d’hôtel de ville entre 1852 et 1878. Pendant plus d’un siècle, il abrite le principal marché de la municipalité et de la région. Le Parlement du Canada-Uni y a siégé brièvement en 1849. Au fil des ans, l’aile est a accueilli une sale de concert, des salles de réunion et a été utilisée a diverses fins militaires. Rénové en 1964, le marché Bonsecours a retrouve sa vocation d’espace public en 1996.

Begun in 1844 by architect William Footner this imposing building of Neoclassical design reflects the rise of Montreal to metropolitan status. Completed by George Browne in 1860, it served as city hall between 1852 and 1878. For over a century, it accommodated the main municipal and regional market and, briefly, the parliament of the United Canadas in 849. Throughout the years, the east wing housed a concert hall and meeting rooms, and was used for various military purposes. Renovated in 1964, the Bonsecours Market regained its function as a public space in 1996.

Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Water Cannons

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Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham
Bull Connor ordered the fearless "Child Crusaders" to be blasted with high-pressure fire hoses, and he once again loosed the dogs on the young demonstrators. When the media finally exposed the nation to the cruel scene, President John F. Kennedy attempted to intervene, but a defiant Connor continued to brutalize and imprison indiscriminately.

(African Americans • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Salt Creek Hills

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California, San Bernardino County, Baker
This area was the focus of both prehistoric...American activities and historic...mining. The rich environment provides...for numerous species.

Please...protect these natural and c... This ACEC is open for hiking and non...d vehicle use.

Enjoy your stay.

Geology of the Area
The Amargosa/Salt Spring mine lies in the Salt Spring Hills and in the vicinity of the contact zone of the Mesozoic granite rock and Cambrian age sedimentary rocks considting of limestone and limy shales. This contact has recrystalized and altered the sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks (hornfils and skarns).

Gold and workings occur on the thin quartz- and cabonate-filled fissure viens adjacent to the contact of a granite with limestone/marble and limy shales/hornfels. Exposed geology includes Quaternary alluvium, Zabriske Quartzite, red agglomerate, grey tuff-breccia, grey aphanite porphyry, marble, hornels, banded granofels, and granite.

Within the southern part of the Salt Spring Hills, where Highway 127 makes a bend, is a water gap cut by the ancestral Mojave River, which flowed into Death Valey from the south. During the Pleistocene, silts and clays of the Mojave River were temporarily ponded against the hills because of the alluvial fan extending from the Avawatz Mountains to the sour. It is believed that this lake is related in a much larger lake (Lake Manly), which occupied Death Valley intermittently during Quaternary time. Eventually, the overflow cut through the barrier. The present day drainage known as Salt Creek, continues to dissect the Pleistocene lake sediments.

Chilean-Style Arrastre
Arrastres were used to crush ore to extract precious metals. The mill stone in front of you is all that remains of the three arrastres known to have existed here in the late 1800s.

Amargosa House
This may be the oldest standing structure in the Mojave Desert. The three room office/house was originally constructed between 1850-1852. The picture above shows the building 100 years later, in 1950, with a modern roof.

Bats of Salt Creek Hills
Bats belong to a group of mammals called Chiroptera, meaning "hand-wing." The bones in a bat's wing are the same as those in a human arm and hand, except bat finger bones are extremely long and connected by a membrane of skin to form a wing. Though it may seem odd, bats are more closely related to humans than birds.

Most bats in the Western U.S. feed on insects, and are the only major predator of night-flying insects. A single bat can eat half its body weight in insects in one night...that's roughly 3000 or more a night per bat! Bats are such effective insectivores that some farmers encourage bats to visit their fields by building wooden bat "houses" nearby, resulting in a reduction or complete elimination of presticide use.

The stream, wetland, dune and wash areas surrounding Saltcreek provide food and shelter for as many as nine different typs of bats. Some of these bats forage just above the ground, over water, or along the banks of streams. Others forage about 13-15 feet above ground and grab insects out of the air or off vegetation. Still other bats eat insects as high as 1000 feet above ground. Some bats hunt for insects right after sundown, while others venture out in the middle of the night to hunt. As these bats eat at different times and different places, they can coexist in this relatively small area by not competing for the same resource the at the same place and time. Not all bats eat the same kind of bug either. For example, the Pallid bat specialized in eating hard-shelled insects, like scorpions!

Tragedy in the Old West
There are several reports of two massacres at the Amargosa/Salt Sping Mine:

In October 1864 three miners named Cook, Plate and Gordon were reportedly attacked by a roving band of Chemehuevis. Cook was killed and the mill was burned. The other two miners escaped into the desert and committed suicide some 20 miles away. The attack was reported in the Los Angeles Times on 29 October. The Rousseau Party came through in December 1864 and noted four houses and the burned mill.

A new company, George Rose as superintendent, took over the mine in late 1864. There are somewhat confused reports of another attack that happened in either 1864 or 1865. Eight miners were working the claims and noted a Paiute band camped at nearby Sheep Creek Springs. One of the miners made his way to Marl Springs 45 miles to the south near the present Kelso to summon help from the military. The military sent a relif party which arrived too late. The seven miners, not realizing that help was on the way, tried to make a pre-dawn escape, scattering as they fled. They were easily spotted by lookouts and all seven were slain.

Bats and Underground Mines
Many natural caves and large rock crevices, once occupied by bats in the desert Southwest, have been destroued or are subject to extensive human activity. As a result, many underground abdandoned mineshafts have become important replacement roosting habitat for these gentle winged mammals.

The historic mines of Salt Creek Hills offer a wide variety of roosting sites for many kindfs of bats. Some bats roost in large groups, others roost by themselves. Regardless if they roost alone or together, all bats are sensitive to human disturbance. Townsend's big-eared bat have been known to abandon a cave or mine permanently from just a single inappropriate visit by a human! Hibernating bats, and mother bats nursing their young are particularly sensitive to human disturbance. In face, disturbance to bats under these circumstances can result in sickness and death for these mammals, where normally they would live twenty years or more.

Many miners today are purpsely improving their underground workings to provide bat habitat and are gating mine entrances, like most of the mines here at Salt Creek Hills. Many people today are realizing the importance and value of bats in our ecosystem and have learned:
1) Bats carry rabies only rarely, and much less than many other native mammals;
2) Bats will not purposely fly into your hair. bats prefer to stay away from people;
3) Bats are not blind. They have very good eyesight which is supplemented by the use of echolocation;
4) Only vampire bats consume blood and they are found in Mexico, South America, and Central America.
5) Bats consume at least half their body weight in insects every night. That's roughly 3000 insects a night, per bat, and
6) Bats are a remendous barometer of indicator of ecosystem health. Bats are a top of the food chain predator and pollutants finding their way into our world will often affect bats before they affect larger mammls, like humans.

Stamp Mill
Stamp mills were used to crush ore to extract precous metals, such as gold and silver. The stamp mill in front of you was originally built in the 1880s. This drawing shows how the building once looked with a portion of the wall "cut away" to show the stamps.

(Natural Resources) Includes location, directions, 18 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

China Ranch

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California, Inyo County, Tecopa
In the 1890's a Chinese man named Ah Foo came to this canyon from the Borax Works in Death Valley. He developed a successful ranch, raising livestock, hay, fruits and vegetables to help feed the local silver miners and their draft animals. The "China Man's Ranch" became a favorite resting spot, with it's cool running stream and beautiful trees.

In 1900 Ah Foo disappears somewhat mysteriously, though the name has stuck. After many changes of owners and financially unsuccessful ranching attempts over the next 90 years, the current owners began planting young date palms in 1990, and opened China Ranch to the public in 1996. More history and information are available at the gift shop. Enjoy your visit.

(Agriculture • Horticulture & Forestry • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 34 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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