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Funeral Parlor

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New York, Niagara County, Ransomville
William Gentile's hardware store opened c.1890s. His son, Harry expanded the operation and founded a funeral parlor. The Post Office operated on the east side.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Colonial Gristmill

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Pennsylvania, Delaware County, Glen Mills

The stone gristmill at this site was built in 1704 by Nathaniel Newlin, a Quaker who emigrated from Ireland in 1683. The mill, restored to working order, is a fine example of a vital segment of Colonial economic life.

(Colonial Era • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Minquas’ Path

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Pennsylvania, Rose Valley Borough, Delaware County, Media

Near here the trading path leading westward to the Susquehannock Indians crossed Ridley Creek. Thousands of beaver skins were sent yearly to the first Dutch and Swedish posts on the Delaware by this route.

(Colonial Era • Exploration • Industry & Commerce • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Site Of Niagara Poultry Farm

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New York, Niagara County, Ransomville
Owned by W.R.Curtiss & Co. The world's largest poultry enterprise in the early twentieth century.

(Agriculture • Animals • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Rose Valley Historic District

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Pennsylvania, Rose Valley Borough, Delaware County, near Media

Hutton’s Grist Mill, c. 1840
Artsman’s Hall, 1905-1923
Hedgerow Theatre, 1923
Part of the
Rose Valley Historic District
Has been placed on the

National Register
of Historic Places


by The United States Department of the Interior

(Arts, Letters, Music • Education • Entertainment • Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Newlin Mill Complex

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Pennsylvania, Delaware County, near Glen Mills

The Newlin Mill Complex
was entered in the

National Register
of Historic Places


on March 9, 1983 by the
U.S. Department of the Interior
as one of the
“Nation’s Cultural Resources
Worthy of Preservation”


(Colonial Era • Industry & Commerce • Notable Places • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

General Joseph H. Lewis

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Kentucky, Barren County, Glasgow

General Joseph H. Lewis, commander of the famous Orphan Brigade, is buried just down the hill from Fort Williams. The Orphan Brigade was composed of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 9th Kentucky Infantry regiments along with two batteries of artillery. These men fought with the Confederate Army of Tennessee throughout the war. They left Kentucky in early 1862 and did not return until the war was over. Lewis was their last commander.

Joseph H. Lewis was born in Glasgow and was educated at Centre College in Danville. After practicing law for a number of year, Lewis entered politics. He served in the Kentucky legislature as a Whig from 1851-1855. His politics later took on a more pronounced Southern stance and he changed parties. He ran unsuccessfully as a Democrat for congress in 1857 and 1861.

After the war, Lewis returned to Kentucky and resumed his legal practice. In 1870 he was elected to congress and served two terms. In 1880 he was elected circuit judge. He served on the Kentucky court of appeals from 1882 to 1899, serving as chief justice in 1882, 1887 and 1897.

Monuments for two of Lewis' sons, Jack and Asa, who also served in the Orphan Brigade, are located near the Joseph Lewis monument. Gen. Braxton Bragg executed Asa Lewis for desertion after he went home to plant the spring crops against orders. Although Asa returned to duty of his own free will, Bragg carried out the execution. Asa has a headstone is in this cemetery but the location of his body is unknown. Jack's body is buried near that of his father.

Bottom right of marker
This is just one of the many sites along the John Hunt Morgan Trail. Brochures highlighting the entire trail are available at visitor information centers along the route.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Politics • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Great Trail

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Pennsylvania, Rose Valley Borough, Delaware County, near Media

The Great Trail

Minquas or Susquehanna
Indians
Susquehanna
to the Schuylkill
Crossed Ridley Creek
at Long Point
484 Yards to the south
Thousands
of Beaver Skins Yearly
Were carried down
to the first Dutch
and Swedish Settlers
On the Delaware

Marked by The Pennsylvania Historical Commission
and the Borough of Rose Valley
1926


(Colonial Era • Industry & Commerce • Native Americans • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Colross-Alexandria's Urban Phoenix

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Virginia, Alexandria
For over a century, this two-acre block was occupied by a mansion known as Colross. Built in 1800 by John Potts, the mansion, with its outbuildings, gardens, orchard, and a "clover lot" was in effect a small plantation.

Colross's owners included some of Alexandria's most prominent citizens. Jonathan Swift -- merchant. diplomat, and lodge brother of George Washington -- occupied Colross until 1824. In the 1830s, Thomsen Mason (grandson of George Mason of Gunston Hall) stylishly renovated the property, which had been used as a military boarding school. Mason, who died in 1838, was buried in a brick vault behind the house, although the vault later was removed and the remains re-interred elsewhere. William Smoot, a merchant who bought the property in the 1870s, continued t maintain Colross as an elegant oasis at the edge of a rapidly growing city.

After World War I, Colross's fortunes declined, when new owners divided the property. They constructed a warehouse on the northern half of the block, and used theold mansion as a boarding house for workers at The Virginia Shipbuilding Corporation. In 1927, a tornado ripped through the western end of Alexandria; among the casualties was the once-proud home of the Swift, Mason and Smoot families.

When investigations at Colross began in 2004, the chances of finding any meaningful archeological evidence seemed remote. In 1929, an interested buyer had dismantled the mansion and rebuilt it in Princeton, New Jersey. Moreover, the block later was occupied by 20th century commercial buildings, including a car wash.

But like the legendary Phoenix, Colross had not altogether disappeared. As backhoes removed layers of modern rubble, details of the block's historic landscape slowly emerged, the complex foundations of the main house basement, the original kitchen for the house, enclosed herringbone brick floors, a well, floor drains, multiple rooms and four massive fireplace bases. West of the house, an area of brick paving defined a courtyard where stables once had stood, and the foundations of Mason's office wing emerged east of the main house. A large domed cistern, also added during the Mason period, provided the household's water supply for much of the 19th century. To the north, where gardens had once bloomed, lay the empty base of the Mason family burial vault. Even the brick piers that supported the early 20th century warehouse were intact.

The investigations undertaken at Colross demonstrated, once again, the power of archeology to document a seemingly irretrievable chapter of our past.

(Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bridges of Niagara

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New York, Niagara County, Niagara Falls
Since 1848 many bridges have spanned the Niagara Gorge below Niagara Falls. The design and construction of these bridges was necessary for the economic development of the Niagara Falls area. The demand for safe and convenient crossings was easily apparent. This need provided a great challenge to civil engineers and to the development of bridge engineering technology. The successful crossing of the gorge required the skill of many engineers willing to take risks and extend their engineering knowledge beyond established limits. Their foresight and intuition contributed to the refinement and advancement of design techniques for suspension and arch bridges. Niagara Suspension Bridge - 1848; Lewiston & Queenston Suspension Bridge - 1851; Niagara Railway Suspension Bridge - 1855; Niagara Falls and Clifton Suspension Bridge - 1869; Niagara Cantilever Railway Bridge - 1883; Niagara Railway (Whirlpool Rapids) Arch Bridge - 1897*; Falls View (Honeymoon) Arch Bridge - 1898; Lewiston & Queenston Suspension Bridge - 1899; Michigan Central Arch Bridge - 1925*; Rainbow Arch Bridge - 1941*; Lewiston-Queenston Arch Bridge - 1962* * Currently in use. American Society of Civil Engineers 1852 CSCE SCGC Designated 1992 Dedicated 2005 Presented by The American Society of Civil Engineers and The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.

(Bridges & Viaducts) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Bugles Sound

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Ontario, The Municipality of Chatham-Kent, near Thamesville
Many of the men of the 41st Regiment had been stationed in Canada for 13 years. By October 5, 1813, they had not been paid for 6 to 9 months; they lacked tents and blankets; their uniforms were in rags; they were plagued by a variety of diseases; and they had not had proper food for days. British Ensign James Cochran observed, "The attack was silently awaited, each determined to do his duty, but few with any doubt as to the result."

The British, numbering about 450, faced 3000 American troops that included five regiments of Kentucky Volunteer Militia, Johnson's Regiment of Mounted Infantry, 120 regulars, and 200 Native Warriors.

At 4:00 p.m., the American bugles sounded and the assault began with the American battle cry, "Remember the River Raisin!" reminding the British of the massacre of American prisoners by warriors under Procter's command earlier in the year. Colonel Johnson led the attack with his mounted infantry. Half of his force charged the south end of the British front line (nearest the road and river) while the other half attacked the First Nations warriors in the marsh. The plan was to break through both British lines with their horses, dismount, and attack from the rear, while the American foot soldiers would follow and attack from the front. The strategy worked. The mounted infantry broke the British front line. The British troops fired one volley and then scattered to the cover of trees or surrendered. In the process, the British cannon was captured before it could be fired. The second line, after firing two rounds, was similarly broken by the U.S. horsemen. The forward action was over in minutes with 12 British killed, 22 wounded, and three Americans dead.

During the attack, Major General Procter tried to rally the troops to re-form but had to flee on horseback along with a few other officers and provincial dragoons. A group of Johnson's Mounted Infantry pursued Procter and his party but were foiled when Jacques Baby, a Canadian Militia officer from Sandwich, was thrown from his horse near a narrow bridge, hence obstructing the pursuers. Procter and a small group of officers and men narrowly escaped capture and reached Burlington Heights.

(Colonial Era • Native Americans • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Assault on Backmetack Marsh

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Ontario, The Municipality of Chatham-Kent, near Thamesville
As Lieutenant Colonel James Johnson's horsemen were charging the British front line, his brother, Colonel Richard Johnson led an attack against the First Nations warriors in Backmetack Marsh. The mounted infantry charged the Native left flank led by 20 riders, called "The Forlorn Hope," who were intended to draw the warriors' fire and empty their guns. Tecumseh's allies fired a devastating volley at close range that cut down 15 of the riders. The casualties included Colonel Johnson who was wounded five times but was able to shoot a Native chief just as the warrior was about to strike him with a tomahawk. The horseman became so entangled in the growth of the marsh that they had to dismount and fight on foot.

On the First Nations' extreme right, General Desha's infantry division attacked but was driven back by Oshawana and his warriors who fought gallantly and effectively for 30 minutes. Additional Kentucky Militia were sent in, and this, combined with the collapse of the British lines and the circulating news that their leader had been killed, devastated the warriors' spirit and they slowly dispersed into the forest. General Harrison reported 33 Native dead on the battlefield, including Wahsikegaboe. There were 12 American fatalities, including Lieutenant Colonel Whitley, and 17 wounded, including both Johnson brothers.

(Colonial Era • Native Americans • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Replica of the Statue of Liberty

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Iowa, Polk County, Des Moines

With the faith and courage of
their forefathers who made
possible the freedom of these
United States

The Boy Scouts of America

dedicate this replica of the
Statue of Liberty as a pledge
of everlasting fidelity and
loyalty

40th Anniversary Crusade to
Strengthen the Arm of Liberty

(Man-Made Features • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Birthplace of John Wayne

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Iowa, Madison County, Winterset


[Title is text]

(Entertainment • Man-Made Features • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Carver Court Public Housing Complex

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Florida, Orange County, Orlando
Built in 1945 for $468,700, Carver Court was a public housing development set up by the Orlando Housing Authority in an effort to stimulate the economy, resolve growing slum and housing problems, and meet local demands associated with the massive defense buildup that had occurred during World War II. The development consisted of 16 one-story buildings and 12 two-story buildings. Carver Court was a prime example of a planned residential community, reflecting important urban planning and housing design theories of the period. As a well-defined group of affordable, multi-family, residential buildings organized around open spaces, Carver Court exemplified public housing projects constructed throughout the country during the late 1930s and 1940s. A team of Orlando’s most prominent architects and landscape architects, including Arthur Beck (1899-1990), the first Jewish architect in Orlando, Herbert L. Flint, landscape designer for the first public housing complex in Jacksonville, and F. Earl DeLoe (b. 1893), designed the housing complex. Originally built to house African-American families, Carver Court reflected attitudes toward segregation and the housing of low-income families that were characteristic of the time.

(African Americans • Charity & Public Work • Civil Rights) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Middle River Water Trail

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Iowa, Madison County, near Winterset


[Historical excerpts from marker]
The Middle River has its origin in south-central Guthrie County. However, the navigable section of Middle River begins in east-central Adair County near Middle River Forest County Park. Middle River is a scenic stream that flows easterly through a mixture of lazy country side of croplands and pasture, rolling forested hills and limestone bluffs. It twists and turns through these landforms creating a moderately challenging paddle, especially at high or low water levels. This stream provides an exciting paddle with occasional chutes and ledges that can be navigated with moderate effort. Water levels are most enjoyable for paddling in spring, early summer and fall.

Along with the natural beauty found along Middle River, there are also a few man-made attractions that add to the scenery and water-trail experience. Spanning the river is two of Madison County's famous "Bridges of Madison County", Roseman Covered Bridge and Holliwell Covered Bridge. Paddlers must also portage around the historic "ford" at Pammel Park that was built in the early 1900's, and while making portage one can also catch a glimpse of the "Harmon Tunnel" originally constructed in 1858.

Middle River eventually empties into the Des Moines River near Carlisle in northern Warren County - with this navigable section of river being approximately 100 miles in length. The designated Middle River Water Trail begins at Middle River Forest County Park in Adair County and currently ends at the historic Holliwell Covered Bridge approximately 3½ miles SE of Winterset, covering a distance of just over 45 miles. Enjoy your exploration of Middle River!

Cultural History
The most interesting historical and cultural aspects along this stretch of Middle River are obviously the Holliwell Covered Bridge and the beautiful natural resources that define the Middle River Valley. The Holliwell Bridge was one of the first covered bridges built in Madison County as it crossed Middle River on the Winterset Indianola Road, which was considered the main highway carrying pioneers heading west through Winterset. The people came for the rich soil they called the Hoosier Prairie, and the abundant streams. There were forests along these streams of sugar maple, black walnut and towering cotton woods. Buffalo, elk and deer roamed the woods and prairie. There was lumber and stone for building. Prairie Rivers like the Middle River are living representatives of the resources that provided for the life we now enjoy. In 1880, Holliwell Bridge replaced the original open wood frame bridge that was first constructed in 1855. Holliwell is notably the longest of the covered bridges. Its structure is also very unique, being of the covered wood bow truss type. The two center top beams are 39 feet long and arc from 9' to 13.2' above the floor. The two end top beams are 16 feet long and arc from 0' to 9' above the floor. The total length of the main bow truss span is 110 feet, while the approaches span 60 feet for a total length of 170 feet.

Geology
Madison County escaped the most recent glaciations of approximately 12,000 to 15,000 years ago and is thus part of the Southern Iowa Drift Plain. The exterior appearance of Madison County is prominently dominated by the rolling hills which are shaped and supported by thick layers of limestone and shale formed millions of years ago during the era when a vast area of the Midwest was part of the Carboniferous Sea. The geology of Madison County becomes most striking when canoeing our rivers. Dispersed primarily through the central region of Madison County, majestic limestone walls and cliffs, with layers of shale intermixed, greet river users, with the most prominent high cliffs over 140' in height, found along Middle River about 1 mile above Pammel Park.

(Bridges & Viaducts • Environment • Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hogback Covered Bridge

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Iowa, Madison County, near Winterset


Built: 1884
By: Benton Jones
Type: Covered Timber Town Lattice Truss
overlaid by a Queenpost Frame
Size: 160 feet (98 ft truss with two 62 ft
approaches) x 15 feet wide

Jones was responsible for the last all-timber truss built in the county, known locally as the Hogback Covered Bridge. The Hogback Covered Bridge is in its original location. Hogback gets its name from the limestone ridge which forms the west end of the valley. It was renovated in 1992 at a cost of $118,810.

During the 1870's Madison County contracted for a series of timber trusses covered with roofs and walls. It is not known how many covered bridges were built in Iowa between 1850 and 1900, but a conservative estimate would be a hundred or so. Almost all have been destroyed by flooding, fire, collisions or demolition, leaving only a few remaining examples.

(Bridges & Viaducts • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Death of Tecumseh

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Ontario, The Municipality of Chatham-Kent, near Thamesville
At some point during the attack on Backmetack Marsh, Tecumseh was fatally shot. As word spread of their leader's death, one American account tells of the warriors giving, "the loudest yells I ever heard from human beings and that ended the fight."

Who killed Tecumseh is a matter of debate. Many accounts claim that the badly-wounded Colonel Richard Johnson shot Tecumseh just before he lost consciousness although, until much later in his political career, Johnson only claimed to have shot an Indian.

Some evidence points to Colonel Whitley as the man who killed Tecumseh. Whitley's body was found very close to Tecumseh. Still another report came from the badly-wounded Colonel James Davidson who claimed that a man in his company, Private David King, shot Tecumseh with Whitley's rifle.

(Colonial Era • Native Americans • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

North River Schoolhouse

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Iowa, Madison County, near Winterset


Restored by
Madison County Historical Society, Inc.
1962 - 1973
Placed on
National Register of Historic Places
by the U.S. Dept. of Interior
April 22, 1977

(Education • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Grace United Methodist Church

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Pennsylvania, Allegheny County, near Pittsburgh
Grace United Methodist Church
Built 1872


(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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