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Welcome to Bushy Run Battlefield

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Pennsylvania, Westmoreland County, Jeannette
Bushy Run Battlefield is the 1763 site of a battle between Native Americans and British forces under the command of Colonel Henry Bouquet. This battle stopped a Native American attempt to regain lands controlled by the British and allowed western colonization. Relive this important event by visiting the permanent exhibit, “The March to Bushy Run”, in our Visitor Center. Thank you for your patronage.

(War, French and Indian) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pontiac's War

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Pennsylvania, Westmoreland County, Jeannette
In the heart of the French and Indian War British emissaries attempted to persuade the Native Americans in the Ohio Valley to abandon their support of the French. In exchange, the British promised to leave the land west of the Allegheny Mountains after the French were defeated. However, when the war ended on the frontier, the British maintained their presence by constructing Fort Pitt and settlers continued to enter the region. When the British limited gifts to the various tribes and severely restricted trade, including such critical items as weapons and powder, the Natives understood the relationship was changing. In a vision, the “Master of Life” told the Delaware prophet Neolin, that his people should return to the old ways, make war, and drive the British from the land. In the spring of 1773 the Natives attacked Fort Detroit. The war quickly spread to western Pennsylvania, the Indians laying siege to Fort Pitt.

(Time line at the bottom of the marker)
1763-May 9-Siege of Fort Detroit;
May 16-Fort Sandusky falls;
May 25-Fort St. Joseph falls;
May 27-Fort Miami falls;
May 29-Siege of Fort Pitt;
June 1-Fort Quiatenon falls;
June 2-Fort Michitimackinac falls;
June 2-Fort Ligonier attacked;
June 4-Fort Pitt’s help request reaches Col. Bouquet;
June 12-Amhearst orders the 42nd and 77th to Bouquet;
June 16-Fort Venango falls;
June 18-Fort Le Boeuf falls;
June 22-Fort Pesque Isle falls;
July 15-Bouquet leaves Carlisle;
July 25-Bouquet arrives at Fort Bedford;
Augsust 2-Bouquet arrives at Fort Ligonier;
August 4-Bouquet leaves Fort Ligonier;
August 5-Natives attack Bouquet relief forces;
August 6-British defeat the Natives at Bushy Run;
August 10-British arrive at Fort Pitt.

(War, French and Indian) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Harbor Defense

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Sullivans Island

America’s attention turned away from warfare when the Civil War ended and seacoast defenses, including Fort Moultrie, deteriorated. But another crisis wasn’t long in coming – disputes with Great Britain in 1872 over the Alabama claims resulted in these two immense Civil War Rodman cannon being added to the fort’s armaments. They remained in service through the Spanish American War, but by then seacoast mortars and Battery Jasper’s disappearing guns provided Charleston’s best defense.

( Sidebar : )
15-inch Rodman Smoothbore

An innovation in gun-casting technology developed shortly before the Civil War by General Thomas Rodman made it possible to cast these huge guns.
A crack fifteen man gun crew could load this 15-inch Rodman with 40 pounds of black powder and a 434 pound ball, aim it, fire it once every 4 minutes. Originally, four men lifted and loaded the heavy projectile by hand.

15-inch Rodman shot
These big Rodmans were part of Charleston’s defense against major enemy ships such as Spanish Admiral Cervera’s fleet. Fortunately the Spanish fleet never appeared off Charleston; the Rodmans were no match for the naval rifles on the Admiral’s armored cruisers.

(Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Niagara Portage: Gateway to the West

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New York, Niagara County, Youngstown
During the 18th century, the Niagara Portage provided one of the great access points to the interior of North America. Here, travelers from the east could reach the upper Great Lakes after a relatively short portage around Niagara Falls.

Fort Niagara controlled this strategically vital portage. Travelers could begin their journey by land at the fort, or venture seven miles upriver and go ashore at the Lower Landing (Lewiston, New York). In either case, they first had to pass under the guns of Fort Niagara.

The portage road left the main gate at Fort Niagara and followed the Niagara until it reached the Lower Landing. Then it climbed the steep Niagara escarpment and continued south over relatively level terrain to the Upper Landing above Niagara Falls. There, travelers reentered the Niagara River and continued their voyage to the west.

(Exploration • Forts, Castles • War, French and Indian • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Winnemucca to the Sea Highway

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Nevada, Humboldt County, Winnemucca
This log is a portion of a redwood tree which contained 45,000 board feet of lumber. This tree drifted onto the Crescent City, California, beach during the 1964 flood. This log is 1477 years old and was cut from the largest piece of driftwood ever collected. It was presented to the City of Winnemucca as an appropriate marker for the beginning of the 'Winnemucca to the Sea' Highway.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Historic Marker

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Nevada, Humboldt County, Winnemucca
Site of school house given in 1868 by Frank Baud - a city founder

(Education) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Victor Schertzinger

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Pennsylvania, Schuylkill County, Mahanoy City
Violin prodigy who performed with John Philip Sousa and later became a film director and composer. He pioneered the use of original music for films, and his film “One Night of Love” won best musical score and sound recording Oscars in 1934. He composed the pop standard “Tangerine.” Among many films he directed were two of the Hope and Crosby “Road” movies. He was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. His childhood home was here.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

British Attack

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Sullivans Island

Confident of victory, British Admiral Peter Parker led his fleet of nine warships in an attack on the palmetto log fort, June 28, 1776. Parker’s ships anchored only 400 yards from here, firing thundering broadsides in the nine-hour battle.

The fort walls of spongy palmetto logs and sand absorbed hundreds of projectiles fired by the fleet’s nearly 300 heavy guns. Inside the fort, Colonel Moultrie’s 400 patriots concentrated the return fire of their 31 cannon on the largest ships, inflicting heavy damage and casualties.

The battle ended as darkness fell – the crippled fleet pulled up anchor and drifted out of range on an ebbing tide. Charleston’s defenders celebrated victory in the first major seacoast engagement of the Revolution.

( Sidebar : )
Next to a portrait of Adm. Parker: Admiral Peter Parker commanded the British naval force, sent to restore the king’s authority to South Carolina. Despite his defeat by the patriots, Parker was knighted and later became Admiral of the Fleet.

(War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Humboldt Canal

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Nevada, Humboldt County, Winnemucca

The Humboldt Canal, sometimes termed the Old French Canal, coursed southwestward from Preble, near Golconda, toward Mill City. The present highway crossed it at this point, from whence it ran southerly toward the Humboldt County Courthouse on Bridge and West Fifth Streets.

The canal was conceived in 1862 by A. Gintz and Joseph Ginaca. The waterway with a projected cost of $160,000 was to be sixty-six miles long, fifteen feet wide and three feet deep, and with a fall of thirty-five feet. Its primary purpose was to supply water for over forty stamp mills planned at and above Mill City, but it was also designed for barge traffic and some irrigation water supply.

Construction of the canal began in 1863. Louis Lay, a French emigrant from California, sub-contracted the first segment. Winnemucca city founder Frank Baud, another Frenchman, came on the project as a teamster.

About $100,000, largely French capital, was expended in building the Humboldt Canal to the Winnemucca area. Because of engineering errors and severe seepage problems between Winnemucca and Mill city, that section was never finally completed or used.

Several portions of the old canal are stil visible in the Golconda area, in various sections of Winnemucca, and at Rose Creek, south of the city.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pioneer Memorial Park

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Nevada, Humboldt County, Winnemucca

This spot was part of the Pioneer Cemetery where rests Frank Baud and other of the pioneers who founded Winnemucca, earlier known as French Ford. Baud arrived in 1863 and is one of the men credited with naming the town Winnemucca after the famous Paiute Chieftain.

Baud came with Louis Lay from California to work on the Humboldt Canal, a project headed by Dr. A Gintz and Joseph Ginaca who devised the plan to link Golconda and Mill City by means of a 90-mile canal and provide water for the mills in the area. It was never completed. Baud later became a merchant, helped build the Winnemucca Hotel with Louis and Theophile Lay, was the first postmaster, and gave the town a schoolhouse before his death in 1868.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Charleston Surrenders

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Sullivans Island

Almost four years after their defeat at the palmetto log fort in 1776, the British returned to Charleston with a larger force, new tactics, and respect for Fort Moultrie. The British did not repeat their earlier mistakes.

A British fleet of 96 ships arrived off Charleston on February 17, 1780. General Henry Clinton, with an army of 8,500, landed 30 miles south of Charleston. Clinton moved north to capture Fort Johnson, then marched on the city.

Vice Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot, commander of the British fleet, chose to bypass Fort Moultrie rather than attack it. The fleet stayed 800 yards offshore and quickly sailed past, despite Moultrie’s guns, and anchored in Charleston Harbor. Fort Moultrie was powerless to protect the city, and the siege of Charleston began.

During the siege, most of Fort Moultrie’s garrison moved to defend Charleston, leaving the fort with only 160 men, who surrendered to the British on May 7, 1780. Completely cut off by land and sea, Charleston surrendered on May 12. The port then served the British until 1782. The loss of Charleston was a crushing blow to the patriots.

(War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Price's Raid

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Kansas, Linn County, near Pleasanton


One of the largest cavalry battles of the Civil War was fought in the fields around Mine Creek.

In August 1864 Confederate Major General Sterling Price received orders to invade Missouri. He was to bring Missouri into the confederacy and at the same time weaken Abraham Lincoln's chance at reelection. To accomplish his objectives, Price intended to:

• capture St. Louis

• capture Jefferson City and install a Confederate governor in the capitol

• collect supplies and weapons for the struggling confederacy

• recruit soldiers from Missouri's large population of Southern sympathizers

As Price advanced into Missouri he discovered St. Louis and Jefferson City were both heavily fortified. He abandoned his plans to capture the cities, but his mission to gather provisions resulted in a supply train of 500 wagons.

[Inset portrait of]
Major General Sterling Price
Confederate States of America (CSA)

[Inset painting titled]
Battle of Mine Creek: The Charge at Mine Creek,
by Andy Thomas

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Palmetto Fort

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Sullivans Island

In 1776 South Carolinians prepared for a British invasion by building a fort on this site. This key position on Sullivans Island, beside the main ship channel, protected the entrance to Charleston Harbor.

The fort was designed as a 500-foot square with a bastion at each corner. To build it, thousands of palmetto logs were cut and rafted to Sullivans Island. With double log walls standing 10 feet high, 16 feet apart, and filled with sand, the structure resembled an “immense pen.”

On June 28, Colonel William Moultrie and the garrison of the palmetto log fort successfully defended Charleston against a British fleet. Later, Moultrie was promoted to general, and the fort was renamed to honor him.

( Sidebar : )
Above a map of the fort:   This map shows the location and unfinished condition of the palmetto log fort in 1776 when the British fleet arrived. One corner of the fort is illustrated in the drawing above.
The fort stood near the site of the present-day Fort Moultrie III, but the exact location of the palmetto fort remains unknown.

Above a picture of William Moultrie:   Charleston-born Colonel William Moultrie supervised the fort’s hurried construction. The fort did not look formidable, but Moultrie felt it would protect his men. When the British fleet arrived in June 1776, only half of the fort was complete, and the 400-man garrison had little ammunition and only 31 cannon (the British had nearly 300 guns).

Above an image of the South Carolina Flag and a Revolutionary War soldier:   The South Carolina state flag; its blue field, white crescent, and palmetto tree represents the Revolutionary War battle fought here in 1776. The tree represents the fort’s palmetto logs; and the crescent and blue color symbolize elements of the soldiers’ uniforms. South Carolina adopted the flag in 1861.

(Forts, Castles • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Combat at State Line

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Kansas, Linn County, near Pleasanton


Near Kansas City, Union troops clashed with Price's army in a series of battles:

October 19 in Lexington

October 21 at the Little Blue River

October 22 at the Big Blue River

October 23 in Westport

The Battle of Westport was a stunning Confederate defeat. Price withdrew south with Union cavalry in close pursuit.

Early on the morning of October 25 a running skirmish developed over the nine miles between Trading Post and Mine Creek. When the Confederate rear guard arrived at the banks of Mine Creek the end of the supply train had not yet crossed and several wagons were congested at the crossings. With 2,500 Union troops only 500 yards behind, the 7,000 Confederates were forced to stop and fight. This resulted in one of the largest cavalry battles in the Civil War, and a major defeat for the Confederates in the west.

Tour Mine Creek Battlefield State Historic Site and learn its stories.

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Lt. J E Bass Pilot and Crew

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Georgia, Chatham County, Pooler
 
    358th BS   303rd  BG
Shot Down Over Bricey, Fr. 6 Feb 1944
Lt       J E Bass                P      POW
Lt        J R Burns              CP   KIA
Lt       M B Abernathy     N      POW
Lt        M S Zientar            B      POW
S/Sgt  A Quevado            E      POW
S/Sgt  J C Hensley          RO   POW/ESC
Sgt      H J Brown            BT    POW
Sgt      M J Canale           WG   POW
Sgt      J P Grsetic           WG    POW
Sgt      A C Hendricks    TG      -


(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Father Pierre Millet

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New York, Niagara County, Youngstown
To
Father Pierre Millet,
French Jesuit Priest

Missionary to the Iroquois and Chaplain at Fort Niagara
Who, Here, on Good Friday 1688
Erected a Cross
Invoking God's mercy for the plague-stricken garrison.

(Churches, Etc. • Exploration • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Battle Begins

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Kansas, Linn County, near Pleasanton


With two brigades of 2,500 Union cavalrymen bearing down upon them, the Confederate rear guard formed a skirmish line. This maneuver delayed Union troops long enough for the Confederates to establish a main line of defense 800 yards south. The two Confederate cavalry divisions numbered approximately 7,000.

The field was wet and muddy from the previous night's rain, and hundreds of horses and wagons had trampled the ground. In spite of the precarious conditions, both sides quickly moved into position at 10:30 a.m. Confederate artillery opened fire first, followed by the Union.

The Union cavalry charged but hesitated and stopped when the Confederates showed no sign of breaking. The second Union regiment then moved around the first, triggering a chain reaction as the entire Union line charged.

[Inset photo caption reads]
Left to right: Colonel John F. Philips, brigade commander, United States of America (USA); Lieutenant Colonel Frederick W. Benteen, brigade commander, United States of America; Major General John S. Marmaduke, division commander, Confederate States of America (CSA); Major General James F. Fagan, division commander, Confederate States of America (CSA)

Photos courtesy of Roger D. Hunt Collection at U.S. Army Military History Institute; Louisiana State University Libraries' Special Collections; State Historical Society of Missouri

(Patriots & Patriotism • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

About Your Journey ...

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Nevada, Humboldt County, near Winnemucca

Whichever direction your travels take you, you're going to have a similar experience to what the California-bound emigrants had. You're going to see the same country, except for the towns and the ranch meadows. The big difference, though, is that you'll be traveling at a much faster pace. From here, you can be in California in a few hours. For the emigrants, it was as much as a month's journey. As you drive and look back at the country, think about those people who plodded along day after day through the thick alkali dust and sand—headed toward dreams of gold or a new life.

The California Trail had its beginnings at several points along the Missouri River, and included several variant routes across the Great Basin and over the Sierra Nevada mountains into California. With the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, most travelers made the journey by rail.

You're Invited!
There are many California Trail sites like this one, spread across Nevada. They're marked on this map.
As you stop at these sites, you'll learn more about what happened to these emigrants as they traveled across the Great Basin. Be sure to visit the California Trail Interpretive Center just west of Elko, Nevada.

(Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Golconda

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Nevada, Humboldt County, Golconda

Golconda is a one time Utah Territory mining town whose hot springs, a landmark on the California Emigrant Trail, were of more enduring fame than its gold and silver boom.

In 1868, Golconda became an ore shipping station on the new Central Pacific Railroad. Renewed activity in 1897, resulted in the narrow gauge Golconda and Adelaide Railroad to the Adelaide Mine. Golconda grew to 500 inhabitants by 1899. But the next year the mine and mill closed and railroad service ceased.

The hot springs (97° to 150° F) flow at about 100 gallons per minute. A rare occurrance of tungsten in the silica deposit of a fossil vent, one mile east, was once mined. Active vents north of the railroad tracks were the site of a famous resort hotel until 1961 when it burned.

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Charleston City Market

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South Carolina, Charleston County, Charleston

On this site stands one of Charleston’s oldest public facilities in continuous use: the Charleston Market. Earlier markets, dating back to the city’s relocation to the peninsula, ca. 1680, offered meat, fish, and vegetables at different sites. After the American Revolution, however, the city sought to consolidate this activity in one location and chose the present site, which was then a creek and marsh extending from Meeting Street to the Cooper River, briefly designated Canal or Channel Street.---------------Six neighbors, among them Charles Cotesworth Pickney, who owned the largest portion, donated land in March 1788, directing the city to open a market. By 1792, some marsh and creek had been filled and a 200 foot long brick market, stood near Meeting Street. In late 1793, the city converted that structure to house refugees from Santo Domingo, and the land reverted to its original owners because a market had not been erected within the specified time. Once the property was again donated to the city in 1804 and construction resumed. The “Centre Market”, consisting of separate sheds for fresh meats and vegetables, opened 1 August 1807, while sheds for fish and “small meats” opened later. Here, the city’s population, both slave and free, gathered daily to sell and buy locally raised commodities and imported delicacies.---------------Market Hall, designed by E.B. White and built for the Meetings of the Market Commissioners and others, opened in 1841 on the site of the original depot for country wagons. The rise of grocery stores and refrigeration in the early twentieth century sapped the market’s vitality, and its fortunes steadily declined. Renewal projects beginning in the 1970’s spurred a revitalization of the market and surrounding area. The historic restoration of Market Hall was completed by the City of Charleston in 2003. In 2010, the market sheds were completely restored by the City of Charleston, in partnership with the City Marker Preservation Trust.---------------The Market was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975. Although damaged by fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, and an earthquake, the City Market continues to function in the heart of the Historic District as one of Charleston’s most cherished institutions.

This plaque was placed in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the City Market.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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