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U.S. Field Hospitals at Gettysburg

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg
No written nor expressed language could ever picture the field of Gettysburg! Blood! Blood! And tattered flesh! Shattered bones and mangled forms almost without resemblance of human beings! Faces torn and bruised and lacerated . . . groans and cries, screams and curses, moans and grinding teeth! The horrible silence of torture beyond all expression . . . those weeks of sickening work, when the cut of the knife and the rasp of the saw . . . Grated on my overtaxed nerves.”
These words were written by an army surgeon who operated on some of the 27,000 wounded involved in furious combat during the Battle of Gettysburg, which was fought just north of here on July 1st – 3rd, 1863.

Following the battle, nearly 10,000 of both Union and Confederate injured soldiers were concentrated into a vast network of military field hospitals set up by the U.S. Army of the Potomac. These field hospitals were located just a short walk from where you now stand.

For six to eight weeks during July and August of the summer of death, these field medical stations provided basic care under extreme weather conditions while facing shortages of proper food and medicine.

Some of the locations still exist on this ground. The Old Aaron Sheely farm contained overflow patients from the adjacent hospitals, as well as an encampment of several thousand Southern Prisoners of War and the headquarters of General Marsena Patrick, the Union Army’s Provost Marshal.

Here you are surrounded by history. While in Gettysburg take advantage of this opportunity to visit the battlefield and contemplate the sacrifices made by Americans so long ago.
“Unity”
Our sculpture of flags has been designed by Fernando Vazquez as a symbol honoring he reunification of the thirty-five states torn apart by the bitter fighting of the Civil War.

Every state in the union during the Civil War is represented by their state flag in a cluster, with the flag of the United States of America triumphantly rising above.

This sculpture of flags moves with the wind symbolizing the enduring freedom of the United States. Each state flag represents the uniqueness and individuality of that state, yet all are unified under the stars and stripes commemorating the “Unity” of a nation.

“Unity” is located on the Route 15 side of Gettysburg Village.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

U.S. Field Hospitals at Gettysburg

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg
No written nor expressed language could ever picture the field of Gettysburg! Blood! Blood! And tattered flesh! Shattered bones and mangled forms almost without resemblance of human beings! Faces torn and bruised and lacerated . . . groans and cries, screams and curses, moans and grinding teeth! The horrible silence of torture beyond all expression . . . those weeks of sickening work, when the cut of the knife and the rasp of the saw . . . Grated on my overtaxed nerves.”
These words were written by an army surgeon who operated on some of the 27,000 wounded involved in furious combat during the Battle of Gettysburg, which was fought just north of here on July 1st – 3rd, 1863.

Following the battle, nearly 10,000 of both Union and Confederate injured soldiers were concentrated into a vast network of military field hospitals set up by the U.S. Army of the Potomac. These field hospitals were located just a short walk from where you now stand.

For six to eight weeks during July and August of the summer of death, these field medical stations provided basic care under extreme weather conditions while facing shortages of proper food and medicine.

Some of the locations still exist on this ground. The Old Aaron Sheely farm contained overflow patients from the adjacent hospitals, as well as an encampment of several thousand Southern Prisoners of War and the headquarters of General Marsena Patrick, the Union Army’s Provost Marshal.

Here you are surrounded by history. While in Gettysburg take advantage of this opportunity to visit the battlefield and contemplate the sacrifices made by Americans so long ago.
“Unity”
Our sculpture of flags has been designed by Fernando Vazquez as a symbol honoring he reunification of the thirty-five states torn apart by the bitter fighting of the Civil War.

Every state in the union during the Civil War is represented by their state flag in a cluster, with the flag of the United States of America triumphantly rising above.

This sculpture of flags moves with the wind symbolizing the enduring freedom of the United States. Each state flag represents the uniqueness and individuality of that state, yet all are unified under the stars and stripes commemorating the “Unity” of a nation.

“Unity” is located on the Route 15 side of Gettysburg Village.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Bell

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Georgia, Stephens County, Toccoa

Dr. Richard Forrest served as pastor of First Presbyterian Church of Toccoa, Georgia, from 1925-1950. When the original framed church building was torn down and a new sanctuary built in 1926, members of the church's congregation agrees to donate the bell from the old belfry to Toccoa Falls Institute.

Today, it sits quietly in the center of campus, but for many years, it played an important role in the day-to-day activities of the college. It rang to signal the change of classes - from the "rising bell" in the morning until the "lights out" bell at night. after the installation of the automatic signal system on campus, the old bell became a "victory bell" for athletic games.

On November 6, 1977, after nearly five days of continual rain, the dam above Toccoa Falls failed and an estimated 176 million gallons of water surged through a narrow creek bed and toward the sleeping campus of Toccoa Falls. Those on the lower campus had little time to react to the danger. Students immediately rushed to the center of campus and began ringing the bell in an effort to wake those who were sleeping. By the early 1980s, the bell had been a part of list at Toccoa Falls for more than 50 years. College officials decided it was time to retire the bell in an effort to prevent mischievous students from ringing it in the early morning hours.

This historical marker is placed in honor of the Centennial Celebration 1907-2007. Donated by the High School Class of 1954.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Pond

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg

When Eisenhower would come (to the farm), and especially if he had a hard day or a hard week at the office, . . . we’d walk down by the flag pole all the way down to the creek, over to the pond.
          CPO Walter West, U.S. Navy, who was assigned to Camp David as a horticulturalist and did landscape work at the farm.


Shortly after Eisenhower bought this property, a pond was created near this spot to provide water for fire protection and reduce insurance costs. A weir diverted water to it from the nearby creek and an overflow pipe sent water back into the creek.

With its lily pads and fish, the pond added interest to the landscape. But its water level fell during a drought in the early 1960s, and it was gone by 1964. Only the weir and overflow pipe remain.

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

LeTourneau Hall

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Georgia, Stephens County, Toccoa

A building known as "the board shack" originally stood on the present site of LeTourneau Hall. It was a simple wooden structure that was built a short time after the Haddock Inn fire. It became the residence of Richard and Evelyn Forrest along with the Institute's young women. It also served as the administration building and in 1914, it is where Mrs. Forrest established the Toccoa Falls grammar school.

By the late 1930s, all the cottages along with Stewart Hall were filled to capacity. Dr. Forrest and the Executive Committee made a decision to build a new girl's dormitory but there was no money to fund the project. The Forrests asked the student body and faculty and staff to fast one meal a day and pray that God would provide the money needed to build a new dormitory. In an act of faith, the Institute's boys cleared the area off and broke ground for the new building.

Step by step the Lord supplied the money. Texas businessman R.G. LeTourneau, gave half the amount and the rest came from private donations. The new dormitory contained a dining room, kitchen, gymnasium/auditorium, and rooms for fifty students. The gymnatorium was the largest recreational room on campus. In 1950, the original LeTourneau Hall burned to the ground. Dr. Forrest was away at the time preaching in Roanoke, Virginia, at a large Methodist church. The title of his message was "I will trust and not be afraid."

After receiving the news about LeTourneau, Richard Forrest said, "I told myself, 'Look here, old man, you'd better begin to practice what you preach.' Then I got down on my knees and spread the matter before the Lord." By 1953, the Lord provided the money needed to rebuild. Dr. Forrest was committed not to begin until he had $100,000 in hand. Friends in Toccoa and around the world donated over $62,000. The balance came from North Carolina businessman David Ovens. This time, according to Dr. Forrest's wishes, it was constructed of brick, concrete, steel, and tile. In other words, nothing that would burn!

This historical marker is placed in honor of the Centennial Celebration 1907-2007. Donated by Brenda (HS 1971) and Mary Kay (HS 1972) Ritchey.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Earl Hall

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Georgia, Stephens County, Toccoa

In 1940, there was a tremendous need for additional classroom space. In the Toccoa Falls News, Dr. Forrest reported that the Institute had 22 faculty members, 400 students, and only nine classrooms! there simply was not enough space for classes. As an act of faith, he and a group of students broke ground for a new classroom building and began praying for God to send the money needed to build the structure.

For a time, the only evidence of their faith in the project was a gaping hole in the ground that the students had dug. Finally, the foundation was poured as the prayers continued. During this time of waiting, Dr. Forrest received a letter from John Earl asking for a meeting and saying what a blessing Dr. Forrest's weekly radio broadcast was to him and his wife. When the two men met, Mr. Earl made an interesting business proposal. He would donate a piece of property in Atlanta, Georgia, to the college with the condition that once it was sold, the Institute would give the Earls a set monthly income for the rest of their lives. Dr. Forrest accepted the proposal and in 1943, Earl Hall was completed. The building contained classrooms for the high school, a canteen, and a bookstore. Kelly Barnes was the first principal, followed by Leon Gathany, Forrest Wheeler, and Don Andrews. Earl Hall continued to house the high school and its administrative offices until it closed in 1976. Later, it was used as a college classroom building, which also continued the offices for college academic services.

This historical marker is placed in honor of the Centennial Celebration 1907-2007. donated by the Toccoa Falls Academy Class of 1976.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Herd of Modest Size

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg

If I can, from time to time, add an animal . . . I can in this manner accumulate . . . a future herd of modest size.
          President Eisenhower


The farm grew as the herd grew. Originally housed in the bank barn (to your right), the growing herd needed more space. The addition of a loafing shed (across the barnyard) provided cows and calves with a place to get out of the sun or inclement weather. The maternity barn (to the left) sheltered sick or calving cows.

The maternity barn’s location near the farmhouse allowed herdsman Bob Hartley to check on ailing animals throughout the night. His attentiveness helped to avoid the loss of valuable cattle. By the 1960s The Eisenhower Farms boasted 100 cows with calves.

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

G.I. Hill & The Steel Buildings

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Georgia, Stephens County, Toccoa

During World War II, more than 500 former TFI students enlisted or were drafted into the military. After the war, many of these young men returned to the school to complete their education. The need for married students housing became an immediate necessity. In 1946, fifteen cottages and ten mobile homes, which had been declared surplus by the government, were purchased and moved to the campus to provide housing for married G.I.s, who were enrolling in record numbers. The terraces where these cottages were built were called "Memorial Terrace." However, the name was soon changed to "G.I. Hill." In the early 1900s, the first buildings.

In 1938, with the influx of students due to the N.Y.A. (National Youth Administration) program on campus, 60 male students were living in tents until dormitory space could be provided. In 1939, R.G. LeTourneau, who owned the LeTourneau plant in Toccoa, provided the solution by donating five steel dormitories to the Institute. Each building housed 24 students and a staff supervisor. By the early 1950s the building were remodeled to provide larger dorm rooms. Up until the 1990s they housed classrooms, the post office, archives, and Christian Service offices.

This historical marker is placed in honor of the Centennial Celebration 1907-2007. Donated in loving memory of Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Gregory, Sr., by children and family.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

I shall leave the place better than I found it.

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg

The fields in front of you demonstrate Eisenhower’s skill in farming. Using a system of crop rotation and contour plowing, Eisenhower slowly improved the productivity of the land. To prevent soil erosion and water run-off, fields were plowed perpendicular to the slope of the land. Soil nutrients were closely monitored and crops were rotated to rejuvenate the soil.

The President’s brother Milton recalled that Eisenhower “did a beautiful job of restoring productivity of the land. It became one of the most productive farms in the area.”

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ankonian has been invaluable. – President Eisenhower

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg

Here in the bull pens and breeding shed, Eisenhower’s plans for the next generation of cattle unfolded. Much of the herd’s success rested on Ankonian 3551. From his pen (on your left), Ankonian served as principal bull from 1956 to 1965. But his reign was carefully controlled.

Rather than release Ankonian into the pasture to sire calves, each mating of cow and bull was closely monitored. Herdsmen charted bloodlines and considered the attributes of each cow. Suitable cows were brought to the breeding shed (on your right) for either artificial insemination or mating. Ankonian’s contributions to the herd led the President to remark in a 1958 letter, “I have been very proud of the animal.”

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Second best, he didn’t want. – Robert Hartley, herdsman

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg

Cattle housed in the show barn (in front of you) lived in bovine luxury. Designed in 1957 for Eisenhower’s Angus show herd, the barn included a heated office and washroom. The washroom gave herdsmen a warm place to groom cattle even during the coldest winter.

During the summer, cattle rested in the barn sheltered from the sun and cooled by breezes through special ventilation doors under each window. The Eisenhower Farms provided only the best for the show herd.

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Barnyard Diplomacy

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg

Dad preferred to take visitors over to the show barn to show his ribbons. Dad would climb into the corral with his bull and poke him in the rump with his shotgun until the bull would stand up. The Secret Service were petrified, but didn’t dare protest.

Visiting dignitaries soon got the word of such favored treatment, so everybody had to be brought to the farm
.John Eisenhower


(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

385 Bombardment Group (H)

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Georgia, Chatham County, Pooler

Activated 
  Feb 1943
  297 Missions
  2 Unit Citations 
  Regensburg
      &
   Zwickau

 Aircraft Lost: 129
  Lives Lost: 409

 Deactivated
 Aug 1945

Combat Units
 HQ Squadron
  548th Bomb Sqdn
  549th Bomb Sqdn
  550th Bomb Sqdn 
 551st Bomb Sqdn 
 
 Support Units 
 424th Air Serv Grp 
   877th Chem Co. 
Det . 155, 18th AWS 

Those Of Us Who Have Survived Dedicate This Monument
To Our Fallen Comrades Who Have Given Their Last Full
Measure Of Devotion In A Sacred Cause.

"I've topped the wind-swept heights with easy grace
Where never lark, or ever eagle flew
And, while with silent, lifting mind I've trod
The high untrespassed sanctity of space,
Put out my hand, and touched the face of God."
                                            John Gillespie Magee, Jr.


(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 14 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Roman Cardo

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Israel, Central District, Rosh Ha'ayin
A remnant of the main street of the Roman city of Antipatris. "Cardo" is the name for the main north-south street of a Roman-era city. Shops lined the Cardo, and at its center it was connected to the Forum, the city's central square. Grooves can be seen in the paving stones, carved over the years by the wheels of vehicles rolling along the street. The lookout tower on the Cardo was constructed during the Ottoman period, long after the street had fallen into complete disuse.

(Anthropology • Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Biglerville

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Biglerville
Bendersville – 4
Biglerville
Named for
Gov. William Bigler
Founded
1817

(Political Subdivisions) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Coster Avenue Mural

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg

      The Coster Avenue Mural depicts the fight between the Union brigade of Col. Charles R. Coster and the Confederate brigades of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays and Col. Isaac E. Avery on the afternoon of July 1, 1863. Coster’s three small regiments (the 134th New York, 154th New York, and the 27th Pennsylvania) were rushed to this position from Cemetery Hill to cover the retreat of the Eleventh Corps. They took position behind fences in John Kuhn’s brickyard, and were immediately attacked by Hays’s (the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Louisiana) and Avery’s (the 6th, 21st, and 57th North Carolina) regiments. Outnumbered approximately three to one and outflanked on both ends of their line (see map at right), Coster’s men were driven from the brickyard with great loss, after a brave but brief struggle. One of Avery’s regimental commanders reported attacking the brickyard fence with “the enemy stubbornly holding their position until we climbed over into their midst.” It is this climactic moment of the battle that the mural depicts.

      The Coster Avenue Mural was conceived, researched, designed, and funded by author and artist Mark H. Dunkelman (pictured top left), historian of the 154th New York. The final mural was painted by Rhode Island artist Johan Bjurman (top right), who also supervised its construction and installation, and Dunkelman. The mural was dedicated on July 1, 1988, the 125th anniversary of the battle it portrays, in honor of the memory of the men of Coster, Hays, and Avery.

      After more than a decade of exposure to the elements, the mural was in need of a restoration. Financing for the work was generously provided by the “Bearss Brigade” and other friends of the painting. The “Bearss Brigade” consists of friends and followers of Edwin C. Bearss (pictured at bottom), Chief Historian Emeritus of the National Park Service, widely published author and the most legendary battlefield guide in the United States. Each year the “Bearss Brigade” makes a substantial contribution to the Civil War Preservation effort of Ed’s choice, and in 2001 he picked the Coster Avenue Mural as the beneficiary of their generosity. The restoration work was done by Johan Bjurman and Mark Dunkleman that autumn. Many thanks to Ed Bearss and his followers (and other friends) for enabling the restoration of the mural.

(Arts, Letters, Music • War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Guest House Railings

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Pennsylvania, Adams County, Gettysburg
Railings removed from
Mrs. Eisenhower’s girlhood home
750 Lafayette St., Denver, Colo.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Original Augusta Common - 1736

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Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta
Common - " ... a large void space which will be useful for a thousand purposes, and among the rest, as being airy and affording a fine prospect of the town in drawing near to it"
   —Sir Robert Montgomery, 1717


Providing a common area is a city planning idea that is nearly unique among the colonial towns of the thirteen colonies of America.
When General James Oglethorpe ordered the first land survey of Augusta he had future expansion in mind. He foresaw new arrivals of colonists and the general increase in population, and reserved a Common of 600 acres around the town. Until growth came, the common could be used for fortifications, as pasture for cattle, sheep, and goats, "for the convenience of Air," and "for the use of the future inhabitants."
The Augusta Common surrounded the forty lots of the original town and was bounded by the outlying 50-acre Township Lots. In present day geography, it extended from the Savannah River south to present day Laney-Walker Boulevard, east to Second Street and west to Eighth Street. It provided room for Augusta's expansion by rectangular blocks through the middle nineteenth century. Augusta's urban design form evolved over time, changing as the Common lands were subdivided and granted out, and as the rectilinear plan became cross-cut by canals, railroads and highways.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Year of Training

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Alabama, Montgomery County, Maxwell Air Force Base


Deva vu, once again, 1993, AU was aligned with ATC but this time to form Air Education and Training Command. Enlisted professional military education was consolidated, Officers Training School moved to Maxwell, and ROTC and CCAF were again part of AU. Warfighting courses for flag officers and staff officers increased and mandatory commanders courses began.

”Smart systems, smaller forces, and an uncertain future require Brilliant Warriors.”
Lieutenant General Jay Kelley, 16 Aug 96

(Air & Space • Education • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Next Fifty Years

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Alabama, Montgomery County, Maxwell Air Force Base


The tradition of excellence established by Air University pioneers will continue throughout the next fifty years… AU’s ability to educate people and develop critical thinkers is a mission that continues today. Now, more than ever, the United States needs dedicated leaders and visionaries to guide us successfully through an uncertain future. Air University has always produced such men and women and will continue to do so well into the twenty-first century.

The founding of Air University is by all odds my greatest satisfaction.”
General Carl Spaatz, 1948

(Air & Space • Education • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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