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Raptors - Birds of Prey

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California, Siskiyou County, Tulelake
This steep cliff of nestholes and crevices overlooks the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge and Lava Beds National Monument — fruitful hunting ranges for hawks, falcons, owls, and other birds of prey.

A favorable environment here is supporting a large number of raptors. In recent years, sixteen species have been identified in this area, among them the red-tailed hawk, prairie falcon and barn owl.

Raptors help to control rodent populations that might otherwise threaten crops. Some are able to consume their weight each day in mice, ground squirrels, and other small animals. Man has been their chief enemy, but today they are protected by law.

(Animals • Environment • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project

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New Brunswick, Charlotte County, near Welshpool


During the years FDR summered on Campobello, the daughter of one of Campobello's summer colonists married Dexter P. Cooper, an eminent American engineer. Cooper studied the tremendous rise and fall of Passamaquoddy Bay's tides and became obsessed with the potential of generating electricity from the 2 billion cubic metres (70 billion cubic feet) of seawater that entered and left the bay twice each day.

Passamaquoddy tides are among the highest in the world, and range from a maximum rise and fall near 9.1 metres (30 feet) to a minimum rise and fall of about 3.7 metres (12 feet). With a twice-daily average change in water level of 6 metres (20 feet), the tides are ideal for power production.

In the 1930's, Cooper proposed the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project, a plan for capturing the energy stored in the area's tides. His initial proposal was for an international two-pool system (see map). Passamaquoddy Bay and Cobscook Bay would be dammed and the incoming tide trapped by gates and dams. As the tide fell, water would be allowed to escape into Cobscook Bay through turbine electrical generators (see drawing) at Moose Island in Eastport. Water would then be held in Cobscook Bay until low tide, when it would be released through another set of gates into the Bay of Fundy.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt favored the development of federal hydropower projects to provide consumers with low-cost energy. FDR knew Cooper from summers spent on Campobello. He was very familiar with the area's tides and was a strong proponent of Cooper's plan (photo 1).

The Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project Commission of the United States Federal Emergency Administration recommended initial construction of a one-pool Cobscook Bay project. This was one of the largest engineering projects carried out by the U.S. government during the Great Depression and the New Deal, employing more than 3,000 Works Projects Administration workers.

Construction began with tidal dikes built by the United States Corps of Army Engineers. One dike connected Treat and Dudley Islands. Two others joined the Pleasant Point Passamaquoddy Reservation to Carlow Island and Carlow Island to Moose Island in Eastport. The dike between Treat and Dudley Islands can easily be seen at low tide.

Because of political infighting, the U.S. Congress failed to appropriate additional funds to continue construction, and the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power [P]roject was abandoned in 1936. While still technically feasible, the impact on the fisheries and environment, and current costs render the project impractical.
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Á l'époque où FDR passa ses étés à l'île de Campobello, la jeune fille d'un des habitants de colonies estivales célébra son mariage à un jeune homme du nom de Dexter P. Cooper, un ingénieur professionnel américain. Á l'époque, celui-ci avait fait de nombreuses recherches sur le mouvement intense des marées de la baie Passamaquoddy et il était convaincu du potentiel énergétique provenant des deux milliards de mètres cubiques (70 milliards de pieds cube) d'eau salée qui fait son entrée et sa sortie deux fois par jour dans la baie.

Les marées de la baie Passamaquoddy sont parmi les plus élevées au monde. On peut observer des montées/baisses d'un maximum de 9.1 mètres (30 pi.) jusqu'a des montées/baisses d'un minimum 3.7 mètres (12 pi.). Cette fluctuation, deux fois par jour, produit un changement du niveau d'eau de près de 6 mètres (20 pi.) et offre des conditions idéales la production d'électricité.

C'est au cours de années 1930 que Dexter P. Cooper mit en branle son projet de centrale électrique marée motrice pouvant permettre de capturer l'énergie entreposée dans le mouvement des marées de la région. Sa proposition initiale comprenait la construction de deux bassins internationaux (voir carte). La construction de digues aux deux extrémités des baies de Passamaquoddy et de Cobscook devait permettre de capturer l'écoulement des eaux provenant des marées. Lors de la baisse de la marée, les eaux se seraient échappées dans la baie Cobscook, sous le mouvement de turbines électriques situées à l'île Moose, Eastport (voir esquisse). Les eaux auraient été retenues dans la baie Cobscook jusqu'à la baisse des marées et auraient été acheminées dans la baie de Fundy à travers un autre système de conduits.

Le Président Franklin D. Roosevelt était généralement favorable à la réalisation de projets fédéraux de production d'électricité permettant la réduction des prix de l'électricité. Non seulement FDR connaissait-il personnellement Dexter P. Cooper, étant donné ses nombreux étés passés sur l'île de Campobello, mais il connaissait également très bien le mouvement des marées de la région. Donc, FDR était un fervent partisan du projet de Cooper (photo 2).

La commission de projet de centrale électrique marée motrice de la baie Passamaquoddy du Service fédéral américain de la gestion d'urgence fit la recommandation initiale de la construction d'un des bassins de la baie Cobscook. Une fois réalisée, cette initiative représentait l'un des plus grands projets d'ingénierie entrepris par le gouvernement américain durant les périodes de la Grande dépression et du "New Deal". Ce projet aura aussi employé plus de 3,000 travailleurs.

La construction des digues fut entreprise par le United States Corps of Army Engineer[s]. L'une des digues relia les îles de Treat et Dudley. Deux autres digues relièrent la réserve Passamaquoddy de Pleasant Point à i'île Carlow et l'île Carlow à i'île Moose de Eastport. On peut facilement apercevoir la digue reliant les îles Treat et Dudley lors de la marée basse.

Suite d'un long débat politique, le Congrès américain prit la décision d'annuler l'appropriation des fonds nécessaires à la poursuite du projet deconstruction. Le projet de centrale électrique marée motrice fut donc abandonné en 1936. Bien qu'il serait encore possible de poursuivre cette initiative d'un point de vue technique, l'impact sur les pêcheries, l'environnement et les coûts associés à ce projet le rend aujourd'hui peu réaliste.
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Map.
Proposed two-pool Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project gates and dams.
Carte.
Projet de construction des deux bassins de la centrale électrique de Passamaquoddy - les ports et les digues.

Photo 1.
President Roosevelt looking at model of Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project.
Le Président Roosevelt examine la maquette du projet de la centrale électrique.

(Environment • Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Passamaquoddy Tribe / La Tribu Passamaquoddy

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New Brunswick, Charlotte County, near Welshpool


Passamaquoddy Bay takes its name from the Native American Passamaquoddy Tribe. The word means People of the Pollock-Spearing Place. The Passamaquoddy have a rich heritage, once occupying much of what is now eastern Maine and western New Brunswick. They lived inland, seasonally, where during the colder months they subsisted mainly by hunting and fishing. During the warmer months, they moved to the shore (where there were cooler temperatures and fewer biting flies) to harvest abundant marine resources such as fish, shellfish, and marine mammals.

Despite diseases, warfare, and other changes that accompanied first contact with Europeans and later settlers, the Passamaquoddy endure. Today, they have two reservations in eastern Maine, Sipayik at Pleasant Point near Eastport, and Motahkokmikuk, approximately 81 kilometres (50 miles) inland at Indian Township near Princeton. The tribe also manages natural resources on approximately 80,972 hectares (200,000 acres) of tribal lands. Sipayik and Motahkokmikuk are each self-governing, and each has its own Tribal Government made up of a Tribal Council, a Governor, and a Lieutenant Governor. A Joint Tribal Council addresses issues of concern to all Passamaquoddy.

During Campobello's resort era, Campobello Company brochures spoke of canoe trips with Passamaquoddy guides (photo 1) who would pick clients up at Friar's Bay beach. In an August 7, 1916 letter, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote, "This morning was lovely and the first thing I saw from the window on the Pell Beach was a canoe and two Indians! We all bustled round and by 10:30 we were ready to start...The wind came up quite strong and going across the Duck Ponds and around Liberty Point we had quite a little sea but it was a glorious day and we reached Mill Cove by lunch time."

The Passamaquoddy also sold baskets and birchbark items to hotel guests and summer colonists. Each summer, noted Passamaquoddy artist and Tribal Chief Tomah Joseph (photo 2) came to Campobello where he guided and sold birchbark canoes and other artwork to summer visitors. The canoe in the Park's Visitor Centre (and in photo 3) was built for FDR by Tomah Joseph.

FDR was concerned for the well-being and rights of Native Americans. His New Deal Indian Reorganization Act (1934) was passed to restore self-management of Native American assets and to prevent further depletion of reservation resources. Other goals of the Act were to provide a sound economic foundation for the people of the reservations and to return to them local, tribal self-government. Although scholars debate whether the Act achieved its goals, its reversal of long-standing policies of forced assimilation marks it as one of the most important pieces of legislation affecting Native Americans.
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La baie Passamaquoddy doit son nom à la tribu amérindienne des Passamaquoddy. Son nom signifie "peuple qui pêche le poisson par l'entremise d'une lance". Les Passamaquoddy possèdent un riche patrimoine. La tribu occupaient autrefois une bonne partie de ce qui est aujourd'hui l'est de l'État du Maine et l'ouest de Nouveau-Brunswick. Durant les mois d'hiver, les membres de la tribu subsistaient principalement de la chasse et de la pêche. Lors des saisons plus clémentes, les membres de la tribu vivaient à l'intérieur des terres, près des rives pour profiter des températures plus fraîches, éviter les moustiques et récolter les produits de la mer, tels que les poissons, les crustacés et les mammifères marins.

De dépit de la maladie, des guerres et autres changements suivant les premiers contacts avec les Européens (et plus tard les premiers colons), les membres de la tribu des Passamaquoddy continuent d'occuper deux réserves dans l'est du Maine - Sipayik, située à la pointe Pleasant près de Eastport, et Motahkokmikuk, située à environ 81 km. (50 mi.) à l'intérieur des terres du Indian Township près de Princeton. La tribu fait l'exploitation de ressources naturelles sur un territoire d'environ 80,972 hectares (200,000 aces). Les réserves de Sipayik et Motahkokmikuk possèdent toutes les deux leur propre gouvernement autonome, conseil, gouverneur et lieutenant gouverneur. Un conseil conjoint s'occupe aussi des questions concernant l'ensemble des membres de la tribu des Passamaquoddy.

Á l'époque où l'affluence des visiteurs à Campobello battait son plein, les brochures publicitaires de la Campobello Company vantaient les plaisirs des voyages en canot guidés par les Passamaquoddy (photo 1). Ces derniers venaient chercher les clients sur la plage de la baie Friar. Dans une lettre rédigée le 7 août 1916, Eleanor Roosevelt écrit la note suivante: "Cette matinée est superbe et la première chose que j'ai remarqué en regardant par le fenêtre qui mène sur la plage Pell fut un canot et deux indiens! On s'est tous affairés et vers 10h30 nous étions prêts à partir...le vent s'éleva fortement et souffla à travers les Duck Ponds et autour de la pointe Liberty. Bien que la mer était assez mouvementée, nous avons néanmoins passé une journée glorieuse et nous sommes arrivés à Mill Cove avant le déjeuner."

Les Passamaquoddy vendaient aussi des paniers et autres articles faits d'écorce de bouleau aux habitants et visiteurs séjournant dans les hôtels. Chaque été, l'illustre artiste et chef de la tribu des Passamaquoddy, Tomah Joseph (photo 2) venait à Campobello où il servait de guide et vendait ses canots en bouleau et autres objets d'art aux visiteurs de l'île. Le canot à proximité du Centre d'accueil des visiteurs (et sur la photo 3) a été fabriqué pour FDR par Tomah Joseph.

FDR se préoccupait énormément du bien-être et des droits des amérindiens. Une composante importante de son "New Deal" fut la Loi sur la réorganisation des affairs indiennes (1934) qui fut adoptée en vue de rétablir la gestion autonome des biens amérindiens et d'empêcher la décimation des ressources sur la réserve. Un autre objectif de la nouvelle loi était d'offrir les outils nécessaires à la création d'une fondation économique solide pour les peuples amérindiens. Bien que les spécialistes continuent de débattre des bienfaits de la loi, personne ne conteste son apport à la remise en question des anciennes politiques pré-New Deal forçant l'intégration amérindiens.
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Photo 1.
Franklin and Eleanor are in the canoe on the right.
Á droite, Franklin et Eleanor dans un canot.

Photo 2.
Pictured here is noted Passamaquoddy artist and Tribal Governor Tomah Joseph in one of his birchbark canoes. Friar's Head is in the background.
Sue cette photo, on voit l'illustre artiste et chef de la tribu Tomah Joseph à bord d'un de ses canots en bouleau. Á l'arrière plan, on aperçoit le cap Friar.

Photo 3.
In this 1907 photo, FDR is shown launching his Tomah Joseph-built canoe from the beach below his summer home.
Sue cette photo prise en 1907, on aperçoit FDR lors du lancement de son canot construit par Tomah Joseph sur la plage au bas de sa résidence d'été.

Photo 4.
FDR continued his association with the Passamaquoddy. This photo shows FDR and Tribal Chief William Neptune speaking in front of the Roosevelt Cottage, circa 1920.
Cette photo de FDR témoigne de ses relations étroites avec la tribu des Passamaquoddy. Sur cette photo, on aperçoit FDR et le chef du tribu William Neptune en dialogue devant la résidence d'été de Roosevelt vers 1920.

(Entertainment • Environment • Native Americans • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Friar's Head / Le Cap Friar

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New Brunswick, Charlotte County, near Welshpool


Friar's Head takes its name from the stone pillar or stack (photo 1) that rises from the beach directly below the observation deck. While occupying Eastport, the British navy was said to have used the stone pillar for target practice, altering its outline to that of a hooded monk or Friar in deep contemplation.

Native American Passamaquoddy legend referred to this rock as the Stone Maiden. The legend speaks of a young brave leaving on a long journey, telling his lover to sit and wait for his return. Many months passed and the brave did not return. The young maiden was terribly upset and sat on the beach below the head and waited. When the brave finally returned to the village, he found his young maiden turned to stone, forever to wait and watch.

Tucked under the crest of the headlands, the Friar is only visible from the shore (photo 2). You can visit him only when the tide is down. You must first follow the trail in front of you to the right and downhill to a trail intersection. At the intersection, walk left to the steps at the shore. Follow the shore to the left. Remember, seaweed and algae-covered rocks on shore are very slippery.

In 1881, the Campobello Company constructed a roofed pavilion on Friar's Head (photo 3). A hike or carriage ride to the headland was an enjoyable outing for summer visitors. Hotel guests and cottage owners picnicked at the pavilion and enjoyed the view from the summit (photo 4). The observation deck on which you stand is located on the foundation of the old pavilion.
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Le cap Friar doit son nom à la vaste formation rocheuse qui s'élève près de la plage au dessous du belvédère. Lors de l'occupation de Eastport par la marine militaire britannique, il semble que celle-ci aurait procédé à des pratiques de tir au canon sur le cap Friar, ce qui aurait sensiblement modifié sa silhouette. Celle-ci ressamble maintenant à un moine coiffé d'un capuchon (ou un "Friar") plongé dans de profondes méditations.

D'aprés une légende amérindienne de la tribu des Passamaquoddy, cette vaste formation de roc est surnommé le Stone Maiden. La légende raconte qu'un brave jeune homme, avant de partir pour un long voyage, demanda à la jeune femme qui l'aimait de s'asseoir à cet endroit pour y attendre son retour. Plusieurs mois passèrent et le jeune homme ne revint pas. Terriblement attristée, la jeune femme s'est assise sur la plage en dessous de la crête pour attendre le retour de son amoureux. Lorsque le jeune homme revient finalement au village, il retrouva sa jeune amoureuse transformée en pierre, en attente perpétuelle.

Caché sous le crête, on ne peut apercevoir le cap Friar que de rivage (photo 2). Celui-ci ne peut qu'être visiter qu'à marée basse. Veuillez d'abord suivre le sentier devant vous vers la droite et descendre vers l'intersection du sentier. Une fois à l'intersection, continuez vers la gauche jusqu'aux marches qui mènent à la rive. Suivez la rive vers la gauche. Veuillez toutefois être très prudents en raison des algues marines qui recouvrent le roc et rendent la surface du sentier glissante.

En 1881, la Campobello Company érigea un pavillon couvert servant à abriter l'emplacement du cap Friar (photo 3). Une randonnée à pied ou en carrosse jusqu'au sommet du cap apportait énormément de plaisirs aux plaisanciers. Les visiteurs faisant des séjours aux hôtels et les propriétaires des résidences d'été profitaient pleinement des airs de pique-niques au pavillon et pouvait admirer le paysage à partir du sommet (photo 4). Le belvédère sur lequel vous vous trouvez repose sur les fondations de l'ancien pavillon.
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Photo 1.
The Old Friar / L'ancien "Friar"

Photo 2.
Friar's Bay and Friar's Head circa 1882. Engraving by A. Lindsay Sr. from drawing by Fred B. Schell.
La baie Frair et le cap Friar (vers 1882). Gravure pars A. Lindsay Sr., d'aprés une ébauche par Fred B. Schell.

Photo 3.
Friar's Head pavilion / Pavillon du cap Friar

Photo 4.
Campobello Company directors picnicking circa 1880.
Les directeurs de la Campobello Company lors d'un pique-nique (vers 1880).

(Environment • Man-Made Features • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tribute to Captain MacDonald Austin and Sargeant Jack Berlin

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Georgia, Chatham County, Pooler
This plaque is placed in honor of Captain MacDonald Austin and Sargeant Jack Berlin who parachuted into the Dordogne Region of France on the night of June 10, 1944 to help French Partison troops distrupt the enemy following the invasion at Normandy and the family of Bertrand Davezac who provided shelter and refuge for Captain Austin and Sargeant Berlin at their Chateau Goursac

Placed in the Memorial Garden this 8th Day of April, 2003
By the Board of Directors of
Mighty Eighth Heritage Museum

(War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Mary Corning Winslow Black Studio

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California, Monterey County, Monterey
Mary Corning Winslow Black, a noted Monterey artist designed and built this home in 1930.

This structure is an example of Spanish eclectic architecture and is included on the National Register of Historic Places.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Campobello Company and Hotels

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New Brunswick, Charlotte County, near Welshpool


Although visitors had been coming to the island since 1855, Campobello's summer trade did not really prosper until the 1880s - years of long summer vacations and great resorts. A group of Boston and New York businessmen bought most of the island in 1881. The new owners called themselves the Campobello Company; their plan was to promote the island as a summer resort. They hoped to lure a wealthy clientele with extensive leisure time to the island, let them enjoy the area's many charms, and sell them land.

The Campobello Company constructed three large, luxurious hotels: the Owen (photo 1), the Tyn-y-Coed, and the Tyn-y-Maes (photo 2). Hotel brochures promoted the favorable climate, clean, bracing, salt-tinged and balsam-scented air, and abundant scenic beauty. As well, the hotels advertised unequaled boating and fishing, enjoyable excursions by land and sea, and relief from hay fever. Both Canadian and American papers and periodicals promoted Campobello as a summer resort. Families from New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Ottawa and Montreal escaped to Campobello by private yacht, steamship, and train.

Two steam launches (photo 3) were purchased by the Campobello Company to ferry passengers from Eastport to the company's hotels and to ferry passengers between the Owen and the Tyn-y-Coed's floating wharf (photo 4).
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Bien qu'une foule de visiteurs aient fréquenté l'île depuis 1855, le commerce relié à la saison estival n'a commencé qu'à prospérer au milieu des années 1880 - années marquées par de longues vacances estivales et la construction de magnifiques lieux de villégiature. Un groupe d'hommes d'affaires de Boston et de New York fit l'acquisition d'une grande partie de l'île en 1881. Les nouveaux propriétaires formèrent une nouvelle compaignie appelée la Campobello Company. Leur objectif était de promouvoir l'image de l'île comme centre de villégiature. Leur but était d'attirer de nombreaux clients aisés, ayant beaucoup de temps libre et les moyens pour profiter la beauté de l'île, pour leur vendre des terres.

La Campobello Company fit construire trois hôtels de luxe: le Owen (photo 1), le Tyn-y-Coed et le Tyn-y-Maes (photo 2). Les brochures publicitaires de l'époque vantaient le climat tempéré, l'air pur, vivifiant, salin et embaumé, ainsi que la grande beauté du paysage de l'île. De plus, les hôtels annonçaient les conditions inégalées de la navigation de plaisance et de la pêche, les agréables excursions sur terre et en mer, sans compter un climat idéal pour soulager les symptômes de la fièvre des foins. La presse, tant canadienne qu'américaine, vantait les mérites de Campobello comme lieu de villégiature. Les familles aisées de New York, Boston, Philadelphia et de Montréal s'y rendaient à bord de yachts privés, de bateaux à vapeur et en train.

La Compagnie fit également l'acquisition de deux bateaux à vapeur (photo 3) pour effectuer la traversée des passagers entre Eastport et les hôtels de la compagnie et aussi pour faire la traversée entre le Owen et le quai flottant de l'hôtel Tyn-y-Coed (photo 4).
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Photo 1.
Campobello's first resort hotel was the Owen, located on Deer Point across the bay from this observation deck. The Owen was closed after 1889 and dismantled some time before 1920.
Le Owen fut le premier hôtel construit sur l'île de Campobello, à Deerpoint, de l'autre côte de la baie. Le Owen ferma ses portes après 1889 et fut démoli aux environs de 1920.

Photo 2.
James and Sara Roosevelt and one-year-old Franklin stayed at the Tyn-y-Coed (Welsh for "house in the woods") Hotel at left during the summer of 1883. The Tyn-y-Maes ("house in the fields") is at right. These hotels closed about 1907. The Tyn-y-maes caught fire and burned between 1908 and 1912, after which the Tyn-y-Coed was dismantled.
Á gauche - Au cours de l'été 1883, James et Sara Roosevelt et leur fils d'un an lors d'un séjour à l'hôtel Tyn-y-Coed, nom d'origine galloise qui signifie "La Maison dans les Bois". Á droite - L'hôtel Tyn-y-Maes ou "La Maison dans les Champs". Les bâtiments du Tyn-y-Maes fermèrent leurs portes vers 1907 et furent détruits par des incendies entre 1908 et 1912. C'est à la suite de l'un de ces incendies que le Tyn-y-Coed fut démoli.

Photo 3.
The Campobello Company's steam launch Emmet carried hotel guests to and from Eastport.
Le bateau à vapeur Emmet de la Campobello Company transportant des passagers en provenance des hôtels de l'île vers Eastport.

Photo 4.
The Hubbard Cottage, brown when this 1904 photo was taken, is at left. In the center is the James and Sara Roosevelt Cottage. At far right is the Kuhn Cottage, which eventually became the FDR summer home. In the foreground is the large floating wharf constructed by the Campobello Company. The wharf was destroyed in a storm in 1903.
La résidence d'été Hubbard, de couleur brune lors de la prise de cette photo, se trouve à gauche. Au centre de la photo se trouve la résidence d'été James et Sara Roosevelt. Á l'extréme droite se trouve la résidence d'été Kuhn qui est éventuellement devenue la résidence d'été de FDR. Á l'avant se trouve l'énorme quai flottant construit par la Campobello Company. Le quai fut détruit par un orage en 1903.

(Entertainment • Man-Made Features • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Coker Spring

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South Carolina, Aiken County, Aiken
The freshwater spring 1/2 mi. SE was used by prehistoric Indians. It was deeded to the town of Aiken in 1844 by William Perroneau Finley (1803-1876) and furnished Aiken´s drinking water throughout the 19th century. A regular stop on the stagecoach route from Abbeville to Charleston, it helped make Aiken a popular health resort. William Gilmore Simms described it in 1843 as “a fountain of delicious water, which is equally cold and unfailing.”

(Reverse text)
The brick springhouse, covered in stucco, dates from the early 19th century and features Greek Revival architectural elements. During the Civil War Confederate soldiers who camped nearby were frequent visitors to Coker Spring. The springhouse and its retaining walls, neglected by the turn of the 20th century, were restored in 1972 after archaeological excavations on the site. Coker Spring was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

(Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 13 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Confederate Retreat

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Kentucky, Pulaski County, near Nancy

"Every one for himself was the motto."

Much of the Confederate Army retreated through this area. They headed south along the Mill Springs Road toward their camps and fortifications just this side of the Cumberland River.

Mississippi and Tennessee regiments that had fought in the ravine and along the hotly contested fencerow on this side of the road also passed through this area as they left the battlefield. These men had fought long and hard. When finally they attempted to withdraw, Union infantry and artillery flanked their line.

Union cannons rolled into position on the Confederate right flank and quickly fired over fifty rounds into the Southern troops. This was too much to endure. Private David Scales of Company B, 20th Tennessee said, "We were overpowered and had to fight our way out." Seventeen-year-old Private James L. Cooper of Company C said, "It was anything but an orderly retirement. With much confusion, the retreat began. Every one for himself was the motto, and to get back to camp as soon as possible was the idea." Colonel Horatio Van Cleve of the 2nd Minnesota summarized the action saying: "The enemy having met with so warm a reception in front, and afterward being flanked ... on the right by a portion of our left, who by their well-directed fire drove them from behind their hiding places, leaving a large number of their dead and wounded on the field."

"I reluctantly permitted my entire command to retreat"

"Perceiving the fortunes of the day were against us, and that we could no longer maintain the unequal contest, I reluctantly permitted my entire command to retreat in the direction of our works at Mills Springs. Late in the afternoon my command reached our encampment at Beech Grove and took possession of the fortifications formerly erected at that place. Our position being wholly untenable, it was determined in a council of officers ... to abandon it and return to the opposite bank of the Cumberland." - Confederate General William Henry Carroll

A Grand and Gallant Charge

On the other side of the Mill Springs Road, a bayonet charge led by the 9th Ohio prompted the collapse of the left flank of the Confederate line. James Scully of Thomas' staff later wrote: "I witnessed the grand charge of the Gallant McCook with his Dutchman and a more splendid thing I never witnessed." Major John A. Brents of the 1st Kentucky concurred when he wrote, "The 9th Ohio made as gallant a charge as was ever witnessed."

Fearful of being outflanked and trapped, some of the Tennessee soldiers fled in panic. From this side of the road, just south of where you now stand, the 29th Tennessee fired into the flank of the 9th Ohio. This slowed the Union advance and allowed many Confederates to escape southward, A bit farther south, the 29th Tennessee and the 16th Alabama Infantry Regiments also made a stand before following their comrades in the general Confederate retreat toward the Cumberland River camps.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Confederate Artillery

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Kentucky, Pulaski County, near Nancy
Captain Arthur M. Rutledge's Tennessee Light Artillery Battery was organized in Davidson County, Tennessee. Rutledge was a West Point graduate who went on to become the Chief of Ordnance in Polk's Army of Mississippi. Rutledge's Tennessee Light Artillery Battery had six guns -- four six-pounders and two howitzers. Rutledge's command was originally slated to move into Virginia as a part of the Cheat Mountain campaign but in September 1861, it received new orders to join General Felix Zollicoffer at Cumberland Ford.

Rutledge's Battery fought at the Battle of Mill Springs on January 19, 1862 with Rutledge himself serving as Artillery Staff Officer. A battery of two of Rutledge's guns was ordered to a position on the Mill Springs Road in support of the 15th Mississippi Regiment, but its fire was of little effect. While returning from this forward position, Captain Rutledge's horse was shot from under him. Following the battle, the Confederates removed all but one of his guns back to Beech Grove. From the protection of the Confederate works, his men answered the Union artillery bombardment. The Federal artillery was desperately trying to sink the steamboat "Noble Ellis" as it ferried Confederate soldiers across the Cumberland River. When the southern soldiers retired across the Cumberland River, all of the Confederate artillery, including Rutledge's Battery, was left behind at Beech Grove. Union soldiers moved the captured Confederate artillery from Beech Grove to Somerset. Ironically, the artillery was burned six months later by Confederate John Hunt Morgan during his first raid into Kentucky.

Rutledge's Artillery would only operate as an independent unit through the Battle of Shiloh. After the 1862 battle it was consolidated with McClung's Battery.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

General Jonathan M. Wainwright Memorial

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Philippines, Cavite Province, Corregidor Island
[west face:]
[Portrait of General Wainwright]

General Jonathan M. Wainwright
1883 to 1953
HERO OF BATAAN
Medal of Honor Citation
“General Jonathan M. Wainwright, 02131, commanding United States
Army Forces in the Philippines from 12 March to 7 May 1942.
He distinguished himself by intrepid and determined leadership against greatly
superior enemy forces. At the repeated risk of life above and beyond the call of duty
in his position he frequented the firing line of his troops where his presence provided
the example and incentive that helped make the gallant efforts of these men
possible. The final stand on beleaguered Corregidor, for which he was in
an important measure personally responsible, commanded the admiration of
the Nation’s allies It reflected the high morale of American arms in the
face of overwhelming odds. General Wainwright’s courage and resolution
were a vitally needed inspiration to the then sorely pressed freedom
loving peoples of the world”

President Harry S. Truman
September 10th 1945
White House Rose Garden

[east face:]

Dedicated May 6th 1999
Major Contributors: ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATES OF THE
UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
BATTLING BASTARDS OF BATAAN
Major Richard Gordon Adjutant
PLATOON SERGEANT ANDY N. CAMPBELL, USMC
4th Marines Corregidor
The Family of
COLONEL NICOLL F. GALBRAITH G.S.C. U.S.A.
The Family of
MAJOR GENERAL EDWARD P. KING, JR.
and Friends
PHILIPPINE SCOUTS HERITAGE SOCIETY
National
GOLDEN GATE BAY AREA CHAPTER
Philippine Scouts Heritage Society
CORPORAL EVERETT D. REAMER 60th C.A. U.S.A.
ROBERT F. REYNOLDS
Valor Tours Ltd.
The Family of
PETER S. WAINWRIGHT
LIEUTENANT COLONEL CHARLES H. WYATT
MAJOR VALDEMOR O. ZIALCITA, M.C.P.A.
The Family of
MAJOR DAMON J. GAUSE, U.S.A.A.C.
COLONEL SAMUEL C. GRASHIO, U.S.A.F. (ret)
21st Pursuit Squadron – U.S.A.A.C.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL JUANITA REDMOND HIPPS
United States Air Corps (ret)
Angel of Bataan
BRIGADIER GENERAL WILLIAM G. HIPPS U.S.A.F. (ret)
JONATHAN MAYHEW WAINWRIGHT, VII
DANIEL S. WAINWRIGHT
THE ANGELS OF BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR

[north face]
“We must remain strong and great in spirit, fixed in our determination to keep the peace of the world. Peace is a militant state which is not secured by wishful thinking. If we are to be sure of our liberty, we must preserve the peace through full cooperation with other peace-loving nations. We must be ready to fight for it, if necessary. Until we can be certain that our security is safe from such treachery as we have suffered at the hands of the Japanese, we must keep our defenses impregnable. That is the lesson of Bataan. That is the trust of all those who suffered from the defeat at Corregidor.”

General Jonathan M. Wainwright
1945

[south face]
“This man, this American eagle taken captive, is now our emblem of unceasing watchfulness and our standard for the eternal battle for universal peace and security. Let us thus remember him for the rest of our human history as the symbol of vigilance and victory. Bataan was his heroism, and his martyrdom was Corregidor.”

Brigadier General Carlos Romulo
September 10th 1945
Washington Monument


(Heroes • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Zwaanendael House

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Delaware, Sussex County, Lewes

Zwaanendael House
A memorial of the first settlement in Delaware by the Dutch, on Lewes Creek
A.D. 1631

(Colonial Era • Man-Made Features • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 10 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

City Hall

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New York, New York County, New York
New York's third city hall, one of its finest architectural treasures, was completed in 1811. Designed by French born J.R. Mangin and New York native John McComb, Jr. the building combines 18th-century French and English stylistic traditions. The doomed interior rotunda contains a notable partially cantilevered double staircase.

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Governor Harry R. Hughes

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Maryland, Howard County, North Laurel
This Travel Information Center is named in honor of
Governor Harry R. Hughes

Governor of Maryland 1979-1987

1st Maryland Secretary of Transportation 1970-1987
Member, Maryland Senate, 1959-1970
Member, Maryland House of Delegates, 1955-1959

For his lifetime of dedicated service
to the people of Maryland
and all those who visit here.

(Government • Notable Persons • Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

To the Angels

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Philippines, Cavite Province, Corregidor Island

In honor of the valiant American military women who gave so much of themselves in the early days of World War II, they provided care and comfort to the gallant defenders of Bataan and Corregidor, they lived on a starvation diet, shared the bombing, strafing, sniping, sickness and disease while working endless hours of heartbreaking duty, these nurses always had a smile, a tender touch and a kind word for their patients, they truly earned the name:

THE ANGELS OF BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR
Dedicated on this 6th Day of May 2000

Capt Naude Davison Jackson - 2nd Lt Adelle F. Forman - 2nd Lt Mollie Petersen Ruf
1st Lt Florence McDonald - 2nd Lt Eleanor M. Garen - 2nd Lt Buelah Putman Robinson
1st Lt Gladys Mealor Giles - 2nd Lt Helen Gardener Rozmus - 2nd Lt Juanita Redmond Hipps
1st Lt Clara Mueller Fensch - 2nd Lt Leona Gastinger Sutphin - 2nd Lt Rose Rieper Meier
1st Lt Josephine Nesbut Davis - 2nd Lt Marcia L. Gates - 2nd Lt Mary J. Reppak
1st Lt Eleanor E. O’Neill - 2nd Lt Nancy Gillahan Baker - 2nd Lt Dorothy Scholl Arnold
1st Lt Edith Shacklette Haynes - 2nd Lt Peggy Greenwalt Walcher - 2nd Lt Mabel Stevens Fithian
2nd Lt Nina A. Aasen - 2nd Lt Alfie Hann owers - 2nd Lt Ruth M. Straub
2nd Lt Catherine Acorn - 2nd Lt Grace Hallman Matassarin - 2nd Lt Ruth M. Straub
2nd Lt Earleen Allen Francis - 2nd Lt Eunice C. Hatchitt - 2nd Lt Helen Summers Campbell
2nd Lt Lourse Anschicks Prudhomme - 2nd Lt Verna Wenson Hively - 2nd Lt Ethel Thor Nelson
2nd Lt Phyllis Arnold Macobuggi 2nd Lt Hellen M. Hennessy - 2nd Lt Madeline M. Ullom
2nd Lt Agnes D. Barre - 2nd Lt Gwendolyn Henshaw Keiss - 2nd Lt Beth Veley
2nd Lt Clara Bickford Bilello - 2nd Lt Rosemary Hogan - 2nd Lt Evelyn Whitlow Greenfield
2nd Lt Earlyn Black Harding - 2nd Lt Willa Hook Suess - 2nd Lt Anne Williams Clark
2nd Lt Blade Millett - 2nd Lt Ressa Jenkins Curry - 2nd Lt Lucy Wilson Jopling
2nd Lt Ruby B. Bradley - 2nd Lt Geneva Jenskin - 2nd Lt Edith Wimberly Patient
2nd Lt Kattie R. Brantley - 2nd Lt Doris A. Kembe - 2nd Lt Anne B. Wurtz
2nd Lt Minnie Breeze Stubbs - 2nd Lt Imogene Kennedy Schmidt - 2nd Lt Eunice F. Young
2nd Lt Mary Brown Menzies - 2nd Lt Blanche Kimball - 2nd Lt Alice Zwicker McAlevey
2nd Lt Myrna V. Burris - 2nd Lt Eleanor O. Lee - 2nd Lt Ruby Motley Armbrust
2nd Lt Beatrice E. Chambers - 2nd Lt Harriett G. Lee - 2nd Lt Vivian Shriver Thompson
2nd Lt Helen Cassiani Nestor - 2nd Lt Frankie Lewey Jerrett - 2nd Lt Brunetta Kuewlthan Gillet
2nd Lt Edith Corns Lloyd - 2nd Lt Mary G. Lohr - Ltjg. Laura M. Cobb
2nd Lt Dorothea Balley Engel - 2nd Lt Dorothy Ludow McCann - Ensign Ann A. Bernatitus
2nd Lt Mildred Dalton Manning - 2nd Lt Winifred P. Madden - Ensign Mary Chapman Hayes
2nd Lt Mande Denson Williams - 2nd Lt Inez McDonald Moor - Ensign Bertha Evans St.Pierre
2nd Lt Katherine Dollason Hannigan - 2nd Lt Letha McHale Albrecht - Ensign Helen Gerlanski Hunter
2nd Lt Susan Downing Callacher - 2nd Lt Hortense E. McKay - Ensign Marry Harrington
2nd Lt Sallie Durret Farmer - 2nd Lt Adolpha M. Meyer - Ensign Margaret Nash
2nd Lt Bertha Dworsky Henderson - 2nd Lt Mary L. Moultrie - Ensign Goldie O’Haver Merrill
2nd Lt Dorcas Easerling Kelley - 2nd Lt Frances Nash Dumas - Ensign Elden E. Paige
2nd Lt Magdalena Eckmann Hewlett - 2nd Lt Mary Jo Oberst - Ensign Susie Pitcher
2nd Lt Eula Fails Borneman - 2nd Lt Rita Palmer James - Ensign Dorothy Still Terrell
2nd Lt Floramund Fullmeth Difford - Ensign Edwina Todd

We acknowledge with deep appreciation the twenty Philippine nurses who assisted their American friends in both hospitals of Bataan and Corregidor. Theirs was a job well done. They were a credit to the United States and the Republic of the Philippines.

The Angels of Bataan and Corregidor,
Dedicated on this 6th Day of May 2000

(Heroes • Notable Persons • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Nonsense

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Maryland, Anne Arundel County, Annapolis
Fort Nonsense has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. Department of the Interior. It is the last remaining fortification of several constructed in the 18th and 19th centuries to defend Annapolis and its waterways. It is a "redoubt" or small, independent earthen site designed for flexible military use. Its origin and unusual name are a mystery, but records show it was built in the early 19th century. It may have been a lookout point for Fort Madison, a masonry structure along the banks of the Severn River. There is no record of combat at Fort Nonsense or at any of the Annapolis forts.

(Forts, Castles • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Confederate Mound Monument

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Illinois, Cook County, Chicago
Confederate Dead
Erected to the memory of the six thousand southern soldiers here buried, who died in Camp Douglas Prison 1862-5.
These men suffered all, sacrificed all, dared all, and died.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

James Buchanan

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District of Columbia, Washington
Buchanan was our only bachelor president and relied upon his orphaned niece, Harriet Lane, to act as his First Lady during his years in the White House (1857 to 1861). In her estate, Harriet Lane Johnson made a bequest to fund a memorial to her uncle. Designed by architect William Gordon Beecher and sculpted by Maryland artist Hans Schuler, the memorial was dedicated on June 26, 1930. It features a bronze statue of Buchanan with stone figures of Law and Diplomacy at each end, representing Buchanan's career in public service.

Before becoming president, Buchanan served in the House of Representatives for nearly 18 years. He was Minister to Russia from 1832 to 1834, then a Senator until 1845. He declined an appointment to the Supreme Court by President Polk in 1844, serving instead as Polk's Secretary of State. In that post, helped negotiate the 1846 Oregon Treaty, which established the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the western United States.

Hostilities in Congress over slavery, abolition, and secession made Buchanan's presidency difficult. His was plagued by financial panic and then a revolt of Mormons in 1857, which the press called the Utah War. On Buchanan's final day as president, March 4, 1861, he remarked to the incoming Lincoln, "If you are as happy entering the White House as I shall feel returning to Wheatland you are a happy man."

(Government) Includes location, directions, 11 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Arc of the Meridian

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South Africa, Western Cape, near Aurora
This is the site of the Maclear beacon positioned in 1838 Near the original North terminal of the Arc of Meridian positioned by Abbe de la Caille, the first surveyor to introduce Geodetic Surveying into South Africa.

(Science & Medicine) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

A Gathering Place for Washingtonians

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District of Columbia, Washington
Since Meridian Hill Park opened in 1936, Washingtonians from diverse neighborhoods surrounding the park have gathered here for performances, community events, and political protest.

When tens of thousands of people flocked to Washington D.C. in the late 1930s and 40s for federal jobs created by the New Deal and World War II, government agencies created a series of "Starlight" concerts in the park. From 1941 to 1944, Washingtonians lined the cascades and reflecting pool on summer evenings to hear classical music, including a performance by the Von Trappe Family Singers.

When Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in April 1968, Washington D. C. erupted in riots. Both the 14th Street business corridor north and east of the park and the U Street corridor south of the park were devastated. To help heal and unify the city, the "Summer in the Parks" concert series was created. The Inaugural performance was held at Meridian Hill Park, featuring Broadway and film star Pearl Bailey. Twenty-thousand people attended.

Since 1969, the park has unofficially been called "Malcolm X Park" by the local community. As the site of the memorial to President Buchanan, Meridian Hill cannot officially be named for another person.

(Entertainment • Politics) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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