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Land of the Buffalo

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Kansas, Kingman County, Kingman


Before this became a great agricultural country its most important product was the buffalo. Millions of these animals grazed over the prairies, moving in great herds that stretched from horizon to horizon. They were life itself to the Plains Indians who ate their meat, dressed in their hides and used their bones and sinews for countless purposes. Indians killed only what they needed, but wasteful white hunters slaughtered indiscriminately, sometimes using only the tongues of the dead beasts. Between 1868 and 1881 it is estimated that carbon companies paid $2,500,000 in Kansas for buffalo bones alone, representing the skeletons of 31,000,000 animals.

The buffalo has been saved from extinction through private and public preserves. One herd is maintained in this state park. The Kansas legislature in 1955 recognized the historical importance of the buffalo by designating it the official state animal.

(Animals • Disasters • Environment • Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Our Land - Our Heritage

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Texas, Smith County, Tyler

Our Land - Our Heritage
1894 - 1942


Dedicated to those who
sacrificed their land and
heritage when Camp Fannin
displaced a number of families
from their original homesteads.
Placed in remembrance and
acknowledgement of their loss.
March 1998
Donated by the Walsh Family

(Lower Plaque)
In Recognition Of The Families Who Settled This Land
1894 — 1942

In 1942, the War Assets Administration purchased or acquired through adverse possession, 3072 acres of land to establish the Tyler Air Force Replacement Training Center. The landowners, who were paid as little as $25 per acre, even though replacement land was selling for much higher price, took legal action to get a fairer price and to guarantee the land would be returned to them after the war. The courts denied their appeals. The land became the heart of Camp Fannin, U.S. Army Infantry replacement Training Center, after the government changed the scope of its original plans. More than 250,000 soldiers were trained here from May 1943 to December 1945 and in 1946, Camp Fannin was deactivated. In 1948, the War Assets Administration declared the purchased land was a disposable "war asset" and deeded 2,369 acres to the State of Texas. This included the 1,000-bed Camp Fannin Station Hospital. In 1949, the hospital reopened as the East Texas Tuberculosis Sanatorium.
In 1958, the State returned 1,691 acres to the U.S. Government, retaining 614 acres for the East Texas Tuberculosis Hospital. The surplus land was auctioned in 1959 and was purchased by Tyler businessmen and the Owen Development Company which established the community of Owentown.
In 1977, the Texas Legislature transferred the East Texas Chest Hospital to The University of Texas System who renamed it The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler.
Since the end of World War II, the families who lost their land and an important part of their heritage have sought acknowledgment of their sacrifice. This memorial is dedicated to them. It is located on the original homestead of William P. and Mary Walsh, who purchased their land in 1894. They raised seven children and seven grandchildren on their farm prior to 1942.
The stone memorial was donated by the Walsh family in honor of the descendants of William P. Walsh, R.L. Cashion, Mrs. L.M. Cashion, John G. Zorn, W.T. Nolan, Bess Olive, G.E. Olive and Tully C. Jarvis, who owned part of the 614 acres occupied by the UT Health Center and of the families of the remaining landowners including: M.G. Desmond, T.E. Wiggins, Eliza Osborne Miller, Mrs. H.H. Lytle, G.W. Jacobs, and T. Hale. Winona Consolidated Common School District, Center Methodist Episcopal Church, and Houston Oil Company also owned land within this area.
This memorial is intended to serve as a permanent tribute to those farming families who gave up a part of their heritage with the loss of their land. It is not intended to overshadow the great achievements of The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler. It is placed as a reminder of the sacrifice these landowners were forced to make during the War. The UT Health Center appreciates the support of the Walsh family in making this memorial possible and apologizes if any family names have been omitted.
Dedicated March 29, 1998

(Settlements & Settlers • War, World II) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Marrett and Nathan Munroe House

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Massachusetts, Middlesex County, Lexington
House of Marrett & Nathan Munroe-Built 1729, a Witness of the Battle

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pvt. Michael Dougherty

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Pennsylvania, Bucks County, Bristol

Irish Immigrant-Civil War Veteran
Bristol Resident
Born in Donegal, Ireland May 10, 1844, Michael Dougherty came to Bristol in 1858. In August of 1862 he enlisted in the Union Army as a Private in Company B, 13th Cavalry, Pennsylvania 117th Volunteer Regiment. He was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for “Most Distinguished Gallantry in Action” at Jefferson, Virginia on October 12, 1863. Private Dougherty was confined in various Confederate prisons, including the infamous Andersonville Prison in Georgia. Upon his discharge in June of 1865, Private Dougherty returned to his home in Bristol Borough where he remained an honored and beloved citizen until his death in 1930. He is buried in the St. Mark Churchyard in Bristol.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

War Hits Home

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Maryland, St. Mary's County, Hollywood
Sotterley and other nearby plantations paid a heavy price in the War of 1812. British blockades impeded trade of their principal cash crop -- tobacco -- and enemy raids plundered the region.

In June 1814 British forces landed near Sotterley, scattering some 300 American militia camped here. After burning a house and a warehouse full of tobacco, the British left with 48 of Sotterley's slaves.

"The people on either side of the Patuxent are in the greatest alarm and consternation... those that remained at home all their slaves have left them and come to us..." -- British Captain Joseph Nourse to Rear Admiral George Cockburn, July 23, 1814.

Call to Freedom

The British enticed slaves to leave the plantations -- a tactic to acquire local knowledge and cripple the economy. roughly 4,000 enslaved men, women and children escaped to the British. Many were trained for the military. Four Sotterley slave who fled in June 1813 returned to help others escape.

(War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tobacco's Impact

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Maryland, St. Mary's County, Hollywood
Tobacco farming dramatically changed Southern Maryland's natural environment by depleting the rich soils of nutrients. In the 18th and 19th centuries, farmers rotated fields, introduced fertilizers and guano (bat dung), and employed deeper plowing methods to maintain production levels. All these activities taxed the environment.

The laborious, 14 month farming cycle impacted the social and racial landscapes, as well. Beginning in the late 17th century plantation owners turned to African slaves to work the "the money crop." Transported across the Atlantic Ocean in deplorable conditions, these slaves were housed in spartan "cabins" here in the colonies. Sotterley's lone surviving slave cabin dates from c. 1850.

(African Americans • Agriculture) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Life Along the Canal

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Pennsylvania, Bucks County, Bristol
“We used to trade a lot along the canal, people who had vegetables and things, we’d give them coal and they’d give us cabbages, tomatoes and things like that. Then there were lock tenders whose wives made good bread. We’d give them coal for bread.” Mrs. Chester Mann, Boat Captain’s Daughter.

Canallers
You became a captain as young as sixteen by showing “The Company” what you could do. You demonstrated how to “snub” (slow down and brake for lock operations), keep accurate cargo records (pay base on number of miles hauled and coal tonnage delivered), and care for the mule team.

A boat’s “rig” consisted of mules, harness, tow lines, feed box, night hawker (headlight), stove and bilge pump. While some captains owned their boats, most rented them from Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. The captain hired a mule driver or used family as crew members.

The “Swampers” (Delaware Canal captains) and “Lehigh Dutchmen” (Lehigh Canal captains) ran the lengths of both canals. They loaded coal in Luzerne (1838-1862) or Carbon County, delivered it to Bristol, and returned to Seigfried (now Northampton) for their pay. Locktenders ended their day at 10:00 pm. When canallers reached the next lock, they stabled their mules for the night, made necessary repairs, and rested. At 4:00 am when locktenders began work, boats once more pressed forward.

Life on the Water
Canal boats provided primitive living conditions. The typical crew of two slept on deck or in the 8 x 10 foot cabin below. They prepared meals on a cook stove, enhancing their stored supplies with fresh food from locktenders or general stores. They enjoyed foods such as bread, flitch (bacon), coffee cured meats, eggs, fresh fruits, vegetables, an canned goods. Springs along the canal supplied drinking water kept in wooden barrels on deck.

Often, a canallers’s family came along for the ride. Children as young as seven drove the mules along the towpath. Wives took over cooking operations and shared steering responsibilities. During warmer months the canals were their entire world.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Green Mount Cemetery

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Maryland, Baltimore
Green Mount Cemetery was dedicated in 1839 on the site of the former country estate of Robert Oliver. This was the beginning of the “rural cemetery movement”; Green Mount was Baltimore’s first such rural cemetery and one of the first in the U.S. The movement began both as a response to the health hazard posed by overcrowded church graveyards, and as a part of the large Romantic movement of the mid-1800’s which glorified nature and appealed to emotions. By combining the natural beauty of their locations with sepulchral art, rural cemeteries were intended to be places of instruction. Here nature and art could put death in perspective, teach moral lesson, recall the common heritage, and inspire patriotism.

Green Mount reflects the romanticism of its age, not only by its very existence, but also by its buildings and sculpture. The gateway, designed by Robert Cary Long, Jr., and the hilltop chapel, designed by J. Rudolph Niernsee and J. Crawford Neilson, are Gothic Revival, a romantic style recalling medieval building remote in time.

Nearly 65,000 people are buried here, including the poet Sydney Lanier, philanthropists Johns Hopkins and Enoch Pratt, Napoleon Bonaparte’s sister-in-law Betsy Patterson, John Wilkes Booth, and numerous military, political and business leaders.

The Proprietors of Green Mount Cemetery, Sponsor William Donald Schaefer, Mayor-Baltimore City Landmark

(Inscription below the picture) Entrance to Green Mount Cemetery, 1840

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 14 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Port of Entry

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Maryland, St. Mary's County, Hollywood
During colonial days, English government has hopes of exporting furs, foodstuffs, timber, flax and other products from Maryland's ports to the home county. In reality, tobacco was the only notable item produced and exported to England in large quantities.

In the 18th century, Sotterley Creek accommodated fairly large ocean-going boats such as Brigs, Brigantines, and Schooners. Brigs measuring more than 100 feet in length were the workhorses of the Atlantic and Caribbean trade, carrying up to 500 hogsheads of tobacco.

By the 19th century, severe silting made passage of the creek nearly impossible, except for smaller sloops. By the end of the Civil War, the creek was abandoned entirely by tradesmen.

Sotterley Plantation played an integral role in international and domestic trade in the 17th and 18th centuries. Plantation owners George Plater II and George Plater III inspected ships from England, Ireland and the West Indies, as well as domestic ports.

Hogsheads of tobacco from Sotterley and neighboring plantations were shipped to British ports and exchanged for furniture, tools, paper, household items, linens and other goods. Sotterley received rum, sugar, molasses, and spices from Caribbean ports.

(Agriculture • Colonial Era • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Basilica of Saint Louis, King

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Missouri, St. Louis
On this location the first church in St. Louis, a small wood structure was blessed on June 24, 1770. Six years later it was replaced by a larger church of white oak timbers blessed and used for divine service for the first time in early summer of 1776. It also served as the Cathedral for the installation of Bishop Louis DuBourg, the Bishop of Louisiana and the Floridas, who took up residence here January 5, 1818. Little more than two months later on March 29, 1818, the cornerstone for a brick Cathedral was blessed and placed. The brick Cathedral destined to remain unfinished was supplanted by the present stone church. Bishop Joseph Rosati, CM. blessed the cornerstone on August 1, 1831 and solemnly consecrated this church on October 26, 1834. On October 18, 1914, the title of “Cathedral” ceased when the present Cathedral located on the western edge of the city was blessed. However, on January 25, 1961, Pope John XXIII designated this historic church a Basilica, thereby conferring on it worldwide recognition. Today this is the Basilica of Saint Louis, King, Populary: The Old Cathedral.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Invasion!

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Maryland, St. Mary's County, Leonardtown
Imagine the scene here on July 19, 1814, as Breton Bay filled with barges of British Royal Marines intent on attacking Leonardtown. Rear Admiral George Cockburn led the invasion force that came ashore at the town wharf. Raiders also approached the town by land from the west and east.

The combined British forces of 1,500 vastly outnumbered the town's population and local militia. The British seized tobacco, flour, a small schooner, and 40 stands of arms, but they left the town intact.

America's Nemesis

British Rear Admiral George Cockburn was a celebrated hero of the Royal Navy in the War of 1812, but Americans considered him a villain.

Overseeing naval operations in the Chesapeake from 1813 until the end of the war, Cockburn brought the war directly to towns and plantations to weaken American resolve. He led invasions to Maryland's Eastern Shore, Baltimore, Washington, and elsewhere but Southern Maryland suffered most from his campaign of terror.

"I proceeded...up the Potowmac for...an attack on Leonard's Town...where I understood the 36th American Regiment to be stationed and much Stores &ca. to be deposited...The Enemy...withdrew whatever armed Force he had...and permitted us to take quiet Possession of it..." -- Rear Admiral George Cockburn to Vice Admiral Sir Alexander F.I. Cochrane, July 19, 1814

(War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Schönland Building

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South Africa, Eastern Cape, Grahamstown
Originally a military hospital, this building was used for the sitting of the house of assembly when the Cape parliament met in Grahamstown in 1864.

(Politics) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Old Provost

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South Africa, Eastern Cape, Grahamstown
Constructed as a military prison in 1838.

(Military) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Drostdy Gateway

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South Africa, Eastern Cape, Grahamstown
Built about 1842 as the main entrance to the military establishment.

(Military) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Yellow House

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South Africa, Eastern Cape, Grahamstown
The erection of this building - the oldest in this town, was commenced in 1813 or 1814. It served as a gaol until 1824. Later it became the Grahamstown Public School, and subsequently the first public library (1842 - 1863). The north wall was taken as the line of the High Street when the town was laid out in 1814.

(Notable Buildings • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Benack's Village

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Indiana, Marshall County, near Tippecanoe

(Side 1)
Osheakkebe, also known as Stephen Benack, was an ogimaa (leader) whose village was near here, 1834-1848. Born circa 1780 of Potawatomi and French-Canadian heritage, Benack resisted United States’ taking of lands long inhabited by Indians and sided with Great Britain in War of 1812. He and allied Indian leaders signed 1815 peace treaty at Spring Wells near Detroit.

(Side 2)
Indian leaders traded tribal lands in Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin to U.S., 1817-1832, for annuities, reserves, and land rights. By treaty, Benack secured 2000 acres of land including his village, which remained despite U.S. forced removal of Indians from Indiana in 1830s and 1840s. Benack died in 1855 and was buried at the University of Notre Dame.

(Native Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

George Washington Shelton

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Texas, Navarro County, Corsicana
    A Texas War for Independence soldier. Born in Virginia. Lived in Tennessee, where he joined 15 other recruits late in 1835 to come to Texas and fight against dictator Santa Anna. Served Jan. 14 to Sept. 18, 1836. Was awarded two land bounties for military duty. Became a pioneer citizen of Navarro County.
   His wife was Sara Elizabeth Johnson. They had four children: Izora, Ann Madora, George W., Jr., and Emma Tennessee. Recorded, 1967 Presented by family of Raymond Shelton Crawford.

All Honor To Our
Navarro County & Texas
Pioneers And Heroes


(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Kingman County Courthouse

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Kansas, Kingman County, Kingman


This property has been
placed on the
National Register
of Historic Places

by the United States
Department of the Interior

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

College Hall

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New Jersey, Middlesex County, New Brunswick
Here in 1791, at what was then the end of George Street, stood College Hall, the second home of Queen’s College, now Rutgers University.
The first home of the college with its grammar school, 1771-1791, was at the north-east corner of Albany and Neilson Streets.
In 1811 the College and school moved to Queen’s building on the present campus.
At the extention of George Street, College Hall was moved to Schureman Street and became the Lancasterian School.

(Education) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Old Queens

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New Jersey, Middlesex County, New Brunswick
Old Queens
has been designated a
National
Historic Landmark

This site possesses national significance
in commemorating the history of the
United States of America
1976
National Park Service
United States Department of the Interior

(Education) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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