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A Changed Scene

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Virginia, York County, Yorktown
Most of the high ground around Yorktown was under cultivation in 1781. In the 1770’s the land in front of you was known as “General Nelson's Quarter”. Here and elsewhere houses that stood have crumbled away and, in many instances, woods have reclaimed once productive fields.

(Colonial Era) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Outer Works

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Virginia, York County, Yorktown
This redoubt is one of several positions which the British built on the only “hard ground” approach to Yorktown. These positions formed a part of the outer line of their defenses.

(War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pegram's Division

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Georgia, Catoosa County, Fort Oglethorpe
Pegram's Division - Forrest's Cavalry Corps
Brig. Gen. John Pegram.
Sept. 20th, 1863.
Davidson's Brigade -- Brig. Gen. H.B. Davidson.
Scott's Brigade -- Col. John S. Scott.

Davidson's Brigade of this Division took position Sunday morning Sept. 20th, about one mile east of this point, facing the road, and forming the extreme right of Bragg's Army. It observed the approach of Granger's forces from McAfee's Church and when Armstrong's Division occupied this road, Pegram's Division moved up within a quarter of a mile of this position. At dusk its advance skirmishers were in close contact with the head of General Sheridan's Union Division which had advanced from Rossville at 5 P.M., and reached near this point at 7 P.M.

Scott's Brigade operated during the day in the vicinity of Ringgold Bridge, and held that point at dark.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Residence of Albert Gallatin

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District of Columbia, Washington
Residence of Albert Gallatin, Peace Negotiator and Secretary of the Treasury 1801-1814, who negotiated the treaty of Ghent, 1814. When the British marched on Washington in the summer of 1814, some American patriots with Commodore Joshua Barney and his men from this house offered the only resistance. This property was partly burned as was the Capitol and the White House.

Placed by The National Society United States Daughters of 1812 8th January 1962 Commemorating the 75th anniversary of their society

(War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Potomac River

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Maryland, Montgomery County, near Potomac
Human habitation in the Potomac River Basin has existed for 9,000 years, according to archeological evidence. The name "Potomac" derives from the Algonquian word "patawomeke," which means "trading place." The first English settlement, St. Mary's City, was founded in 1634. Alexandria, Virginia was planned in 1749; Washington, D.C. in 1791.

The "Potomack Canal," promoted by George Washington, was begun in 1785. Efforts continued until 1819. Work was resumed by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company on July 4, 1828, continuing until 1850. Of an originally proposed 350 miles, 184 miles were completed. 74 lift-locks raised or lowered barges 605 feet. The canal has 11 stone aqueducts, 7 dams, and a 3,115-foot tunnel. It was built by workers from Ireland, Germany, The Netherlands and Wales.

The canal's peak year was 1871 when 850,000 tons were carried. As many as 540 barges, each carrying 120 tons, conveyed lumber, coal, stone, grain, flour and whiskey. Barges traveled 4 mph and made about 30 trips annually. A disastrous flood in 1889 nearly destroyed the canal. It was rebuilt and used until 1924.

The C. & O. Canal had cost $22 million. On the day its construction began, work also began on the B. & O. Railroad. The railroad rivaled the canal, reaching Cumberland, Maryland 8 years earlier, thus spelling its obsolescence.

In 1971 the C. & O. Canal became a National Historical Park.

(Charity & Public Work • Industry & Commerce • Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Jackie Robinson and Pee Wee Reese Monument

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New York, Kings County, Brooklyn
This monument honors Jackie Robinson and Pee Wee Reese:
Teammates, friends, and men of Courage and Conviction. Robinson broke the Color Barrier in major league baseball, Reese supported him, and together they made history.
In May 1947, on Cincinnati’s Crosley Field, Robinson endured racist taunts, jeers, and death threats that would have broken the spirit of a lesser man. Reese, Captain of the Brooklyn Dodgers, walked over to his teammate Robinson and stood by his side, silencing the taunts by the crowd. This simple gesture challenged prejudice and created a powerful and enduring friendship.

Jack Roosevelt Robinson-number 42: Born 1919 Cairo, Georgia-Died 1972 Stanford, Connecticut.

On April 15, 1947 Robinson first took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers, breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball. In the face of hostility, he remained steadfast, winning his way into the Hall of Fame and the hearts of baseball fans. Robinson was a champion of the game of baseball, of justice, and of civil rights.

Harold Henry Reese: Born 1918 Ekron, Kentucky-Died 1999 Louisville, Kentucky

Known as Pee Wee, Reese was Captain of the Brooklyn Dodgers during the late 1940s and the early 1950s. He risked his career when he stood by Jackie Robinson against prejudiced fans and fellow players. With this act of defiance, the Hall of Fame shortstop became a powerful and influential model of true humanity.

(African Americans • Sports) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Tree Dedication for Medal of Honor Recipients

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New York, Kings County, Brooklyn
This tree dedicated by the Veterans Administration in 1976 to America’s Medal of Honor Recipients who helped make this Bicentennial Observance possible “By gallantry above and beyond the call of duty”

(Military) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Washington

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Missouri, Franklin County, Washington


Side A
Characterized by old world charm of its German heritage, Washington was founded by William G. Owens who bought acreage here 1828, at the Missouri River ferry then called Washington Landing, Lucinda Young Owens, his widow, filed the town plat, 1839. A rival town, Bassora, was laid out in 1836 but was later absorbed by Washington. The Missouri River bridge here dates from 1936.

Here, in 1833, settled 12 German Catholic families attracted to the area by Gottfried Duden's writings on Missouri. Their number increased after the German Revolution of 1848. Pattern of the town was laid in the 1850's when it became a prominent river port. The Pacific (Mo.Pac.) R.R. reached here, 1855. The Washington Turn Verein, a cultural, social, athletic organization, was formed in 1859. Washington's only Civil War incident was when Confederates under Col. J. B. Clark looted the city, Oct.2, 1864.

In the period of prosperity after the war, varied industries were founded and many handsome brick buildings and homes were built. The Catholic Church and Turn Verein Hall (now Elks Lodge) were completed, 1866.
(See other side)

Side B
(Continued from other side)
A town of many industries, Washington achieved world recognition with a zither factory founded, 1866, by Franz Schwartzer, and today's corncob pipe industry begun in 1870's by Henry Tibbe. Tibbe and Ludwig Muench invented a plaster of paris process, patented in 1878, which turned the corn cob pipe into the "Missouri Meerschaum."

Washington lies 10 miles north of Union, seat of Franklin County since 1827. New Port (Dundee), once a few miles west, was the first seat of the county, organized in 1818. An Ozark border county, Franklin is an area of industries and livestock farming.

A part of the Osage Indian land cession of 1808, Franklin County, including this area, was utilized by Osage, Shawnee, and other tribes. They mined hematite for paint from an extensive mine south of the Bourbeuse River and had a much used trail along the Meramec. Earliest settlers were French and Americans who held Spanish land grants along the Missouri River. It is of interest that John Colter, explorer of Yellowstone, and Robert Frazier, both members of Lewis and Clark Expedition, settled in the county.

(Industry & Commerce • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Robert Frazer

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Missouri, Franklin County, Washington


This marker commemorates Robert Frazer, a member of the Corps of Discovery, on the occasion of the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Listed as a witness in the trial of United States vs. Robert Westcott, Frazer wrote to President Jefferson, "whatever may be the fate I shall meet with, I have the consolation to know that I have been true to my country. I shall perish rather than prove otherwise."

Robert Frazer died nearby in 1837.

Marker dedicated on May 24, 2004

(Exploration • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Dudley Digges House, circa 1760

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Virginia, York County, Yorktown
“…Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton directed them to charge into the town, (Charlottesville, Virginia)… and to apprehend, if possible, the governor and assembly. Seven members of the assembly were secured…and several officers and men, were killed, wounded, or taken.” Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781

One of the members of the Virginia assembly captured by the British during their Charlottesville raid on June 4, 1781 was the former lieutenant governor of the state, Dudley Digges. Digges’ capture ended his prominent political involvement in the American Revolution.

The Digges family had participated in colonial government since the immigration in 1650 of Dudley’ great-grandfather, Edward Digges, from England. Dudley was born around 1728 and by his early twenties was a practicing lawyer in York County. He served in the House of Burgesses from 1752 until the start of the American Revolutionary War. Throughout the war, Dudley remained active in numerous areas of Virginia government, including helping to write the commonwealth’s first constitution and becoming one of the first members of the state council.

Dudley’s home, like so many other Yorktown houses, was damaged during the 1781 siege and rendered uninhabitable. Dudley moved to Williamsburg and died there in 1790.

(captions)
Dudley Digges built this classic Virginia Tidewater style home around 1760. The outbuildings, wellhouse, kitchen, granary, and smokehouse are typical of those found in the colonial era. The house was restored in 1960 and the outbuildings reconstructed by the National Park Service in the 1970s.

The restoration work in 1960 revealed cannonball damage to the house from the 1781 siege as evidenced in this photograph.

In 1834 artist John Gadsby Chapman painted, “View of Yorktown,” showing Dudley Digges' house and a few dependencies on the far left side of the painting. Courtesy of Homeland Foundation, Incorporated, New York

Dudley Digges' signature Courtesy of the Virginia Historical Society

Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Somerwell House

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Virginia, York County, Yorktown
“On the Peticon of Mungo Somervell to this court for his keeping the ferry in York Town of Same is accordingly granted…” York County Court, September 24,1702

Prior to the American Revolution, the community of Yorktown consisted of individuals whose diverse jobs and skills contributed to the success of the port. Little information exists on many of Yorktown’s early citizens, though court records help reveal the identity and livelihoods of some residents.

Such is the case of Mungo Somerwell. The first reference to Somerwell is from 1702 Court papers that reveal he requested a license for operating a ferry. His surname in these records is spelled Somervell. Later county records also show that Somerwell, in addition to operating a ferry, simultaneously held several jobs, including that of merchant, keeper of an ordinary and town constable. At his death, around 1706/7, his widow was ordered by the court to have this estate “appraised at his late dwelling house.” Somerwell’s assets included the house, “gardens, stables, warehouses and appurtenances whatsoever.”

But where was Somerwell from? When was he born? Was he successful? Is this even the same house referred to in his estate appraisal or was it built by someone else after Somerwell’s death? Future historians may find some of these answers, but for the present, details of Somerwell’s life are a mystery.

(sidebar)
The house for many years was referred to as the Lightfoot House, after Philip Lightfoot, who purchased the property in 1716 as a rental investment. It is possible that he, and not Mungo Somerwell, built the current building, though many changes to the property may have destroyed evidence that would help determine the building’s age. By the time the National Park Service acquired the property, the house had an extensive back wing, which was initially constructed during the Civil War for hospital use. After the war, the wing was enlarged, and house served as a hotel.

(captions)
Philip Lightfoot's signature Courtesy of Special Collections, Swan Library, The College of William & Mary

In 1935-1936, the National Park Service restored the house to its colonial appearance and utilized it for park headquarters and a visitor center.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cole Digges House, circa 1925

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Virginia, York County, Yorktown
“…an example of all that was fine and most lasting in Colonial domestic architecture…” Clyde F. Trudell, 1938

Throughout its long history, the Cole Diggers House served many roles in the village of Yorktown. Originally used as a residence and warehouse, in later years was a teahouse/store and the First National Bank of Yorktown.

In 1921, Mrs. Helen Paul of Michigan bought the building and four years later began a major remodeling project transforming the 200-year old building into its current appearance by applying the Colonial Revival style made popular at Colonial Williamsburg and reflected in original and reconstructed buildings along Main Street, including Swan Tavern, the Medical Shop, and the Nelson House. Colonial Revival elements include red brick, side lights at doorways, paneled or louvered wood shutters, and multi-sash windows. John H. Scarff, the architect who developed the plans for the building, stated that the “intention of this restoration (is) to preserve the spirit of an early Eighteenth Century cottage in all details.”

There were major changes to the exterior and interior, including raising the first floor seven inches, altering the north end chimney to provide a window opening on the second floor, installing an entry to the basement from Reed Street, adding wood paneling on the first floor walls, and adding a skylight in the stairwell. Slate replaced the wood shingles to protect the building from catching fire and “to give the appearance of an older roof.”

In 1968, the National Park Service acquired the building. Plans to repair the failing building included retaining the slate roof. However, the slate roof was replaced with wood shingles in 1978. In 2011, a simulated slate roof replaced the wood shingles, allowing for a more durable material and an appearance that more closely resembles the building’s Colonial Revival restoration.

(captions)
Cole Digges House after its remodeling, circa 1930

The Cole Digges House as it appeared in the 1890s when Elizabeth Cooper operated a restaurant or teashop and store

Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

West Along Main Street

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Virginia, York County, Yorktown
“York-Town…tho’ but stragglingly built…makes no inconsiderable Figure. You perceive a great Air of Opulence amongst the Inhabitants, who have some of them built themselves Houses, equal in Magnificence to many of our superb ones at St. James’ as those of Mr. Lightfoot, Nelson, &c/” Edward Kimber, “Observations in Several Voyages and Travels in America in the Year 1736.”

Yorktown’s prosperity as a port peaked around the middle of the 18th century. By 1781, Main Street, as depicted in this painting, had become a quieter, less active avenue.

(caption)
Painting by Sidney King

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

East Along Main Street

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Virginia, York County, Yorktown
“Yorktown, a small but pleasant and well built little city, close to the river; has an English church and a courthouse… Upon our arrival the inhabitants fled with their wives and children, leaving behind all their furniture and belongings.” Lieutenant Johann Ernst Prechtel, Ansback-Bayreuth Regiment, August 2, 1781

Yorktown’s main street was surveyed in 1691 when the town was founded. Since then it has felt the tread of feet and the roll of wheels for more than three centuries. This painting portrays the scene along Main Street as it may have appeared while the British were setting up their occupation of Yorktown in late summer of 1781.

(caption)
Painting by Sidney King

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 1 photo, GPS coordinates, map.

10th Georgia Cavalry

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Georgia, Catoosa County, Fort Oglethorpe
C.S.A.
Georgia.
Co's, "F", "G", "H", "I", "K",
10th Confederate.
Col. C.T. Goode.
Scott's Brigade.
Pegram's Division.
11 A.M. Sept. 20, 1863.



(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

La Conciergerie

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France, Île-de-France, Paris, Paris
La Conciergerie tient son nom du concierge, à qui le roi confie les droits de justice sur la demeure royale et ses dépendances. Du palais capétien de Philippe le Bel subsistent de rares salles gothiques, témoins des fastes royaux du XIVe siècle. Les salles dites «revolutionaries» évoquent le régime de la Terreur avec, en partictulier, le cellule reconstituée des la reine Marie Antoinette.

(English)
The Conciergerie, originally part of the former royal palace of the French kings, it takes its name from the high ranking court official known as the Concierge, or keeper of the palace, entrusted by the king with judicial rights within the royal residence. A unique ensemble of Gothic chambers, dating from the reign of Philippe the Fair, survive today as an outstanding testament to the splendors of the 14th century royal court. The 18th century “revolutionary prison” refers to the Reign of Terror and includes a re-creation of Queen Marie-Antoinette’s cell.

(Forts, Castles • Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Jacques de Molay

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France, Île-de-France, Paris, Paris
A cet endroit Jacques De Molay dernier Grand Maître de l’Order du Temple A été brûlé le 18 Mars 1314

(English translation by Google Translate with modifications:)
At this point Jacques De Molay last Grand Master Order of the Temple was burned March 18, 1314

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, GPS coordinates, map.

Square du Vert-Galant

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France, Île-de-France, Paris, Paraza
Square du Vert-Galant Jusqu’à la construction du Pont-Neuf, l’île de la Cité se terminait par le Jardin du Roi, où fut édifiée la place Dauphine. La pointe actuelle de l’île est constituée de la réunion de trois îlots à la Cité, assise centrale du nouveau pont. L’îlot du nord, nommé île du Patriarche, se prolongeait à l’est par un minuscule îlot portant un moulin, dit de la Gourdaine puis de la Monnaie, car son énergie hydraulique était utilisée pour battre le monnayage royal. Celui du sud, le plus grand, était dit île aux Bureau, car il appartenait à Hugues Bureau à la fin du XVe siècle. Le 11 mars 1314, Jacques de Molay, grand maître de l’order du Temple, et Guy, commandeur des Templiers de Normandie, y furent brûlés vifs.

(English translation by Google Translate with modifications:)
Square of the green lover
Until the construction of the Pont Neuf, the Ile de la Cité ended in the Jardin du Roi, which was built in the Place Dauphine. The current peak of the island consists of a combination of three islands in the City, central seat of the new bridge. The island's north island named Patriarch, extended to the east by a tiny island with a mill, called the Gourdaine, then the Mint, because its waterpower was used to power the royal mint. The South, the largest, was called Bureau Island, because it belonged to Hugh Bureau at the end of the fifteenth century. On 11 March 1314, Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the order of the KnightsTemplar, and Guy, Commander of Knights Templar of Normandy, were burned alive.

(Horticulture & Forestry • Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Sainte-Chapelle

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France, Île-de-France, Paris, Paris
Restauration des verrières 107, 109,111 et 113 Les quinze verrières de la chapelle haute constituent un joyau de l’art du vitrail du XVIIIe siècle. Elles font l’objet d’une vaste campagne de restauration initiée en 2007 sur les verrières du choeur et qui s’est poursuivie en 2009 et 1010 par les trois premières verrières de la façade nord. La phase de travaux actuelle porte à la fois sur les quatre verrières suivantes de la façade nord, intitulées “Deutéronome – le Livre de Josué”, “le Livre des Nombres”, “l’Exode” et “la Genèse”, et sur les maçonneries qui les encadrent. Certaines sculptures sont déposées et restaurées en atelier. D’autres, trop abîmées, reçoivent des greffes re-sculptées. Les verrières sont deposées pour être restaurées en atelier. Les verres sont nettoyés, consolidés ou complétés. Les dessin a totalement disparu, il est restitué sur un verre neuf appliqué sur le verre ancien. Le plombs, qui lient les morceaux de verre des panneaux, ne sont pas d’origine. Altérés par pollution atmosphérique, ils sont en partie remplacés. Les barlotières métalliques d’origine sont quant à elles consolidées. Enfin, des verres de doublage sont posés sur les vitraux anciens restaurés afin de les protéger des agressions extérieures et de la condensation. Ce procédé, déja utilise lors des phases précédentes de restauration, repose sur l’élaboration de verres neufs thermoformés qui épousent les formes des vitraux anciens et donnent l’impression, de l’extérieur, de voir la verrière originale. Le Centre des monuments nationaux The Centre des monuments nationaux, éstablissement public placé sous la tutelle du ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, a la responsabilité de près de 100 monuments historiques, propriété de l’Etat, et de leurs collections. Il en assure l’entretien, la conservation et la restauration, en favorise la connaissance et les présente au public avec l’objectif d’en donner l’accès au plus grand nombre.

(English)
The fifteen stained glass windows in the upper chapel are masterpieces of the art of stained glass from the 13th century. They are part of a vast campaign started in 2007 to restore the stained glass windows of the choir that continued during 2009 and 2010 with the first three bays of the north facade.

The current stage of restoration concerns the nest four windows on the north facade called “Deuteronomy – The Book of Joshua”, “The Book of Numbers”, “Exodus” and “Genesis”, as well as the masonry that frames the windows.

Some sculptures have been removed to be restored in workshops. Others that are too damaged will receive re-sculpted grafts.

The stained glass windows are removed for restoration in workshops. The windows are cleaned, strengthened or completed. Faded images are revived. When the image has totally disappeared, it is copied on new glass applied over the old glass. The lead solder between the pieces of glass is not original. It has been damaged by pollution and has been partially replaced. The original metal supporting bars have been reinforced.

Finally, casing glass is installed over the old, restored stained glass windows to protect them from external aggressions and condensation. The procedure, already used during the stages preceding restoration, is based on making new, thermoformed glass that takes the shape of the old stained glass windowns and from the outside, give the impression of seeing the original stained glass window.

Le Centre des monuments nationaux
The Centre des monuments nationaux, a public body run by the Ministry for Culture and Communication, manages some 100 monuments belonging to the State and their respective collections. It is responsible for their conservation, restoration and upkeep, staffing sites with the aim of making them accessible as possible to the general public.

(Churches, Etc.) Includes location, directions, 9 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Lincoln Mausoleum

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Maryland, Prince George's County, Brentwood
The finest Community Mausoleum in the world, Embellished with cathedral -type, art stained glass windows of breath-taking beauty. A great memorial dedicated and perpetually endowed for all those entombed within its marble halls. Its interior combines the many comfortable appointments of home with the sacred qualities of a church.

This Mausoleum with its atmosphere of peaceful reverence is a lasting tribute to the vision, bold determination and ability of the man responsible for its existence, L. O. Minear, President of Fort Lincoln Cemetery.

(Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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