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Old Hickory

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near Lacour, Louisiana.
Built circa 1820 by Zenon Ledoux family. Excellent example of a Creole raised plantation house. Ovide LaCour owned this house and the nearby LaCour Store. Entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 1979

(Notable Buildings • Antebellum South, US) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Prince Rupert's Garrison

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, Dominica.

The Cabrits headland was recognized by the British in the 18th century as a strategic site for a garrison to protect ships anchored in Price Rupert's Bay to collect fresh water and provisions, and for a defence stronghold between French colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique.

Starting with a small military post in 1771, by 1815 the garrison stretched over a 200-acre (80-hectare) site and included barracks and officers' quarters to house some 600 men.

The most active periods here were during the American War of Independence, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

With Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815, and the later decline in the sugar colonies, there was no need for defence posts in the Caribbean.

By 1854 the fortress was abandoned, leaving the forest to recapture its domain.

Site map and trail key

When does the Tree Lizard or Zanndoll extend the fold of skin on its throat into a fan?
· When it wants to keep cool
· When defending its territory
· During courtship

The Hermit or Soldier Crab occupies any suitable sea shell. As it grows, it discards the "rented" shell and finds a larger one until that one gets too small! And yes, they do sometimes use bottle caps!

Look for the Silk Cotton Tree with its flying buttresses and arm-like branches.

(Forts, Castles • Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Trees Return

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, Dominica.

During the 18th and early 19th centuries, most of the forest on the Cabrits was cut down to clear land for the garrison. The forest you now see around you dates from after 1854, when the garrison was abandoned. There are also some experimental plantations from the 1960s and '70s.

Mahogany (Swietenia mahogani)
Many healthy seedlings of this plantation tree are scattered throughout the forest.

Naked India Tree - Gomyé Wouj (Bursera simaruba)
The thin paper-like outer bark peels off to expose the green underbark.

Leaf of Life - Lamowi (Kalanchoe pinnata)
The leaves of this interesting plant are used in local folk medicine and in children's games.

Ficus - Fijyé (Ficus citrifolia)
An unwelcomed guest as it strangles host trees, the Fijyé also favours the walls of teh garrison buildings!

Teak (Tectona grandis)
Note the large rough leaves of these plantation trees, especially on stumps which have resprouted.

Silk Cotton Tree - Fomajé (Ceiba occidentalis)
One of the species at the Cabrits which has thorns on its bark when it is young. Ask about the local superstitions!

Bay Tree - Bwa denn (Pimenta racemosa)
Small, but noticeable along the trails with its slightly fluted trunk and dense crown of leaves.

Savonnet (Lonchocarpus latifolius)
The most abundant tree on the Cabrits, in July and August the air is filled with the scent of its small purple flowers.

Which of the plantation trees at the Cabrits has a seed like a helicopter propeller blade?
· Mahogany
· Teak
· Blue Mahoe

The Tree Lizard or Zanndoli extrends its throat fan or dewlap when defending its territory and also during courtship.

Look for the bluish Ground Lizards.

(Forts, Castles • Horticulture & Forestry • Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fort Shirley

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, Dominica.

Fort Shirley was positioned between the two hills with a direct line of site (sic, sight) to all parts of the garrison and guarding directly over Prince Rupert's Bay and the dock. The land side of the fort was protected by batteries in other parts of the garrison.

The fort and all the garrison buildings were built by slaves rented from the plantations, white artisans, soldiers and engineers. They felled trees, cut and shaped stone, carried boulders, hauled cannons, and kept the site clear throughout the garrison's active life. Volcanic stone from the hillsides was used, as well as stone from quarries at Grand Savannah. The cement used to bind the walls was made of coral, collected on the reefs nearby, which was heated in kilns to make lime mortar. All the red clay bricks seen in the fort were transported from England as ballast in sailing ships.

Extensive restoration of the fort was carried out over a ten-year period starting in 1982.

Mahogany seeds have wings which enable them to be carried long distances on the wind. As they fly, they spin around like propellers.

How many flavours of bay leaf are found on the Cabrits?
· One
· Three
· Seven

Look for the Inner or East Cabrit behind you.

(Colonial Era • Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

1912 Parker Carousel

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Queen Creek, Arizona.
This carousel was purchased from Wally Scott, Elk River, Minnesota. He had it set up in the loft of his old barn. It was disassembled and moved to Schnepf Farms in 1999. It took three months to refurbish. This carousel is listed on the National Registry of Historic carousels.

(Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Water Tower

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Queen Creek, Arizona.
This historic water tower for Producers Cotton Gin was first erected in 1952 on the corner of Ellsworth and Cloud Roads in Queen Creek. The landmark in Queen Creek was getting ready to be torn down but was quickly moved to Schnepf Farms in 1999 to preserve its history.

(Man-Made Features) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cabrits Calendar of Events

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, Dominica.

3000 BC - The first Amerindian people settle in the bay.
Les premiers Amérindiens s'installent dans la baie.

1493 - One ship of Columbus fleet on his 2nd Voyage enters the bay and sees dwellings and people.
Un navire de la flotte de Christophe Colomb entre dans la baie lores de son deuxième voyage et remarque la presence d'habitations et d'un peuplement.

1504 - Christopher Columbus passes the Cabrits on his 4th Voyage.
Christophe Colomb passe devant les Cabrits lors de son quatrième voyage.

1535 - The Spanish Council of the Indies declares this bay as a station for its treasure ships.
Le Conseil Espagnol des Indes Occidentales déclare cette baie comme une station pour ses navires transportant des trésors.

1565 - Sir John Hawkins, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Richard Grenville and other privateers and pirates being to use the bay to refresh their ships and trade with the Kalinago/Caribs.
Sir John Hawkins, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Richard Grenville et autres corsaires et pirates commencent à utiliser la baie comme un centre de ravitaillement et commerce avec les Caraibes/Kalinago.

1652 - Prince Rupert of the Rhine, cousin of King Charles I, uses the bay for repair and shelter. The bay is named after him.
Le Prince Rupert de Rhine, cousin du roi Charles 1er, utilise la baie comme un radoub et un abri. La baie est nommée après lui.

1763 - Dominica is ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris.
La Dominique est cédée a la Grande Brétagne par le traité de Paris.

1765 - First small gun battery erected on this site.
Première artillerie légère érigée sur le site.

1774 - Major construction of Fort Shirley and Cabrits Garrison begins with a workforce of 400 enslaved Africans.
Début des travaux de construction d´une partie importante de Fort Shirley et de la garnison des Cabrits avec une main d´oeuvre de 400 esclaves africains.

1778 - French forces capture Roseau. This garrison surrenders. Building work continues under the French.
Les Forces Francaises capturent Roseau. Cette garnison se rend mais la construction continue.

1782 - Battle of the Saints fought off of the Cabrits on 12th April. The British are victorious.
La bataille des Saintes au large des Cabrits le 12 Avril. Les Britanniques sont victorieux.

1783 - Dominica returned to Britain by the Treaty of Versailles.
La Dominique est rétrocédée a la Grande Brétagne par le Traité de Versailles.

1795 - French republican revolutionaries invade the north coast but are repelled by troops from the Cabrits.
Les Révolutionnaires et républicains francais envaihissent la cote nord de la Dominique, mais ils sont repoussés par les troupes basées aux Cabrits.

1796 - West India Regiments, "The Black Regiments" formed and stationd at Cabrits.
Les régiments des Indes occidentales, "Les Régiments Noirs" sont formés et stationnés aux Cabrits.

1802 - The revolt of the 8th West India Regiment at the Cabrits.
La révolte du 8e Régiment des Indes occidentales éclate aux Cabrits.

1805 - Cabrits Garrison refuses to surrender to the French under General La Grange.
La Garnison des Cabrits refuse de se rendre aux Francais sous les orders du Généra La Grange.

1854 - Fort Shirley and the Cabrits are abandoned by the army. The forest takes over.
Fort Shirley et les Cabrits sont abandonnés par L'armée. La foret envahit le site.

1982 - Restoration of Fort Shirley begins.
Début des travaux de restauration de Fort Shirley.

1986 - The Cabrits Point is declared a National Park.
La Pointe Cabrits est déclaré Parc National.

View of Cabrits Garrison 1799
All walls were white washed and roofs were of red tiles.

(Colonial Era • Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Moana Springs

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Reno, Nevada.
Opened as a resort on October 29, 1905, Moana Springs took its name from a famous Hawaiian spa. In addition to a large bath house with a pool fed by hot springs, Moana had a stately hotel, a clubhouse, baseball diamond and picnic grounds. Constructed and initially operated by Charles T. Short, (who gave the resort its name), Al North and John N. Evans, Moana was acquired by Louis W . Berrum in 1913 and remained in his family for the next four decades. Served by Berrum's Nevada Interurban Trolley Line from 1907 to 1920, Moana hosted dances, rodeos, boxing matches, trapshoots, circuses and aviation exhibitions. The city of Reno purchased Moana in 1956 and the remaining buildings were demolished the next year to make way for a new recreational complex.

(Entertainment • Sports) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Huffaker's

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Reno, Nevada.
Before the arrival, 1858, of Granville W. Huffaker driving 500 head of cattle into the Truckee Meadows, the principal settlers were Mormon. The Comstock Lode and its mining needs focused attention on the valley. Huffaker established his ranch in 1859. Langton's Stage Line and the first Post Office were functioning by 1862. For ten years Huffaker's was a most active stage-stop and a center for a community. The school house was constructed in 1868. Bachelors of a jolly nature gathered here for dancing, horse-racing and "land squabbles". The Athenian Literary Society flourished for the more cultured. In 1875 the "Bonanza Kings" completed their Pacific Lumber and Flume operation from the Lake Tahoe Basin. For fifteen miles trestled logs were propelled "by waters rushing faster than any train." At the terminus of the flume, the Virginia and Truckee Railroad opened a depot and telegraph office and constructed a spur where workers transferred timbers.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Great Incline of the Sierra Nevada

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Incline Village, Nevada.
Located on the mountain above are the remnants of the "Great Incline of the Sierra Nevada." Completed in 1880, this 4,000 foot long lift was constructed by the Sierra Nevada Wood and Lumber Company. A unique steam-powered cable railway carried cordwood and lumber up 1,800 feet to a V flume which carried the lumber down to Washoe Valley where it was loaded on wagons for use in the mines of the Comstock. Driven by an engine on the summit, 8,000 continuous feet of wire cable, wrapped around massive bull wheels pulled canted cars up a double track tramline. This engineering feat would transport up to 300 cords a day from the mill located in what is now Mill Creek.

(Industry & Commerce • Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Laupahoehoe Point

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Laupahoehoe, Hawaii.
The Laupahoehoe we see now is very different from the Laupahoehoe of old. Laupahoehoe Point was a peaceful, Hawaian fishing village, untouched by missionaries and plantation life; the valley and the sea provided bountiful life. In the late 1800's one of the island's many sugar plantations was located there. Laupahoehoe was one of four deep harbor ports besides Hilo. Ships moored here to transport goods. Tourists braved the seas and skiffs to be unloaded here, just as they did with cattle, sugar, and other merchandise.

Slowly, with the influence of plantation life and more modern ways, the face of the area changed. Laupahoehoe town was located down in the valley where the old Mamalahoa Highway led you through this thriving community. Boasting restaurants, hotels, a coffee mill, soda works, livery stables, post office, it offers everything you could want in a town. In the 1920s the population of the village in Laupahoehoe grew to approximately 2,000. From 1912 people traveled by rail and would stop at the Laupahoehoe station and travel down to the Point on foot or by horse. Even back then tourists found refuge in this area's tranquility. Passengers on the train could get out of the rail cars and grace down through the valley, to the rough "leaf of lava" jutting out into the sea.

As people took the train more, less activity was seen in the town below. Slowly merchants moved their businesses out of the valley and to the mauka area we now know as Laupahoehoe. In 1946, a tsunami generated by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands hit Hawaii, ending coastal rail services, destroying much of Hilo and killing 150+ people. Laupahoehoe lost 24 of its residents to the waves; many were students and teachers. Many private homes were demolished. Even though the school buildings were not destroyed the decision was made to move the school to higher ground.

From the era of Laupahoehoe Point being port of call and a thriving little community in its heyday, through it varied history, including the Tragedy of 1946, the point will continue to attract, with its enduring beauty, as one of Hawaii's most ruggedly picturesque areas.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers • Disasters) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Countless are the Accomplishments of Roosevelt's Trusty "Tree Army"

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Volcano, Hawaii.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), established by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933, was one of many "New Deal" Programs created towards economic recovery from the Great Depression. The goal of the CCC was to create Conservation Jobs for the thousands of young men struggling with unemployment.

Employed in national forest and national and state parks, their world included landscaping, road work, building and trail construction, erosion control, and masonry. This nation-wide program, known as Roosevelt's "Tree Army," carried out the most effective large-scale environmental program in the nation's history.

Photo Caption:
The men of the largest CCC program on the Island of Hawai'i were stationed here from 1934-1942.

While working and living in the park, the "boys" successfully accomplished many great tasks. They established much of the park's early infrastructure, including roads, trails, and buildings. Examples of their masonry and construction work can be seen throughout the park, including a unique octagonal stone shelter at the top of Mauna Loa Road, and directional compasses at the top of Pu'u Huluhulu Trail and at the end of Hilina Pali Road. Other examples include trail construction and forest restoration work in the Kipukapulu and Kilauea Iki areas. In addition to learning skills that they would carry and use for lifetime - masonry, construction, electrical, plumbing, and landscaping - they were also proud and grateful to provide $25 a month to their families at home who were struggling with the effects of the Great Depression.

(Horticulture & Forestry • Man-Made Features • Roads & Vehicles • Charity & Public Work) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Reno Arch

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Reno, Nevada.
This arch was originally erected on Virginia Street at Commercial Row in 1926 to promote an exposition that celebrated the completion of the Lincoln and Victory highways. Electric bulbs spelled our "Reno" and "Nevada's Transcontinental Highways Exposition, June 25 - Aug 1 1927." Following the event a contest was held by the City Council to find a slogan for the arch. In 1929 a Sacramento man won $100 for his entry, "Reno, the biggest little city in the world." By 1934 some citizens felt that the slogan was passé, so it was eliminated and replaced with "Reno" in green neon. The change was not well accepted. In 1935 the slogan returned with redesigned neon lettering. The arch remained there unaltered until 1963 when it was replaced by a new one. The old arch first moved to the original site of the exposition, Idlewild Park and then to Paradise Park. In 1988, due to its badly deteriorated base, officials placed it in storage.

In 1994 filmmakers paid for the restoration and installation or the arch on East Fourth Street for its "supporting role" in the movie Cobb. After the filming, the Reno City Council launched a campaign to find a permanent home. Reconstructed here in 1995 the arch once again proudly welcomes visitors to downtown Reno.

(Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Galena Creek Fish Hatchery

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near Reno, Nevada.
The Galena Creek Fish Hatchery represents an attempt to make amends after Nevada's Comstock Lode ravaged the region's ecosystem in the 1860s and 70s. Fishing decimated local streams and lakes to feed a growing population. Eventually, restocking became an important goal.

Washoe County operated this hatchery from 1931 to 1949 as an auxiliary to their main facility on the Truckee River in Reno. Galena Creek was ideal because of the continuous supply of uncontaminated water. The hatchery reflects a trend, beginning in the 1920s, to combine habitat conservation and recreational development.

The county ceased hatchery operations in 1949. After that, the Boy Scouts, the Sierra Sage Council of Camp Fire, Inc., and the Washoe Bowmen and Sierra Archers used the site. In 1994, Washoe County reacquired the property as part of Galena Creek Regional Park with plans to restore the building for community use.

(Horticulture & Forestry • Natural Resources) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Emigrant-Donner Camp

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Reno, Nevada.
Upon entering the Truckee Meadows along the Truckee River, thousands of California-bound emigrants turned their wagons southwest to avoid extensive marshes and uncrossable sloughs. Here at the base of Rattlesnake Mountain the emigrants established a campground, which extended nearly two miles to the east and west, one half mile north and south. Numerous local springs furnished quality water and the protected location of the camp provided an ideal locale for a rest stop after hundreds of grueling miles spent traversing the Humboldt River Valley. Once rested the emigrants turned west to face their last major obstacle, the Sierra Nevada.

In October of 1846, the ill-fated Donner Party spent five days in this area resting and grazing their weary animals. Plagued by a series of unfortunate incidents one member of the party, William Pike, was accidentally shot, died, and was buried in the vicinity.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Emigrant Trail - Truckee River Route

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Reno, Nevada.
Emigrants including Donner Party camped in this area to rest and refresh their stock.

(Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Uncle Jim’s Cabin

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Palo Alto, California.
In 1853 James Otterson built a hotel near this corner. It was the first building in what would become Mayfield, later a part of Palo Alto. Travelers between San Francisco and San Jose stayed here, as did lumbermen coming from the hills to the bay.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Our Confederate Dead

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Thibodaux, Louisiana.
Side A
We care not whence they came
Dear is their lifeless clay
Whether unknown or known to fame
Their cause and country still the same
They died and wore Gray.

Side B
In memory of the thirty-nine members of Co. A. 2nd Texas Cavalary, who fell at the Battle of Lafourche Crossing June 21, 1863

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Guard House, Powder Magazine

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, Dominica.

The Guard House, manned at all times, was the nerve centre of the entire garrison. All signals and comings and goings were monitored here. Gun slits faced onto the entrance passage in the event of an invasion. The room behind was the prison or lock-up.

The Powder Magazine was initially designed as a casemated gunchamber to defend the entrance of the valley. When it was changed to a powder magazine all the vents and windows were blocked up. Notice the unique method of ventilation.

The two holes in the ceiling were linked to vents facing east in direct line of the trade winds and the smoke filled air would be sucked out through the vents.

Three flavours of bay leaf are found on the Cabrits.
· Citronella · Sitwonnel
· Anis · Nanni
· Common · Komen

How does the Lamowi or Leaf-of-Life reproduce?
· By producing seeds which germinate
· By sending out roots underground
· By growing tiny plants on the edge of its leaves

(Colonial Era • Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Officers' Quarters

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, Dominica.

The officers lived in separate quarters. Some had their families with them, in the married quarters on the slope or down in Roseau as the garrison, close to the swamp, was considered unhealthy. The Commandant live in an elegant house up against the hill of the East Cabrit. It was designed by the colonial American architect Peter Harrison (1713-1773). The site was chosen as a cool, sheltered place, away from the swamp.

But in fact the air there was heavy and fetid, and his quarters were moved to a breezy bungalow on the West Cabrit, a much healthier site.

Officers also had their own kitchen, and their meals were elegantly served on delicate china and crystal. There was a social life with dancing and games and refreshment under the blue Caribbean sky.

True. Rainfall in Dominica varies from 30 inches on the coast to 300 inches in the central mountainous areas.

The Cabrits were once a separate island. How was it joined to the mainland?
· By the French, building a causeway during their occupation of Dominica, 1778-1783
· Naturally, by the tidal action of the sea Look for the graceful mango trees and site in their restful shade.

(Colonial Era • Forts, Castles) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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