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Soldiers & Sailors Monument

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Buffalo, New York.
The city has built this monument in grateful remembrance of the soldiers and sailors who in the war to maintain the Union, laid down their lives in the cause of their country and of mankind. The coming generations taught by their example will cherish the fruits of their valor and devotion and make their memory immortal.

From these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave their last full measure of devotion and we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, and that this nation having had under God, a new birth of freedom, government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth. Abraham Lincoln.

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 8 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of the First Meeting of the Optimist Club

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Buffalo, New York.

Site of the first meeting
of the
Optimist Club of Buffalo, New York

The first club of
Optimist International

Held February 16, 1911

(Notable Events) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Boyhood Home of Rev. Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin (1869-1939)

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Norwood, Virginia.
Born in Richmond in 1869, William Archer Rutherfoord Goodwin lived in Norwood from 1871 until he entered Roanoke College in 1885. Goodwin’s childhood education and strong religious background helped shape his adult endeavors. While he was an Episcopal Rector at Bruton Parish Church in Williamsburg, his vision of restoring the colonial capital captured the interest of philanthropist John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Their friendship and mutual respect inspired Rockefeller to begin the city’s restoration in 1927 and to invest millions in Colonial Williamsburg. Goodwin was credited with the persistence, wisdom, and enthusiasm to preserve a Virginia historic treasure.

(Notable Persons) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Virginia Blue Ridge Railway

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Piney River, Virginia.
The Virginia Blue Ridge Railway was formed in 1914 to haul American Chestnut timber for local lumber companies. As a short-line railroad of 16 miles, the Railway was intended to connect to larger rail systems with national reach. By the 1920s, the Railway fell on hard times due to World War I, the Chestnut blight, and the Great Depression—all of which greatly reduced the amount of freight available for hauling.

In the early 1930s, mining and ore processing plants began operating in the Piney River area and used the Railway to haul titanium dioxide, aplite, and other products. Beginning in 1944, American Cyanamid Company was for 20 years the Railways’s largest customer.

The Railway began to decline in the l970s when American Cyanamid closed its local plant. A general loss of freight customers led the Railway to stop functioning in 1981 and the tracks were abandoned in 1984, thus ending the Railway’s 70-year history as the longest continuously running profitable shortline railroad in the United States.

(captions)
(top right) The original route of the Railway ran from Massie’s Mill to Tye River. When timbering halted and mining and ore production began, the Railway condensed to run between Piney River and Tye River.

(bottom right) The original purpose for the Railway was to haul timber no local sawmills for processing into lumber. Above is the Leftwich Timber Company Mill in Woodson, VA in 1916. Courtesy of Carl Lathrop.

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

American Cyanamid

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Piney River, Virginia.
From 1931 until 1971 the American Cyanamid Company operated a 50-acre site in Piney River to extract and refine titanium ore for the manufacture of titanium dioxide used in paint pigments.

Although bringing prosperity to the region, American Cyanamid left a costly legacy of environmental destruction. When the company closed in 1971, the acidic contaminates remaining from titanium production were left in wastewater lagoons, settling ponds, and waste disposal sites. Ferrous sulfate dissolved into sulphuric acid which, along with heavy metals (aluminum, iron, copper, nickel, and zinc), then leached into ground water and the Piney and Tye Rivers. This contamination contributed to six major fish kills in the rivers between 1977 and 1981 where more than 200,000 fish died.

The site was designated as a Superfund Site by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1982. A spin-off company from American Cyanamid, Cytec Industries, agreed to begin clean-up measures in 1990. More than a decade later, the process was considered complete, although monitoring and testing continues.

(captions)
(top right) A great deal of environmental remediation has taken place since the Cyanamid plant closed in 1971. The left image shows the site in 2010, while the right shows the active plant in 1959. 1959 image courtesy of USGS Historical Maps Collection.

(bottom center) American Cyanamid purchased Virginia Chemical Corp. in 1944 and took over operations to mine ore to produce titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is the basis for white pigments used in paints, plastics, rubber, paper, and numerous other items. Image by Stephen Lamanna courtesy of Paul Saunders.

(bottom right) The International Minerals and Chemical Corporation processing plant also used the railway between 1941 and the 1970s. Located a few miles west of the Piney River Depot at Rt. 151, the plant shown above was used to process aplite, on ore used in the manufacture of glass, insulation, bricks, and roofing materials. Courtesy of Carl Lathrop.

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars • Waterways & Vessels • Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Hiker

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Buffalo, New York.
The Hiker

United Spanish War Veterans

Erected by the City of Buffalo commemorating the valor and patriotism of the men of this city who served in the war with Spain, Philippine insurrection and China relief expedition, 1898 - 1902.

Marines
Guantanamo, Cuzco, Santiago, Manila, Novaleta, Samar, Peking, Tientsin, Yangtsun

Army
Cuba: Santiago; Porto Rico: Porto Rico; Philippine Islands: Manila, 1898; Manila, 1899; Iloilo, Malolos, San Isidro, Cavite, Tarlac; Peking, Tientsin

Navy
The Maine, Manila Bay, Santiago, San Juan, Cienfuegos, Cardenas, Manzanillo, Tientsin

(War, Spanish-American) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hurricane Camille

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Piney River, Virginia.
On the night of August 19th, 1969, Hurricane Camille passed over a sleeping Nelson County, forever changing the land and the people who lived here. The storm initially made landfall in Mississippi and weakened as it headed inland, thus forecasters did not expect the storm to turn toward Virginia.

With little warning, at least 27 inches of rain fell over Nelson County in a 5-hour span. The resulting flash flooding and mudslides destroyed 100 bridges, tore countless buildings from their foundations, and re-routed waterways.

The storm took the lives of more than 100 people, many of whom were taken by surprise as flood waters rose while they slept. 52 people were killed along Davis Creek, 22 died in the village of Massies Mill, and more than 30 people were never found.

The aftermath of Camille required an immense search-and-rescue and clean-up effort and led to new emergency preparedness protocols.

(captions)
(top right) Although Camille had been downgraded to a tropical depression when it arrived in Virginia, the storm collided over Nelson County with a cold front approaching from the North. The combined weather patterns resulted in the heaviest rains ever recorded in Virginia from a tropical cyclone, the worst flooding of the James River in over a century, and mudslides that were predicted to occur only once every thousand years. Courtesy of NOAA.

(middle right) The Virginia Blue Ridge Railway was forced to rebuild after flood waters carried away bridges and heavily damaged sections of track. The cost of repairs was the first in a series of events that brought about the downfall of the railway. Courtesy of Whippany Railway Museum.

(bottom right) These photos from 1969 show the force with which floodwaters overtook the landscape. The Piney River (center) and Tye River (bottom) washed away entire bridges as well as anything within hundreds of feet of their banks. Courtesy of the Library of Virginia.

(Railroads & Streetcars • Waterways & Vessels • Disasters) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Rivers

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Piney River, Virginia.
The Tye and Piney Rivers provide recreation, wildlife habitat, and scenic value to this region of Central Virginia. Fishing, camping, canoeing, and kayaking are all popular activities.

Both rivers begin in the Blue Ridge Mountains and flow eastward. The Piney River (16.5 miles long) is a tributary of the Tye River (35 miles long), which empties into the James River. The rivers form a portion of the boundary between Nelson and Amherst Counties.

The rivers host a wide array of plants and animals, including several threatened and endangered species. Songbirds, waterfowl, hawks and falcons, bats, fox, river otter, beaver, snakes, trout, bass, and several types of butterflies are just some animals that make their homes along the Tye and Piney Rivers. Native plants can also be found along the river banks and include Hemlock, Yellow Birch, Eastern Rough Sedge, and Sharp-toothed Nodding Aster.

(captions)
Eastern Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteneus cinereoargenteneus
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
Sharp Toothed Nodding Aster Oclemena nemoralis
James River Spinymussel Pleurobema collina
Regal Fritillary Speyeria idalia idalia
Spotted Turtle Clemmys guttata

(Railroads & Streetcars • Waterways & Vessels • Animals • Environment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Scale House

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Piney River, Virginia.
Since commerce began, the need has existed for an accurate method to determine the weight of bulk commodities. The rapid expansion of railroads in the middle of the 19th century merely exacerbated this problem.

In St. Johnsbury, Vermont, Thaddeus Fairbanks began to resolve the issue of weighing railroad commodities when he developed his ingenious idea for the use of levers on a platform scale. His idea was patented in 1830 and the E. and T. Fairbanks Company flourished. Applying the same principles, in 1857 the company was granted a patent on its first railroad track scale. Shortly after the end of the Civil War, the Fairbanks Company was selling scales for a variety of purposes not only domestically but as far away as Europe, Asia, and South America.

The Fairbanks Company has changed names throughout the years but a version of the company continues to be a worldwide leader in the field of weights and measures.

The Fairbanks scale used on the Virginia Blue Ridge Railway was placed in service in 1915 and used until the railroad ceased operations in 1981.

(captions)
(top center) The train stopped to weigh its cars at the scale house before heading east to the Tye River Station no transfer its loads to other outbound trains headed all over the country. Courtesy of Carl Lathrop.

(top right) The weighing of a car was a time-consuming process as each car had to be uncoupled from the train and weighed individually. Each car was stenciled with is tare (or empty) weight so that the quantity of the load could be quickly calculated and the shipper billed accordingly.

(bottom right) Although this drawing is from a different railroad, a similar type of scale was constructed for the Virginia Blue Ridge Railway. The scale consisted of a series of levers located in a pit below the tracks. The weight of the rail car would translate through these levers to a weigh beam located in the scale house. Courtesy of Library of Congress, HABS/HAER Collection.

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Connell Cemetery

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Liberty Hill, Texas.
Alabama native Sampson Connell, Jr. (b. 1822) came to Texas with his family in 1834. Sampson, his father, and his brother participated at the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836. For his efforts, Sampson received a land grant in Washington County. He moved to Milam County where he helped found the San Gabriel Christian Church, later settling in Williamson County as a farmer and stockman. During the Civil War he served in Capt. Robert Ashford's Co. B, 1st Regiment, 27th Brigade, and later in the local Home Guard. This family cemetery, also known as Bear Creek, was part of his homestead, and his 1873 burial cairn is the oldest known grave. Several relatives and friends are interred in this burial ground that honors a pioneering Texas family. Historic Texas Cemetery - 2006
Marker is Property of the State of Texas


(Settlements & Settlers • Cemeteries & Burial Sites) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

17th Street Canal Floodwall

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New Orleans, Louisiana.
On August 29, 2005, a federal floodwall atop a levee on the 17th Street Canal, the largest and most important drainage Canal for the city, gave way here causing flooding that killed hundreds. This breach was one of 50 ruptures in the Federal Flood Protection System that occurred that day. In 2008, the US District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana placed responsibility for the floodwall's collapse squarely on the US Army Corps of Engineers; however, the agency is protected from financial liability in the Flood Control Act of 1928.

(Notable Events • Man-Made Features • Waterways & Vessels • Disasters) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Legend of John Maynard

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Buffalo, New York.

John Maynard. "Who is John Maynard?" "John Maynard, he was our helmsman who held out till he brought us safely through, saved us and wears a hero's crown above. For us he died, and his reward our love, John Maynard."

The Buffalo-Dortmund Sister City Committee honors the legend of John Maynard, immortalized in a poem by Theodor Fontane 1819 - 1898. Translated from the German language by Burt Erickson Nelson.

Across Lake Erie the "swallow" wings, foam like snow the ship's bow rins, Detroit to Buffalo she makes her way, All hearts aboard feel free and gay, And passengers with kith and kin, Can see the shore in the twilight dim, And chatering to John Maynard say, "Helmsman, how mush further away?" He looks ahead, then around and explains,

"Still thirty minutes...half an hour remains."

Every heart is cheerful and very heart feels free, When from below a cry suddenly: "Fire!" was the awful shout, As smoke from cabin and hatch oured out. First smoke, then flames, a blazing glow.

And still twenty minutes to Buffalo.

And passengers crowd around the bow, The colorful mass pressed together now; At the bowsprit there's still air and light: But at the helm the smoke's grip is tight; A moan is heard, "Where are we? Do you know?"

And still fifteen minutes to Buffalo.

The wind increases but the smoke cloud says. Towards the helm the captain turns his gaze, He can discern his helmsman no more, But through the speaking tube implores: "Still there, John Maynard?" "Yes, sir, I am." "Head to the beach! Into the surf!" "Yes, sir. I'll ram." And the people cheer on: "Please don't let go!"

And still ten mnutes to Buffalo.

"Still there, John Maynard?" Then this reply, with a dying man's voice, "Yes, sir, I'll try." And into the surf among rocks and stone, he guides the "Swallow" steering alone; Should rescue come it will only come so. Rescue: the beach of Buffalo.

The vessel's broken, it smolders like coal. All have been saved, all save one soul.

All the city bells peel, then woes upswell, To heaven from each church and chapel, A ringing and tolling, all else is silent. Just one goal on which all will bear: Ten thousand or more make up the train, And none in the crowd the tears can restrain.

The coffin's lowered upon flowers laid, With flowers they then close the grave, And out in the marble in letters of gold, The city's debt of thanks is old" "Here rests John Maynard, in smoke and flame, He held onto the rudder with might and main...Saved us and wears a hero's crown above. For us he died, and his reward our love. John Maynard"

[Above paragraph repeated in German.]

This poem celebrates an actual event: The burning of the Paddle-wheel steamer "ERIE" on August 9, 1841 with Luther (Augustus) Fuller at the helm.

(Arts, Letters, Music • Waterways & Vessels • Disasters) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site of Peterson's Tavern

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Binghamton, New York.
Site of Peterson's Tavern First meeting place of the newly incorporated village of Binghamton May 3, 1834

(Churches, Etc. • Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Railroad Yards

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Norwich, New York.
On this site were located Northern division offices, yards, repair shops of the New York Ontario & Western Railway 1868-1957 Bicentennial '76 Norwich City

(Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

First Bank Building In Deposit

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Deposit, New York.
Historical Marker First Bank Building In Deposit 1869-1894 Knapp Brothers

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Site Of First Store In Deposit

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Deposit, New York.
Site Of First Store In Deposit Built By Silas Crandall 1803

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Chenango Canal

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Binghamton, New York.
The southern end of the 97-mile canal (1837-78) was at the river confluence. It moved Pa coal, local lumber & goods to the Erie Canal. Canal Society of NYS

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Near This Point 18 August 1779

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Binghamton, New York.
Near This Point 18 August 1779 Camped the army of James Clinton en route to join the forces of General John Sullivan in the expedition against the Iroquois and their British allies in the war of the American Revolution

Originally erected by the Tuscarora Chapter NSDAR and the State of New York 12 October 1929 Rededicated by the Tuscarora Chapter, NSDAR and the City of Binghamton Parks Department 18 August 2015

(Native Americans • War, US Revolutionary) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Phelps Mansion Museum

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Binghamton, New York.
Phelps Mansion Museum has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places 1973 by the United States Department of the Interior William G. Pomeroy Foundation 2015

(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Bonneville Expedition

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near Imnaha, Oregon.


"When great obstacles present, and threaten to keep them back, their hearts swell, and they push forward" Washington Irving

An exploration party crossed this divide between the Snake and the Imnaha in winter.

Capt. B.L.E. Bonneville and three companions left Pocatello, Idaho Christmas Day 1833 for Fort Walla Walla on the Columbia River. The Snake River's impassable Hells Canyon forced them to climb out over this snow-covered divide.

The exhausted men and pack animals endured 20 days of extreme hardships before reaching the Imnaha River.

(Exploration) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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