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The Dragon And His Tail

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Fort Myers, Florida.
Specifications:
Wingspan: 110 feet
Length: 67 ft. 7 5/8 inches
Height: 18 feet
Max Weight 65,000 pounds
Empty Weight 36,500 pounds
Bomb Load 8,000 to 10,000 pounds average
16 500 pound bombs 4 2000 pound bombs
Armament Ten 50 Caliber Machine Guns
Crew Ten
Power Plant Four 1200 hp Pratt & Whitney
R-1830 65 Engines
14 Cylinders
Turbo Charged & Super Charged
Performance: Max Speed 290 mph • Service Ceiling 26,000 feet
Cruise 180 mph • Max Range 3000 miles

(War, World II • Air & Space) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Palace of the Viceroy Diego Colón

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, Dominican Republic.

Sede del primer virreinato de América y residencia de la familia Colón-de Toledo. Su construcción se inicia en 1511 por orden del Virrey y Gobernador Don Diego Colón, hijo del Primer Almirante Don Cristóbal Colón, descubridor de América. Estuvo ocupado por la familia y sus descendientes hasta 1577, reconstruido en 1955, alberga un museo histórico.

English translation:
Site of the first Viceroyalty of America and residence of the Colón de Toledo family. Its construction started in 1511 by the Viceroy and Governor Diego Colón, son of the First Admiral Christopher Columbus, discoverer of America. It was occupied by the family and their descendants until 1577, rebuilt in 1955, it houses a historical museum.

(Man-Made Features • Politics) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Pantheon of the Nation

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, Dominican Republic.

Ministerio de Cultura
Templo de San Ignacio de Loyola
Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús
(Jesuitas)

Se terminó su construcción hacia 1745, como templo y
aula magna de la Real y Pontificia Universidad de
Santiago de la Paz (1745-1767)

De 1792 a 1798 fue la capilla del Seminario Real y
Conciliar de San Fernando.

Mediante Ley No. 4463 del 2 de junio de 1956
fue consagrada como
Panteón de la Patria
para acoger en un ambiente religioso, de amor y
veneración, los restos de las figuras que han merecido
el reconocimiento eterno de la República
¡Gloria a nuestros hombres y mujeres ilustres!
16 de agosto de 2014

English translation:
Ministry of Culture
Temple of St. Ignatius Loyola
Church of the Company of Jesus
(Jesuits)

Its construction was finished around 1745 for use as a temple and as the main classroom of the Royal and Pontifical University of Santiago de la Paz (1745-1767). From 1792-1798 it was the chapel of the Royal Seminary and Conciliar de San Fernando. On June 2, 1956 the Law No. 4463 consecrated it as the
Pantheon of the Nation
where the remains of those who have earned the eternal recognition of the Republic can be kept in a religious environment of love and veneration.
Glory to our illustrious men and women!
August 16, 2014

(Churches, Etc. • Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Patriots & Patriotism • Charity & Public Work) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Residence of Treasurer Cristóbal de Santa Clara

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, Dominican Republic.

Esta edificación fue iniciada en 1505 sirviendo de casa morada del tesorero Cristobal de Santa Clara. En 1508 por disposición de S.A.R. Don Fernando el Catolico sirvió de asiento a la casa de contratación y luego fue sede de la Real Audiencia y Chancilleria de Santo Domingo, primera del Nuevo Mundo, creada por la Real Provision de S.A.R. La Reina Doña Juana 1ra de Castilla en Burgos el 5 de Octubre de 1511

Republica Dominicana
Suprema Corte de Justicia
5 de octubre de 1992
Año del Quinto Centenario

English translation:
This building was begun in 1505 to serve as the residence of the treasurer Cristóbal de Santa Clara. In 1508 by order of His Royal Highness Ferdinand The Catholic it served as the seat of the Office of Contracts. It then hosted the Royal Court and Chancery of Santo Domingo, the first of the New World, created by the Royal Provision of Her Royal Highness Queen Juana I of Castile in Burgos on October 5, 1511

Dominican Republic
Supreme Court
October 5, 1992
Year of the 5th Century

(Colonial Era • Man-Made Features • Politics) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Whaling Out of San Francisco

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San Francisco, California.
Whaling was more dangerous than ever in the late 19th Century, as the number of whales declined and it became necessary to venture farther north and stay longer in pursuit. By the early 1880s, the bomb lance, an iron tube 20 inches long and an inch in diameter, was loaded with dynamite and prepared to explode inside the whale. The bomb lance was shot from a gun that enabled small whale boats to remain at a safe distance from the dying agonies of the whale.
The more whales that were killed the fewer that were left to kill. Kerosene replaced sperm whale oil, and later electricity superseded oil lamps. Women gave up boned corsets as fashions changed. The pursuit of whales by men in open boats from San Francisco became a thing of the past in 1910.
(photograph 3)
Stacks of baleen - bone from the whale's jaw - created a jungle as it drys at the Arctic Oil Works in the Potrero. In 1882, whalebone was worth $2.50 a pound, a the season's catch in San Francisco was 354,000 pounds, worth $885,000 dollars. The primary use for baleen was for stays in women's corsets. San Francisco became the largest whaling port in the world between 1885 and 1905.
(photograph 4)
Thirteen Whalers Caught in the Arctic Sea Of these San Francisco Vessels six are believed to be safe, but Fear is felt Regarding Other Seven Ships. Out of the frozen north, where the seas of the short summer have now become bleak deserts of ice and the night lasts for months is closing in, there came yesterday a tale of thirteen whalers caught somewhere in the frigid wastes that stretch eastward and westward from Point Barrow, a tale of perilous exposure to scurvy and possible death of the five hundred men the whalers carried with them when they sailed away from San Francisco months ago. It is believed that six of these thirteen vessels are safe, since they took up the long trail to the Arctic, they were provisioned for two years. For the remaining vessels, which number seven, there are grave fears...Captain L.W. Williams, a whaling skipper who has hunted the leviathans in the Arctic for the past thirty years, takes a hopeful view, "There need be no fear that the men on the ships will starve. There are plenty of fish to be had in the Arctic. Reindeer are abundant on shore. The thing to fear is that some of the ships may have tried to buck their way out and are frozen westward of Point Barrow. In that case they would be in grave danger of being crushed in the heavy Arctic ice pack."
(photograph 5)
From 1884 to 1926 the famous revenue cutter Bear made her annual trip to polar waters as a floating outpost of the U.S. government. Her captain was the policeman and judge, prosecutor and defender, physician and minister, teacher and mailman to all of the America's adopted people in the Arctic Circle - including whalers. For 53 years she battered icebergs, rescued the perishing, succored distressed shipping, rushed aid to famine-stricken people, and broke up piracy and poaching among sealers. The Bear was San Francisco's lifeline to the whaling fleet whenever the winter closed in.

Whalers out of San Francisco from 1876 to 1923
(right side of the pylon)
Florence, a 56 ton schooner, 1876 • Flying Fish, a 75 ton schooner, 1876 • Golden West, a 144 ton schooner, 1879 • L.P. Simmons, an 89 ton schooner, 1876 • Trinity, a 317 ton bark, 1876 • Dawn, a 260 ton bark, 1877 • N.J. Roscoe, an 89 ton bark, 1878 • Coral, a 362 ton bark, 1878 • Alaska, a 139 ton schooner, 1879 • Francis Palmer, a 195 ton bark, 1879 • Hidalgo, a 175 ton brigantine, 1879 • Abram Barker, a 380 ton bark, 1881 • Norman, a 317 ton bark, 1881 • Rainbow, a 351 ton bark, 1881 • Atlantic, a 297 ton bark, 1881 • Belvedere, a 508 ton steam whaler, 1881 • Eliza, a 297 ton bark, 1881 • Hellen Mar, a 324 ton bark, 1881 • Hunter, a 355 ton bark, 1881• John Howland, a 384 ton bark, 1881• Northern Light , a 385 ton bark 1881 • Progress , a 359 ton bark, 1881 • Sea Breeze, a 323 ton bark, 1881• Thomas Pope, a 227 ton bark, 1881 • Tropic Bird, a 181 ton brigantine, 1881 • Arnolda, a 340 ton bark, 1882• Bowhead, a 533 ton steamer, 1882 • Josephine, a 385 ton bark, 1882 • Louisa, a 304 ton bark, 1882 • Lucretia, a 350 ton streamer. 1882 • Noble, a 188 ton bark, 1882 • Mary & Susan, a 237 ton bark, 1882 • Ohio II, a 363 ton bark., 1882 • Sea Breeze, a 323 ton bark, 1882

(back of the pylon)
Reindeer, 352 ton bark, 1882 • Young Phoenix, a 355 ton ship, 1882 • Amethyst, a 356 ton bark, 1883 • Baelena , a 524 steam whaler, 1883 • Bounding Billow, a 240 ton bark, 1883 • Clara Light , a 179 ton schooner. 1883 • Cyane , a 296 ton schooner, 1883 • Gazelle, a 273 ton bark, 1883 • Mary & Helen II, a 508 ton steamer, 1883 • Narwhal, a 524 ton steamer, 1883 • Orca, a 628 ton streamer. 1883 • Page , a 100 ton schooner. 1883 • Stamboul , a 260 ton bark, 1883 • Wanderer, a 303 ton bark,1883 • Caleb Eaton, a 110 ton schooner, 1884 • Cape Horn Pigeon, a 212 ton bark, 1884 • E.F. Herriman, a 385 ton bark, 1884 • Mars, a 256 ton bark, 1884 • Napoleon, a 322 ton bark, 1884 • Ocean, a 288 ton bark, 1884 • Thrasher, a 512 ton steamer, 1884 • Alliance, a 271 ton steamer, 1885 • Andrew Hicks, a 271 ton steamer, 1885 • Europa, a 323 ton bark, 1885 • George & Susan, a 343 ton bark, 1885 • Lydia, a 330 ton bark, 1885 • Grampus, a 326 ton steamer, 1886 • James A. Hamiton, a 77 ton schooner, 1886 • San Jose, 32 ton schooner, 1886 • Beluga, a 508 ton steamer. 1887 • Charles W. Morgan, a 314 ton bark, 1887 • Ino, a 98 ton schooner, 1887 • Lancer, a 296 ton bark, 1887 • William Bayless, a 325 ton bark, 1889 • Jane Grey, a 113 ton schooner, 1889

(left side of the pylon)
James Allen, a 348 ton bark, 1889 • Lagoda, a 371 ton bark, 1889 • La Ninta, a 126 ton schooner, 1889 • Rosario, a 149 ton schooner, 1889 • Alice Knowles, a 303 ton bark, 1889 • Alton, an 89 ton schooner, 1889 • J.H. Freeman, a 515 ton steamer, 1889 • John F. West, a 353 ton bark, 1889 • Nicoline, a 69 ton schooner, 1889 • Sea Ranger, a 273 ton bark, 1889 • Tamerlane, a 372 ton bark, 1889 • Triton, a 265 ton bark, 1889 • William Lewis, 463 ton steamer, 1889 • Bonanza, 235 ton schooner, 1890 • Francis Barstow, a 128 ton brig, 1890 • William D. Meyer, a 169 ton brig, 1890 • Emma D. Herriman, a 385 ton bark, 1891 • California, a 365 ton bark, 1891 • Horatio, a 349 tone bark, 1892 • John & Winthrop, a 338 ton bark, 1892 • Karluk, a 321 ton steamer, 1892 • Newport, a 281 ton steamer, 1892 • Percy Edward, a 199 ton brig, 1892 • Blakeley, a 152 ton brigantine, 1893 • Jeanette, 190 ton steamer, 1893 • Mermaid, a 273 ton bark, 1893 • Narvarch, a 494 ton steamer, 1893 • Alexander, a 294 ton steamer, 1894 • Fearless, a 400 ton steamer, 1894 • Gotma, a 198 ton steamer, 1903 • Monterey, 126 ton gas steamer, 1903 • Morning Star, a 471 ton steamer • Barbara Hernster, a 148 ton gas steamer,1904 • Herman, a 410 ton steamer, 1904 • Olga, a 46 ton schooner, 1904



(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

From Social Center to Civic Center

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Buffalo, New York.
Conceived in 1804 by Joseph Ellicott (right), Niagara Square was the beginning of what renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted would in mid-century call "the best planned city as to its streets, public places, and grounds in the United States, if not the world." The center of early social life, the Square was surrounded by the mansions of illustrious citizens, where "...the revered hosts and hostesses gave to this city for all time the best examples of good citizenship, culture, and refinement, and bever-to-be-excelled hospitality." The Greek Revival residence of Erie Canal promoter and early mayor Samuel Wilkeson stood on the site now occupied by City Hall. The Tudor Gothic mansion of former president Millard Fillmore (right) occupied the northeast corner.
The Square was enlarged and reshaped to accomodate Buffalo's memorial to President William McKinley, who was assassinated in 1901 while attending the city's Pan-American Exposition. The monument, dedicated on September 6, 1907, was designed by Carrere & Hastings, the Exposition's chief architects. Chicago architect Daniel Burnham, with whom they had worked on the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago and who designed Buffalo's Ellicott Square Building, suggested the obelisk, which may be seen to represent Regeneration, the triumph of human creativity over tragedy. The Italian marble sleeping lions symbolize Strength; the turtles, Eternal Life. They were created by A. Philmister Proctor.
For many years, the sole surviving residence from Niagara Square's social era was the 1852 Italianate Balcom-Chandler house, northwest of City Hall. Built by brick manufacturer Philo Balcom, the house in 1865 became the home of Henry Chandler, poet, artist, engraver, and inventor. It was demolished in 2007 to make way for a new federal courthouse designed by the renowned architectural firm of Kohn Pederson Fox. The new glass tower will complete the transition of the Square, the center-piece of the Joseph Ellicott Historic District, from social center to civic center, surrounded by municipal, county, state, and federal buildings.
After former President Fillmore's death in 1987, his palatial family home was merged with an adjacent property to form the Fillmore Hotel. In 1901, it became the Castle Inn, "bosomed in trees, and jealous of its historic past"; later it was demolished to make way for the Statler Hotel.
Built in 1923, the Statler was the second in Ellsworth Statler's hotel chain, which was founded in Buffalo. At 19 stories, the then tallest building in the state outside of New York City, it featured 1,100 guest rooms, more than all other Buffalo hotels combined. The chain became a national institution, and in 1954, part of the Hilton Hotel chain. in 1983, the Statler was converted to office use, and in 2006 was purchased by a British developer for mixed-use redevelopment.
In the 20th century, construction of several large buildings blocked some of the Square's eight radial streets. In 1901, Delaware Avenue, undisturbed, linked the heart of the city to the 350-acre Exposition site, four miles north at Olmsted-designed Delaware Park. At the peak of Buffalo's prosperity, Delaware Avenue, part of Olmsted and Vaux's parkway nework, supplanted Niagara Square as social center and, lines by palatial villas and towering elms, became a magnificent example of the "City Beautiful" philosophy. Street widening in 1924 altered the parklike nature of the avenue, but a two-block section of mansions between North and Bryant streets is still known as "Millionares' Row" and is a National Register Historic District.

1) Joseph Ellicott
2) Millard Fillmore House
3) Architectural rendering of the new federal courthouse
4) Balcom-Chandler House
5) Statler Towers

(Architecture) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Buffalo's First School House

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Buffalo, New York.

On this site was
Buffalo's First School House
built 1807-8•destroyed Dec•30•1813•
at the burning of the village
by the British.


(Education • War of 1812) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Shipbuilding at Steamboat Point

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San Francisco, California.
At the time of the Gold Rush, Tichenor's Ways built and repaired early wooden steamboats and vessels. Calm but deep water near Steamboat Point helped this industry thrive. Henry B. Tichenor built a marine railways in 1851, but shipbuilding moved south when Pacific Rolling Mills, an ironworks ship builder, moved its operation to Pier 70.

Did you know...
Following the 1850s Gold Rush, real estate along the waterfront could be claimed by sinking a ship and filling the bay around it. The protruding ships were used as warehouses, hotels, jails, homes, brothels, and pretty much anything else imaginable.

(Industry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Fremont Street

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San Francisco, California.
This marker consists of six plaques arranged in a 2 X 3 pattern. The top left plaque is the title plaque and may contain some text. The top right plaque displayed an arrow which points in the direction of the named street. Other plaques contain biographical information on the person for whom the street is named, appropriate quotation(s) and relevant illustrations, cast in bronze.

In February of 1853, the United States Topographical Engineers published their first detailed survey of the city, showing new streets, many named for army and naval officers. Fremont and Folsom were prominent officers; Harrison, Bryant and King held important city and port positions; Spear and Brannan had been pioneers of Yerba Buena before San Francisco had its name.

Pathfinder of the West, Fremont led three U.S. Army expeditions in 1842-1845 that helped to open the Overland Trail. In 1846 he was instrumental in the Bear Flag Rebellion and the end of Mexican rule in California, through daring and extraordinary good fortune. Dismissed from the army for arrogating excessive authority, Fremont ran for President in 1856 as a Republican on an anti-slavery ticket. In his later life he pursued many great schemes, and was always one step away from riches.

"Railroads followed the lines of his journeyings, a nation followed his maps to their resting places. and many cities have risen on the ashes of his campfires." -- Jesse Fremont.

(Roads & Vehicles) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Bryant Street

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San Francisco, California.
This marker consists of six plaques arranged in a 2 X 3 pattern. The top left plaque is the title plaque and may contain some text. The top right plaque displayed an arrow which points in the direction of the named street. Other plaques contain biographical information on the person for whom the street is named, appropriate quotation(s) and relevant illustrations, cast in bronze.

In February of 1853, the United States Topographical Engineers published their first detailed survey of the city, showing new streets, many named for army and naval officers. Fremont and Folsom were prominent officers; Harrison, Bryant and King held important city and port positions; Spear and Brannan had been pioneers of Yerba Buena before San Francisco had its name.

First publicist of California, Edwin Bryant trekked overland from Missiori to the coast in 1844. Arriving after many hardships, in 1846 he worked to secure California of the United States. His account, What I Saw in California, published in 1848, made the overland journey attractive for legions of settlers. After holding positions of civic distinction in San Francisco, he returned to Kentucky to lead the life of a gentleman scholar. He lived to see the state who's interests he had done so much to advance joined to the Union by the transcontinental railroad, and retraced his wagon route by palace car in 1869.

In the mid-1850s a Chinese settlement appeared along the bluff, above a narrow beach - just south of Bryant Street, and west of First Street. Believed to be a small fishing encampment, numbering about 30 small structures on the 1859 Coast Survey Chart, the site has been the subject of archaeological investigation.

"The heads of thousands of grave and prudent men are turned, at the distance of two thousand miles from the scene of enchantment, by the stories of wealth in California to be had for the asking." -- Edwin Bryant, 1849

(Arts, Letters, Music • Asian Americans) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

John P. Cromwell Memorial

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Henry, Illinois.
U.S. Navy submarines paid heavily for their success in World War II. A total of 374 Officers and 3,131 men are on board these 52 U.S. Submarines still on “Patrol”.

Albacore, Amerjack, Arconaut, Barbel, Bonefish, Bullhead, Capelin, Cisco, Corvina, Darter, Dorado, Escolar, Flier, Colet, Crampus, Greatback, Grayling, Grenadier, Growler, Grunion, Gudceon, Harder, Herring, Kete, Lacarto, Perch, Pickerel, Pompano, Robalo, Runner, R-12, Scamp, Scorpion, Sculpin, Sealion, Seawolf, Shark I, Shark II, Snook, Swordfish, S-26, S-27, S-28, S-34, S-44, Tang, Trigger, Trout, Tullibee, Wahoo.

We shall never forget that it was our submarines that held the lines against the enemy while our fleets replaced losses, and repaired wounds. –Fleet Admiral C. W. Nimitz, U.S.N.

I can assure you that they went down fighting and that their brothers who survived them took a grim toll of our savage enemy to avenge their deaths.—Vice Admiral C. A. Lockwood, Jr. U.S.N. Commander Submarine Force 1943-1946.

(War, World II • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Hello Baby!

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Montegut, Louisiana.
J.P. Richardson, Jr., better known as the "Big Bopper" lived 1 mile south of this site in the 1950s in a garage apartment on Arcement Street near the intersection at French Street. In 1952, Richardson married Adrianne Joy Fryou, a native of the Bourg-Montegut community

While working as a disc jockey for KTRM in Beaumont, Texas, he wrote hundreds of songs including "Chantilly Lace" and The Big Bopper's Wedding", "White Lightin" )A No. 1 country hit recorded by George Jones) and "Running Bear" (Recorded by Johnny Preston, it reached No. 1 on the pop charts several months after Richardson's death). Richardson was a major influence in the early days of Rock 'N' Roll, and was the first star to video tape his performances- a precursor to current-day music videos.

The Big Bopper died in a plane crash on February 3, 1959, with fellow Rock 'N' Roll legends Buddy Holly and Richie Valens. His musical legacy and his big personality will live forever.

(Notable Persons • Arts, Letters, Music • Entertainment) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Thomas Buchanan Read

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near Lyndell, Pennsylvania.

Poet – Painter – Sculptor
Was born March 12, 1822
In the house two hundred
and eighty feet
East of this point
Marked by Chester County Historical Society
1912

(Notable Persons • War, US Civil • Arts, Letters, Music) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Valley View Ferry

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Valley View, Kentucky.
The Valley View Ferry has been operating since 1785 making it the oldest continuously operating business in Kentucky and perhaps the oldest ferry in America. Valley View Ferry was chartered near the community of Valley View, a thriving river town that, at that time, was larger than Lexington.

From 1888-1932, the Richmond-Nicholasville-Irvine-Beattyville Railroad, RNIB, crossed the Kentucky River near this point. The ghostly remains of the support structures are visible just downstream.

Keep Your River Clean
The Valley View Ferry is operated by the Valley View Ferry Authority, a cooperative venture among Fayette, Jessamine, & Madison Counties. Hours of Operation: Monday-Friday: 6am-8pm; Saturday: 8am-6pm; Sunday: 9am-6pm.

(Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

First Council of the City of Guatemala

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, Guatemala.
Celebrated here/The First City Council/of the /City of Guatemala./on 02 January of 1776. /Guatemala, Bicentennial City/Municipality of Guatemala 02 of January of 1976.

(Colonial Era • Settlements & Settlers • Politics • Notable Places) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Ramsey's Mill

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Moncure, North Carolina.
Cornwallis, following the battle of Guilford Courthouse, spent several days building a bridge over Deep River, at point 300 yards N.W.

(War, US Revolutionary • Bridges & Viaducts) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Captain Shorey

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San Francisco, California.
Born in Barbados, West Indies in 1859, Captain William Thomas Shorey served as the only black captain on the Pacific Coast during the rise of San Francisco as America's principal whaling port. Captain Shorey, known as "Black Ahab" by his crew, took his wife and daughter whaling on the Gayhead, upon which Mrs. Shorey remarked of their 4-year-old daughter: "Victoria is a remarkable sailor, she knows all the ropes and has perfect command of her father."

Did you know...
On "Bloody Thursday", July 5, 1934, more than 1,000 striking maritime workers and longshoremen clashed with police along The Embarcadero. Two workers died when police fired shots into the crowd at Steuart Street. This led to the San Francisco General Strike, which shut down the City for four days. Ultimately, maritime unions were recognized and wages and working conditions improved dramatically.

(Labor Unions • African Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Waterfront Railroad

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San Francisco, California.
Construction of the State Belt Railroad began in 1889, making it possible to load and unload ships directly to railcars on the piers. At first, rail spurs ran down the center of piers inside the sheds. After 1910, most tracks were laid on the pier aprons outside the sheds. In both cases doorways had to be large enough for trains to pass through the front. It ceased operation in 1993.

Did you know...
The Port of San Francisco was a State of California agency for more than 100 years, from 1863 to 1969. It is now run by the City and County of San Francisco, and managed consistent with State Public Trust doctrine.

(Industry & Commerce • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

20,000 Years Ago

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San Francisco, California.
San Francisco was an ancient river valley were creatures who grazed and browsed and stalked their prey, left their bones.

(text on the horizontal surface)
20,000 years ago you could have walked to the Farallon Islands...
When the sea was more than 300 feet below its present level, a marshy delta extended to the coastline 30 miles west, past the Farallon Islands. The great basin that would hold San Francisco Bay evolved from a valley carved by an ancient river carrying torrential runoffs from the uplifted granite range of the Sierra, long before Sacramento or San Joaquin had been so named. Creating the straits we call Carquinez, the river scoured the rugged valley floor to grind its way to the ocean. On the valley floor, smaller spring-fed streams cut between upthrust rocky points and ridges; thousands of years later Spanish explorers name them: Alcatraz, home of pelicans; Yerba Buena, a fragrant good-tasting herb; and Tiburon, shaped like a shark.

Dwellers of the Ancient Valley...
The cooler, wetter climate was more like that of the northwest California today. Thick forests of oak, pine, and fir covered the slopes of the western hills, and stands of redwood filled the narrow valleys - home to deer, bear, giant ground sloth, mastodon, and wolf. In the great valley trough, bison, antelope, camel, horse, mammoth, and mastodon grazed and browsed across grasslands where saber-tooth cats and dire wolfs stalked their prey. Waterfowl filled the wetlands; walrus and barking sea lions basked on offshore rocks. As centuries passed many animals were trapped and buried in bogs, marshes, and seasonal floods, leaving their bones as fossil records of a world that vanished with the melting of the ice sheets, the rising of the sea-level, and the coming of humans.

The Landscape of the Valley Floor...
The course of the ancient Sacramento River turned south as it met the last line of western hills (now the eastern shore of Marin), flowing into the northern end of the great natural trough that would become San Francisco Bay. The river ran in a deep narrow valley close to these steep western hills, and broke through this last barrier at a gap that we call the Golden Gate. Free of the hills, the river crossed a broad, low coastal plain to empty into the sea near the surf-pounded granite cliffs - now the Farallon Islands. Low rolling grasslands covered the floor of the great trough with more hills rising beyond. A few wooded hills rose above the bunch-grasses like islands, and moving in between, murmuring streams bordered by alders, and willows wound lazily through to join the ancient river.

Legend Told of a Great Shaking of the Earth...
Mountains split, sea water rushed in, filling the ancient valley to make a vast inland bay. Geological truth is more complex. About 15,000 years ago, as the earth warmed, the glaciers of the world began to melt. The level of the sea began to rise, and over the next 10,000 years ocean waters gradually drowned the immense inland valley of the ancient river. Filling first the deepest canyons of the great river, the sea crept up until it reached a point 381 feet above the river's bedrock at the narrow entrance to the bay. By possibly 10,000 B.C., invading salt water had moved through the Berkeley Hills at Carquinez Canyon and spread to the lowlands of the Central Valley. San Francisco Bay was of age, ready for the coming of man.

There Is Nothing On Earth Exactly Like The Fog Of San Francisco Bay...
In most of the earth, fog is a dark, disagreeable smudge that comes from
nowhere...In San Francisco the fog is a thing of beauty and wonder, a daily drama of the elements
with the wide bay as the central stage. It is the mystery of imagined happenings,
the suspected drama of half-seen coming and goings, of ships and shadows and men moving
like ghosts in the billows. Like the bay itself, our fog is born of the violent meeting of land
and sea at the place where the ocean breached the western mountain barrier and invaded the
continent's edge. It is conceived out of the cold oceanic deeps and the fertile heat
of the Central Valley. It is shaped and given substance by the rotations of the planet and the
drift of the currents and the flowing rivers of atmosphere."
Harold Gilliam

(Natural Features • Paleontology) Includes location, directions, 7 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

"...With Liberty and Justice for All."

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Buffalo, New York.
The vista along Court Street from Niagara Square to Lafayette Square embraces a continuum of human struggle for freedom and justice. In the center of the vista stands a monument to the soldiers and sailors who perished in the war to preserve the Union over the issue of slavery. Adjacent to the monument, the Liberty Building celebrates the concept of freedom with two statues of Lady Liberty on its rooftop. At the farthest point is the Michian Avenue Baptist Church, a stop on the Underground Railroad for fugitive slaves en route to freedom in Canada.
Wheather seredipitous or intentional, the east-west axis of the street, as well as a similar orientation of the Liberty statues, represents the east-west expansion of the nation and its democratic ideal across the continent.
Located on the southeast corner of Niagara Square at present Court Street was the home of Indian agent General David Burt. Burt once hosted the nation's eighth president, John Quincy Adams, who in 1841 defended mutinous Africans being carried to slavery aboard The Armistad.
In 1851, Burt's property was converted to Central High School, the only one in the city until Masten Park and Lafayette high schools were opened onthe east and west sides of the city on 1897 and 1903, respectively.
The Central High building was demolished in 1926 for the Buffalo State Office Building, built 1928-1932 to designs by E.B. Green & Sons with Albert Hart Hopkins. The building is notable for elegant stykized Art Deco elements combined with the classical.
Opposite is the Buffalo Federal Courthouse, designed in Art deco style by the two Buffalo architectural firms of E.B. Green & Sons and Bley & Lyman. On October 17, 1936, the building was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who highlighted the partnership of federal and local governments in creating public works to overcome the economic disaster of the Great Depression then raging.
Previously occupying the site was the 1888 Women's Christian Association's building by architect Edwards Austin Kent, who designed a number of prominent extant buildings in Buffalo. Kent perished aboard the Titanic, while heroically guiding women and children to lifeboats. His body was recovered and returned to Buffalo for burial in Forest Lawn Cemetery.

1) Central High School
2) Michigan Street Baptist Church
3) Soldiers and Sailors Monument
4) Michael J. Dillon United States Court House
5) Bison relief, Walter J. Mahoney New York State Office Building
6) Liberty Building

(War, US Civil • Abolition & Underground RR • Charity & Public Work • Architecture) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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